Soil microbial diversity and plant-microbe inter-kingdom ecological networks across an elevational gradient in Abies fargesii forests

doi:10.17520/biods.2025276

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: The objectives of this study were to investigate the elevational patterns and driving factors of soil microbial diversity and community composition in Abies fargesii forests in Shennongjia National Park candidate area, and to analyze the relationships between soil microbial communities and plant communities along the elevational gradient.
Methods: This study was conducted in A. fargesii forests in Shennongjia National Park candidate area. Soil samples were collected along an elevational gradient. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the diversity and community composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities. In addition, inter-kingdom ecological networks (IDENs) were constructed to examine the characteristics of soil microbial communities and their relationships with plant communities across different elevations.
Results: With increasing elevation, total nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and mean annual precipitation (MAP) significantly increased, whereas soil total phosphorus (TP), available potassium (AK), plant richness, and the plant Shannon index significantly decreased (P<0.05). Bacterial Shannon index and richness significantly declined with increasing elevation (P<0.05), while fungal diversity indices showed no significant change. Among dominant bacterial phyla, the relative abundance of Acidobacteriota, particularly subgroups Gp2, Gp1, and Gp3, increased significantly with increasing elevation (P<0.05). Dominant fungal phyla showed no significant elevational trends, but Russula increased and Inocybe decreased at the genus level (P<0.05). Partial Mantel tests indicated that mean annual temperature (MAT) and MAP were the main drivers of microbial community variation, and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) further showed that MAP and plant diversity significantly shaped bacterial and fungal community structures. Network modularity, connectance, and nestedness increased significantly along the elevational gradient (P<0.05). Rhododendron lapponicum and Acer stachyophyllum subsp. betulifolium were the main plant components of module hubs in the plant-microbe IDENs, whereas A. fargesii occupied a central position as a network hub in the plant-fungal IDENs.
Conclusion: Soil microbial communities in A. fargesii forests exhibit clear elevational patterns. With increasing elevation, bacterial diversity decreases significantly, whereas fungal diversity remains relatively stable. MAT, MAP, and plant diversity are important drivers shaping microbial community structure. In addition, the connectance and modularity of plant-microbe IDENs increase significantly with increasing elevation. Plants act as network hub species and, together with key microbial taxa involved in decomposition and nutrient cycling, jointly maintain the structural and functional stability of plant-microbe interaction networks.

Key words: Abies fargesii, soil microbial community, elevational gradient, plant-microbe inter-kingdom ecological networks, Shennongjia National Park candidate area

Jin Li, Minghao Cheng, Yi Zhang, Feng Liu, Qinghu Jiang, Jirong Ye, Zhan Chen, Yuguang Zhang. Soil microbial diversity and plant-microbe inter-kingdom ecological networks across an elevational gradient in Abies fargesii forests[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2026, 34(4): 25276.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2025276

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2026/V34/I4/25276

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Mean values of environmental factors and simple linear regression results for their relationships with elevation. Simple linear regressions were performed using elevation as the independent variable and each environmental factor as the dependent variable. Slope represents the regression coefficient, indicating the change in each environmental factor per 1 m increase in elevation. Positive and negative slope values indicate increasing and decreasing trends with elevation, respectively. R² represents the coefficient of determination; P represents the significance level of the regression.

环境因子 Environmental factor	均值±标准差 Mean±SD	Slope	R²	P
土壤pH Soil pH	5.81±0.40	0.000	0.001	0.903
土壤全氮 Soil total nitrogen (g/kg)	4.65±0.77	0.001	0.282	0.007
土壤全磷 Soil total phosphorus (g/kg)	0.99±0.23	-0.001	0.526	< 0.001
土壤全钾 Soil total potassium (g/kg)	17.74±2.85	-0.006	0.396	0.001
土壤速效钾 Soil available potassium (mg/kg)	140.63±33.58	0.010	0.009	0.662
土壤速效磷 Soil available phosphorus (mg/kg)	5.07±2.60	-0.004	0.168	0.047
土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon (g/kg)	45.63±13.13	0.031	0.526	< 0.001
植物物种丰富度 Plant species richness	10.67±7.17	-0.022	0.825	< 0.001
植物Shannon指数 Plant Shannon index	1.47±0.75	-0.002	0.663	< 0.001
年均温度 Mean annual temperature (℃)	5.14±1.11	-0.004	0.963	< 0.001
年均降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	1,345.71±31.75	0.102	0.947	< 0.001

Fig. 1 Phylum-level relative abundance of soil bacteria (a) and fungi (b) along the elevational gradient

Table 2 Regression analysis results for the relative abundance (mean±SD) of dominant soil microbial phyla and elevation. Simple linear regressions were performed using elevation as the independent variable and the relative abundance of each dominant microbial phylum as the dependent variable. Relative abundance is expressed as a percentage. Slope represents the change in relative abundance percentage per 100 m increase in elevation. Positive and negative slope values indicate increasing and decreasing trends with elevation, respectively. R² represents the coefficient of determination, and P represents the significance level of the regression.

