Seed supply and regeneration potential of sand-fixing vegetation with different establishment years in the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert

doi:10.17520/biods.2024254

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: In arid sandy areas, while the sand-fixing vegetation system is crucial to maintaining ecological security, artificial vegetation gradually often faces the risk of degradation with the increase of the growth period. Recently, it has become an urgent theoretical and technical challenge to maintain the relative stability of sand-fixing vegetation systems, as well as promote their natural regeneration and succession. To understand the ecological traits of seeds from sand-fixing vegetation areas with different establishment years, we collected vegetation samples from the north side of the Baotou-Lanzhou Railway at the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert. Our objectives are to determine the characteristics of the seed rain, soil seed bank, and aboveground vegetation, along with interrelationships among them to characterize species growth and community structures in this specific environment. The overall goal is to fully understand the mechanisms of underlying vegetation renewal, succession, and stability maintenance in the sand-fixing vegetation area on the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of the sand-fixing vegetation system.

Methods: On the northern edge of the Baotou-Lanzhou Railway, we selected three types of sand-fixing plots with different establishment years (15-20 years, 30-40 years, 50-60 years) for a 2-year field study. We collected seed trap and soil seed bank samples annually from these plots. The collected seeds were germinated indoors, and vegetation surveys were conducted each year. The similarity of species composition between aboveground vegetation, seed rain, and soil seed bank were analyzed using the Sørensen similarity index (SI) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination methods. Additionally, we quantitatively analyzed the relative contributions of seed source availability versus dispersal limitation to the formation of the soil seed bank.

Results: Our results indicated that the seed rain composition in sand-fixing vegetation areas with different establishment years was dominated by annual herbs, with their density dynamics showing a bimodal distribution pattern in July and November, controlled by the phenology of seed dispersal. The highest seed rain density was observed in sand-fixing vegetation established for 30-40 years. The soil seed bank composition in these areas was primarily composed of annual herbs, exhibiting characteristics of both transient and persistent seed banks, with a tendency towards persistent seed banks. However, seeds of Caragana korshinskii showed typical transient soil seed bank characteristics. The highest soil seed bank density was found in the surface soil layer and in areas established for 30-40 years. Aboveground vegetation in sand-fixing areas generally exhibited a simple structure. The similarity between mobile dune areas and areas established for 50-60 years was higher than that between areas established for the 15-20 years and those established for 30-40 years. Furthermore, the similarity between soil seed banks and aboveground vegetation was higher than that between seed rain and aboveground vegetation. Regarding the similarity in monthly species composition, the highest similarity within groups was found in the soil seed bank, followed by aboveground vegetation. Additionally, our species composition similarity results between aboveground vegetation, seed rain, and soil seed bank, showed no significant differences using both SI and NMDS ordination methods. Both methods revealed that similarities between aboveground vegetation, seed rain, and soil seed banks tend to increase with sand-fixing duration.

Conclusion: Persistent soil seed banks serve as a potential driving force for long-term vegetation renewal, while seed rain enhances the potential for vegetation regeneration. In this study, we determined that sand-fixing vegetation areas in the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert, as well as the occurrence of seed rain, the composition of the soil seed bank, and the characteristics of aboveground vegetation, exhibit significant differences in species and habitat. Additionally, we found that as the duration of sand-fixing increases, the degree of connection among the three components (seed rain, soil seed bank, and aboveground vegetation) also increases, tending to form a local soil seed bank supplementation mechanism that supports the cyclical renewal and maintenance processes of aboveground vegetation.

Key words: the Tengger Desert, seed rain, soil seed bank, vegetation regeneration, similarity analysis

Wenjie Qu, Lei Wang, Wenyan Kang, Xinguo Yang, Jianjun Qu, Xue Zhang. Seed supply and regeneration potential of sand-fixing vegetation with different establishment years in the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(1): 24254.

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Figures/Tables 8

References 45

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属 Genus	种 Species	生活型 Life form	不同年限固沙植被区 Sand-fixing vegetation with different establishment years (%)
属 Genus	种 Species	生活型 Life form	流沙 Mobile dunes	15-20年 15-20 years	30-40年 30-40 years	50-60年 50-60 years
禾本科 Poaceae
画眉草属 Eragrostis	小画眉草 Eragrostis minor	一年生草本 Annual herb	-	20.94 ± 0.05^a	36.44 ± 0.02^a	34.96 ± 0.03^a
狗尾草属 Setaria	狗尾草 Setaria viridis	一年生草本 Annual herb	-	17.46 ± 0.04^ab	21.59 ± 0.04^a	18.63 ± 0.02^b
虎尾草属 Chloris	虎尾草 Chloris virgata	一年生草本 Annual herb	-	9.48 ± 0.00^b	15.64 ± 0.02^ab	17.16 ± 0.02^bc
九顶草属 Enneapogon	九顶草 Enneapogon desvauxii	多年生草本 Perennial herb	-	-	5.06 ± 0.00^b	8.58 ± 0.02^b
锋芒草属 Tragus	锋芒草 Tragus mongolorum	一年生草本 Annual herb	-	-	4.09 ± 0.01^b	13.3 ± 0.04^b
苋科 Amaranthaceae
猪毛菜属 Salsola	猪毛菜 Salsola collina	一年生草本 Annual herb	-	33.01 ± 0.03^a	18.2 ± 0.02^ab	27.56 ± 0.02^c
虫实属 Corispermum	蒙古虫实 Corispermum mongolicum	一年生草本 Annual herb	9.65 ± 0^ab	28.25 ± 0.02^a	18.88 ± 0.06^ab	9.11 ± 0.03^b
雾冰藜属 Grubovia	雾冰藜 Grubovia dasyphylla	一年生草本 Annual herb	1.96 ± 0^b	15.35 ± 0.03^ab	12.66 ± 0.03^ab	14.23 ± 0.01^bc
沙蓬属 Agriophyllum	沙蓬 Agriophyllum pungens	一年生草本 Annual herb	66.39 ± 0.05^a	16.39 ± 0.05^ab	18.95 ± 0.00^ab	-
蒺藜科 Zygophyllaceae
蒺藜属 Tribulus	蒺藜 Tribulus terrestris	一年生草本 Annual herb	-	-	3.42 ± 0.00^b	-
菊科 Asteraceae
蒿属 Artemisia	黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica	多年生草本 Perennial herb	-	-	-	6.29 ± 0.08^b
蓝刺头属 Echinops	砂蓝刺头 Echinops gmelinii	二年生草本 Biennial herb	-	4.57 ± 0.02^b	29.91 ± 0.04^a	12.57 ± 0.01^bc

