Allozyme electrophoresis was applied to the genetic diversity analysis of wild Camellia japonica populations on Qingdao off shore island——Changmenyan Island, Daguan Island and of Putuo Mountain in Zhejiang Province, as a comparison, two cultivated camellia populations in Qingdao Botanical Gardens and in Hangzhou Botanical Gardens were analyzed. The result showed that the genetic diversity within island camellia population is high, the mean number of alleles per locus is 2.3; 83.3% of loci are polymorphic on average per population; the mean observed and expected heterozygosities are 0.245 and 0.320 respectively. The result suggested strategies for the conservation of camellia in Qingdao. Allozyme phenotypes of different morphological types were compared in order to find some relationships between morphological variation and allozyme diversity.

More than 94 species that belong to Bacillariophyta, Pyrrophyta, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, and Euglenophyceae etc., had ever existed in the aquerrantia of prawn pools and coast of Dongxiaomo in June to September,1991.Most of them which over 59 species are diatom, and among them 4 species have not been recorded in China before.There are some differences of the species diversity of aquerrantia between the prawn pool and coast.The range of Shannon-Weaner species diversity index is from 0.12 to 3.17,the averange 1.52.

The study was carried out in the coast of Bohai Bay from March to May and from July to October in 1992 and 1993. Nine sample areas along the coast were investigated quantitatively during the migration season. A total of 38 species of migratory birds belong to Charadiiformes were observed and studied. The population density, diversity index and homogeneity index showed that the coast of Bohai Bay is an important place on the Flyway of waders, especially the birds in Charadiiformes, during the migration season. However, the difference of species, numbers, diversity index and homogeneity index between the oil contamination areas and non oil contamination areas indicated that oil contamination on the beach seriously interfered with the structures of the waders and their environment.

In this paper, there are 2 varieties and 13 species, of which one new variety and three new records in China are discovered. They belong to the genus Aspergillus and related teleomorphic genera respectively. These species and varieties are Aspergillus japonicus var. microvesiculosus Kong sp. nov., A. ochraceus Wilhem, A. melleus Yukawa, A. ostianus Wehmer, A. sepultus Tuthill & Christensen, A. petrakii Voros, A. candidus Link Fr. Mag.; Eurotium amostelodami Mangin, E. chevalieri Mangin, E. herbariorum (Wiggers: Fr.) Link, E. rubrum Konig, E. repens var. repens Abh.; Emericella nidulans (Eidam) Vuill, E. acristata (Fennell & Raper) Horie and E. echinulata (Fennell & Raper) Horie.

Stable and complex natural environments are favorable to the formation and conservation of biodiversity,while the changing and simplified disturbed environments usually damage biodiversity.A case study in the central Yunnan Province shows that 36 species or 30% of the 119 plant species will go to extinction when the zonal evergreen broad leaved forest is replaced by secondary grasslands.It is required that suitable environments for the species to survive permanently be provided.The concept of biological minimum area,which consists of space minimum,resistance minimum and regeneration minimum,and which deals with relationships between the permanent survival of species and the size of plant community or landscape, is the most fundamental theoretical framework for biodiversity conservation. According to the practices of natural conservation,a concept of minimum landscape is added to the concept of biological minimum area.The author also discusses the applications of the concept of biological minimum area to the management of nature reserves, the investigation of the natural characteristics of the preserved species and their habitats, and the establishments of a more ecologically sound nature reserves network.

Main principles and approaches of nature reserve design are reviewed in present paper.The goal of building nature reserves is to prevent species extinction and biodiversity loss.The equilibrium theory of island biogeography has little contribution to conservation practice because empirical evidence does not support it and the design based this theory is not related to the central problem of species extinction population viability.The theory and models of population viability analysis and minimum viable population are used to study the problem of species extinction and the viability of ecosystems can be determined by using the viability of keystone species, thus they are theoretical foundation of the nature reserve design.The approaches of conservation evaluation have been used in nature reserve selection and examination. The corridor debate which has replaced the SLOSS debate becomes a “hot spot” in the nature reserve design.

The concept of individualism in Basidiomycetes is discussed in regard to the somatic incompatibility and sexual incompatibility. Studies showed that somatic incompatibility and sexual incompatibility are very common in Basidiomycetes and will become important measures to the study of ecology and genetic diversity of Basidiomycetes.

This paper provides a comparison among threatened categories of 141 Chinese coniferous taxa listed by Temperate Tree (WCMC), World List of Threatened Conifer Taxa (CSG) and China Plant Red Data Book (Vol.1). The results show that the categories of some taxa provided by three units are essentially different, because of insufficient data obtained and different criteria of categories accorded. Consequently, the categories of some Chinese conifers were analysed in accordance with the Draft IUCN Red List Categories (Version 2.3, 1994).