界 Kingdom	门 Phylum	相对丰度 Relative abundance (%)	Slope	R²	P
细菌 Bacteria	假单胞菌门 Pseudomonadota	41.73±5.87	-0.278	0.021	0.501
	酸杆菌门 Acidobacteriota	29.61±7.95	1.574	0.361	0.001
	放线菌门 Actinomycetota	10.49±2.60	-0.259	0.092	0.150
真菌 Fungi	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	17.98±8.91	0.403	0.019	0.522
	担子菌门 Basidiomycota	67.01±12.61	-0.972	0.055	0.271
	毛霉菌门 Mortierellomycota	8.41±3.55	-0.253	0.047	0.309

Table 3 Regression analysis results for the relationships between the relative abundance (mean±SD) of dominant soil microbial genera and elevation. Slope represents the change in relative abundance percentage per 100 m increase in elevation. Positive and negative slope values indicate increasing and decreasing trends with elevation, respectively. R² represents the coefficient of determination, and P represents the significance level of the regression.

界 Kingdom	属 Genus	相对丰度 Relative abundance (%)	Slope	R²	P
细菌 Bacteria	未分类 Unclassified	36.91±4.99	-1.243	0.571	< 0.001
	Gp2	11.90±5.17	0.722	0.18	0.039
	Gp1	6.45±2.25	0.408	0.301	0.006
	Gp3	5.39±1.44	0.347	0.533	< 0.001
	缓生根瘤菌属 Bradyrhizobium	4.41±1.12	0.035	0.009	0.657
真菌 Fungi	未分类 Unclassified	19.85±10.92	-0.213	0.000	0.583
	红菇属 Russula	15.36±14.44	1.164	0.239	0.015
	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	9.45±9.88	-0.773	0.226	0.019
	被孢霉属 Mortierella	8.34±3.52	-0.132	0.000	0.287
	蜡壳菌属 Sebacina	7.69±5.68	0.059	0.002	0.770
	Piloderma	4.41±7.91	-0.228	0.000	0.413

Fig. 2 Box plots of α diversity indices and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of soil microbial communities along the elevational gradient. (a) Box plots of bacterial α diversity indices; (b) Box plots of fungal α diversity indices; (c) PCoA of bacterial communities; and (d) PCoA of fungal communities. In the box plots, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among elevational groups based on one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) post hoc multiple comparison test (P<0.05), whereas identical or shared letters indicate no significant difference.

Fig. 3 Correlation analysis between environmental factors and soil microbial community structure. (a) Partial Mantel test between microbial communities and environmental factors; (b) Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of bacterial communities constrained by environmental factors; (c) CCA of fungal communities constrained by environmental factors. pH, Soil pH; TN, Total nitrogen; TP, Total phosphorus; TK, Total potassium; AK, Available potassium; AP, Available phosphorus; SOC, Soil organic carbon; MAT, Mean annual temperature; MAP, Mean annual precipitation; Plant_Richness, Plant species richness; Plant_Shannon, Plant Shannon index.

Fig. 4 Plant-soil microorganism inter-kingdom ecological networks. (a) Plant-bacterial inter-kingdom ecological network; (b) Plant-fungal inter-kingdom ecological network. Circles represent network nodes, and lines represent edges; circles of different colors indicate different groups, and circle size indicates node degree; red edges indicate positive correlations, whereas green edges indicate negative correlations.

Fig. 5 Regression analysis of plant-soil microbial inter-kingdom subnetwork topological indices with elevation. a-d are the modularity, connectance, web asymmetry, and nestedness of plant-bacteria networks, respectively; e-h are the modularity, connectance, web asymmetry, and nestedness of plant-fungi networks, respectively.

Fig. 6 Topological role analysis of nodes in plant-soil inter-kingdom ecological networks (IDENs). (a) Topological role of plant-soil bacterial IDENs; (b) Topological role of plant-soil fungal inter-kingdom ecological network IDENs.

Table 4 Relative abundance (mean±SD) of keystone bacterial and fungal classes in plant-soil microbiome inter-kingdom ecological networks (IDENs)

植物-土壤微生物跨界生态网络 Plant-soil microbiome IDENs	关键细菌和真菌纲类 Keystone bacterial and fungal classes	相对丰度 Relative abundance (%)
细菌-植物跨界生态网络 Plant-bacteria IDEN	酸微菌纲 Acidimicrobiia	0.07±0.04
	酸杆菌纲Gp1 Acidobacteria Gp1	0.55±0.30
	酸杆菌纲Gp2 Acidobacteria Gp2	1.03±0.63
	酸杆菌纲Gp3 Acidobacteria Gp3	0.31±0.22
	放线菌纲 Actinobacteria	0.4±0.19
	Alpha变形菌纲 Alpha Proteobacteria	3.03±0.92
	Beta变形菌纲 Betaproteobacteria	0.19±0.09
	Delta变形菌纲 Deltaproteobacteria	0.14±0.13
	Gamma变形菌纲 Gammaproteobacteria	0.52±0.29
	纤线杆菌纲 Ktedonobacteria	0.06±0.06
	斯巴达杆菌纲 Spartobacteria	0.12±0.10
	Terriglobia	0.34±0.30
	未分类 Unclassified	0.79±0.64
	关键类群总和 Total keystone taxa	7.56±1.59
真菌-植物跨界生态网络 Plant-fungi IDEN	伞菌纲 Agaricomycetes	0.15±0.19
	古根菌纲 Archaeorhizomycetes	0.48±1.35
	锤舌菌纲 Leotiomycetes	0.14±0.22
	被孢霉纲 Mortierellomycetes	0.14±0.19
	关键类群总和 Total keystone taxa	0.90±1.34

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