属 Genus	种 Species	生活型 Life form	不同年限固沙植被区 Sand-fixing vegetation with different establishment years (%)
属 Genus	种 Species	生活型 Life form	流沙 Mobile dunes	15-20年 15-20 years	30-40年 30-40 years	50-60年 50-60 years
禾本科 Poaceae
画眉草属 Eragrostis	小画眉草 Eragrostis minor	一年生草本 Annual herb	-	20.94 ± 0.05^a	36.44 ± 0.02^a	34.96 ± 0.03^a
狗尾草属 Setaria	狗尾草 Setaria viridis	一年生草本 Annual herb	-	17.46 ± 0.04^ab	21.59 ± 0.04^a	18.63 ± 0.02^b
虎尾草属 Chloris	虎尾草 Chloris virgata	一年生草本 Annual herb	-	9.48 ± 0.00^b	15.64 ± 0.02^ab	17.16 ± 0.02^bc
九顶草属 Enneapogon	九顶草 Enneapogon desvauxii	多年生草本 Perennial herb	-	-	5.06 ± 0.00^b	8.58 ± 0.02^b
锋芒草属 Tragus	锋芒草 Tragus mongolorum	一年生草本 Annual herb	-	-	4.09 ± 0.01^b	13.3 ± 0.04^b
苋科 Amaranthaceae
猪毛菜属 Salsola	猪毛菜 Salsola collina	一年生草本 Annual herb	-	33.01 ± 0.03^a	18.2 ± 0.02^ab	27.56 ± 0.02^c
虫实属 Corispermum	蒙古虫实 Corispermum mongolicum	一年生草本 Annual herb	9.65 ± 0^ab	28.25 ± 0.02^a	18.88 ± 0.06^ab	9.11 ± 0.03^b
雾冰藜属 Grubovia	雾冰藜 Grubovia dasyphylla	一年生草本 Annual herb	1.96 ± 0^b	15.35 ± 0.03^ab	12.66 ± 0.03^ab	14.23 ± 0.01^bc
沙蓬属 Agriophyllum	沙蓬 Agriophyllum pungens	一年生草本 Annual herb	66.39 ± 0.05^a	16.39 ± 0.05^ab	18.95 ± 0.00^ab	-
蒺藜科 Zygophyllaceae
蒺藜属 Tribulus	蒺藜 Tribulus terrestris	一年生草本 Annual herb	-	-	3.42 ± 0.00^b	-
菊科 Asteraceae
蒿属 Artemisia	黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica	多年生草本 Perennial herb	-	-	-	6.29 ± 0.08^b
蓝刺头属 Echinops	砂蓝刺头 Echinops gmelinii	二年生草本 Biennial herb	-	4.57 ± 0.02^b	29.91 ± 0.04^a	12.57 ± 0.01^bc

固沙年限 Sand-fixing period	地上植被物种数 No. of aboveground vegetation species	种子雨物种数 No. of species seed rain species	地上植被与种子雨 Aboveground vegetation and seed rain		土壤种子库物种数 No. of soil seed bank species	地上植被与土壤种子库 Aboveground vegetation and soil seed bank
固沙年限 Sand-fixing period	地上植被物种数 No. of aboveground vegetation species	种子雨物种数 No. of species seed rain species	共有物种数 No. of shared species	Sørensen相似性指数 Sørensen similarity index	土壤种子库物种数 No. of soil seed bank species	共有物种数 No. of shared species	Sørensen相似性指数 Sørensen similarity index
流沙 Mobile dunes	3	6	3	0.67	3	3	1.00
15-20年 15-20 years	8	17	8	0.64	13	8	0.76
30-40年 30-40 years	11	17	8	0.57	17	10	0.71
50-60年 50-60 years	10	15	10	0.80	15	10	0.80

固沙年限 Sand-fixing period	地上植被物种数 No. of aboveground vegetation species	种子雨物种数 No. of species seed rain species	地上植被与种子雨 Aboveground vegetation and seed rain		土壤种子库物种数 No. of soil seed bank species	地上植被与土壤种子库 Aboveground vegetation and soil seed bank
固沙年限 Sand-fixing period	地上植被物种数 No. of aboveground vegetation species	种子雨物种数 No. of species seed rain species	共有物种数 No. of shared species	Sørensen相似性指数 Sørensen similarity index	土壤种子库物种数 No. of soil seed bank species	共有物种数 No. of shared species	Sørensen相似性指数 Sørensen similarity index
流沙 Mobile dunes	3	6	3	0.67	3	3	1.00
15-20年 15-20 years	8	17	8	0.64	13	8	0.76
30-40年 30-40 years	11	17	8	0.57	17	10	0.71
50-60年 50-60 years	10	15	10	0.80	15	10	0.80