The main factors to threaten large  and middle mammals on Zhoushan Islands are area loss, fragmentation,quality descending  of the natural habitats  which are resulted from human activities and hunting.The arealoss of  the natural habitats has lost  56.3%. The natural habitats have been fragmented into manyfragments, and the fragmented degree has being deeped, and the quality of the natural habitats was declinedin 1912~1950. The threatened history of the large and middle can be divided into three periods.Before 1912 the large and middle mammals were threatened lighter; the middle and large mammals were threatened heavily in 1912~ 1950, and the main threatening factors were area loss, fragmentation andquality descending of the natural  habitats. The large and middle mammals also  have been threatened heavilyin 1950 - present, and the main threatening factors are the area loss and fragmentation of the natural habitats and hunting. The area loss, fragmentation and quality descending of the natural habitats haveimportant influences on the large and middle mammals extinction. The area loss and fragmentation of thenatural habitats and hunting are mainly responsible  for endanging, distribution reducing and populationdeclining of the large and middle mammals.  The social, political, economical factors and so on determine the rate of matural habitat area loss, fragmentation  and quality changes and hunting level.

In Chaling County, Huna Province, Huli Marsh (26°50' N、113°40' E, 150m above sea level)was investigated.It is surrounded with hills and covers about 0. 15km². 62 species of aquatic vascular plants were collected inthis marsh. Of which, more than 2 species are rare or endangered plants, they are: Oryza rufipogon,Ranalisma rostrata, etc. The total species or the rare and endangered apecies are more than those of the mostmembers of the marshs or lakes in China, which related to the complexity and stability of the habitat.Authors suggest that these rare or endangered plants and their habitat should be conserved.

Through the investigations on the geographical distribution of T. repestris, the habital factors of itsdistribution area,the results show that T. rupestris is strip--shaped distributed disjunctedly and sporadically inthe limestone regions of the eastern margin of Taihang mountain from 600 to 1500m in altitude, and it onlygrows in crevices of shadow slopes. where the climate is hot and rainy in the summer and dry and chilly inthe winter. There is a little soil in the crevices where T. rupestris grows. The soil is characterized by the lowwater-holding capacity, poor organic matter content and extremely high calcium concentration. The community of T. rupestris is composed of very limited number of species. Only 15 species which belonged tonine families and 11 genera were found in the three investigated qudrats. The floristic composition is verysimple and can be classified as typical dry shrubgrass vegetation type. Consequently, it is the special habitatthat may be the direct reason for the endangerment of T. rupestris.

The correct interpretation on the zymogram is the key to acquire the genetic data, in allozyme analysis. As aphenotype, the banding pattern in a zymogram is based on the quaternary structure of the enzyme protein(the number of subunits), the distribution in the subcellular compartments of the enzyme (the number of theloci),and the ploidy and the genotype of the sample examined. A term of "Zymotype" is suggested to use foriterpreting the panding patterns. It will lead to a completely wrong conclusion, if the numbers of the bands orthe differences of migration rate of the bands are directly used as a measure of genetic diversity or as anumerical characters to calculate the similarity or to make a cluster analysis for a group of samples.

This paper discussed group, cause, induction and application of male sterility in plants, summarized the achievements in scientific research at home and abroad. Importantly, it analysed groups. All of  these added to content of genetic diversity, showed a bright future of male sterile theory and application research

A new (lefinition  of lichen is proposed in the present paper. That is "a lichen is a symbiotic association of afungus and an alga or a cyanpbacterium resulting in a stable complex-thallus of  specific structure, its essenceand scicntific name  are represented by the mycobiont."