Responses of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere microbial communities to the soil carbon and nitrogen in Quercus mongolica pure forest

doi:10.17520/biods.2025119

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: The rhizosphere is a critical interface for plant-soil interactions and shapes forest soil nutrient cycling through the distinction between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere microbial community structures, as well as their regulatory roles in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics. This study aimed to characterize the structural and functional differences of microbial communities in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of Quercus mongolica pure forests, and to elucidate their responses to soil C and N contents.

Methods: Soil samples were collected from rhizosphere (R) and non-rhizosphere (NR) soils of Q. mongolica pure forests in eastern Liaoning, China. Bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS regions were sequenced, and amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were clustered with 97% similarity. α diversity indices (Shannon diversity index, Simpson diversity index, Chao1 richness index, Observed species richness index, Pielou evenness index) and β diversity (NMDS analysis based on Bray-Curtis distance and PERMANOVA test) were analyzed to assess microbial community species richness and heterogeneity. Microbial functions were predicted using PICRUSt2 based on the MetaCyc database. Soil total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), soil organic carbon (SOC), and C : N were measured using standard protocols. Mantel tests and Pearson correlations were used to evaluate linkages between microbial communities and soil carbon and nitrogen content.

Results: The number of unique ASVs was higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the non-rhizosphere soil. At the phylum level, rhizosphere bacterial communities were dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. In the fungal community, the abundance of Ascomycota was significantly higher in the rhizosphere than in the non-rhizosphere, whereas Basidiomycota showed the opposite trend. Copiotrophic bacteria prevailed in the rhizosphere by rapidly utilizing simple carbon sources derived from root exudates, while oligotrophic taxa in the non-rhizosphere were adapted to the nutrient-poor conditions. The predominance of Ascomycota in the rhizosphere and Basidiomycota in the non-rhizosphere was mainly driven by heterogeneity between the rhizosphere effect (characterized by carbon input) and the non-rhizosphere environment (involving decomposition of organic matter). α diversity analysis showed that the Shannon diversity index and Chao1 richness index of fungal communities were significantly higher in the rhizosphere than in the non-rhizosphere, while no significant difference was observed in bacterial diversity. β diversity analysis indicated significant differences in microbial community composition between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. Functional prediction suggested that bacterial and fungal communities in Q. mongolica forest soils were enriched in metabolic pathways related to amino acid biosynthesis and respiration, respectively. Their complementary metabolic functions—such as cofactor synthesis and carbon-nitrogen exchange—may enhance the efficiency of nutrient cycling in these forest soils. Rhizosphere soils were enriched with organic matter-degrading bacteria (such as CandidatusUdaeobacter) and nitrogen-cycling functional bacteria (such as Bradyrhizobium), whose metabolic pathways may be dominated by amino acid biosynthesis. Soil carbon and nitrogen gradients had an impact on microbial diversity and abundance through resource competition and metabolic adaptation: rhizosphere bacterial diversity was positively correlated with organic carbon, and fungal community abundance was significantly correlated with total carbon and C : N.

Conclusion: Q. mongolica rhizosphere effects drive microbial community assembly through resource competition and metabolic adaptation, fostering copiotrophic bacteria and symbiotic fungi that enhance nutrient acquisition. The strong coupling between microbial diversity and soil carbon and nitrogen gradients highlights the ecological significance of rhizosphere microbiomes in regulating forest soil fertility. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for leveraging rhizosphere engineering in the sustainable management and ecological restoration of degraded Q. mongolica forests in northeastern China.

Key words: Quercus mongolica, rhizosphere soil, non-rhizosphere soil, microbial community structure, soil carbon and nitrogen coupling

Xinbo Hou, Xiuhai Zhao, Huaijiang He, Chunyu Zhang, Juan Wang, Xueying Ren, Xinna Zhang. Responses of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere microbial communities to the soil carbon and nitrogen in Quercus mongolica pure forest[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(7): 25119.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2025119

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2025/V33/I7/25119

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	样本 Sample	基于Bray-Curtis距离的F统计值 F-statistic value based on Bray-Curtis distance (P)
	样本 Sample	R1	R2	R3
细菌 Bacteria	NR1	4.78 (0.001)	7.23 (0.001)	7.19 (0.001)
	NR2	2.62 (0.001)	3.63 (0.001)	4.05 (0.001)
	NR3	3.56 (0.001)	3.58 (0.001)	1.80 (0.002)
真菌 Fungi	NR1	2.47 (0.001)	4.95 (0.001)	5.29 (0.001)
	NR2	2.93 (0.001)	2.28 (0.001)	2.43 (0.001)
	NR3	2.43 (0.001)	2.58 (0.001)	1.23 (0.093)

	样本 Sample	基于Bray-Curtis距离的F统计值 F-statistic value based on Bray-Curtis distance (P)
	样本 Sample	R1	R2	R3
细菌 Bacteria	NR1	4.78 (0.001)	7.23 (0.001)	7.19 (0.001)
	NR2	2.62 (0.001)	3.63 (0.001)	4.05 (0.001)
	NR3	3.56 (0.001)	3.58 (0.001)	1.80 (0.002)
真菌 Fungi	NR1	2.47 (0.001)	4.95 (0.001)	5.29 (0.001)
	NR2	2.93 (0.001)	2.28 (0.001)	2.43 (0.001)
	NR3	2.43 (0.001)	2.58 (0.001)	1.23 (0.093)

	属 Genus	功能描述 Functional description	相对丰度 Relative abundance		参考文献 References
	属 Genus	功能描述 Functional description	NR	R	参考文献 References
细菌 Bacteria	Candidatus Udaeobacter	有机污染物降解与碳代谢 Degradation of organic pollutants and carbon metabolism	0.043 ± 0.022^A	0.029 ± 0.019^B	童彤等, 2024
	Burkholderia-Caballeronia- Paraburkholderia	有机污染物降解 Degradation of organic pollutants	0.016 ± 0.014^A	0.036 ± 0.033^B	李霏等, 2023
	Candidatus Solibacter	抗重金属 Resistant to heavy metals	0.020 ± 0.005^a	0.018 ± 0.005^b	Puthusseri et al, 2021
	Rokubacteriales	氮呼吸 Nitrogen respiration	0.026 ± 0.026^A	0.008 ± 0.010^B	Reis et al, 2023
	Bradyrhizobium	共生和固氮 Symbiosis and nitrogen fixation	0.014 ± 0.005^a	0.016 ± 0.005^b	汪其同等, 2015
	Acidothermus	纤维素分解 Degrade cellulose	0.010 ± 0.006^A	0.018 ± 0.009^B	Rezaei et al, 2011
	Acidibacter	蛋白质分解 Degrade proteins	0.011 ± 0.004^A	0.015 ± 0.005^B	何庆海等, 2022
	Mycobacterium	致病菌 Pathogenic bacteria	0.010 ± 0.005^A	0.014 ± 0.005^B	Brown-Elliott & Wallace, 2017
	Granulicella	聚合物降解 Polymer degradation	0.006 ± 0.006^A	0.011 ± 0.008^B	Oshkin et al, 2019
	Haliangium	抗植物病原真菌 Resistant to plant pathogenic fungi	0.006 ± 0.003^A	0.009 ± 0.006^B	Kundim et al, 2003
真菌 Fungi	Trichoderma	菌寄生 Mycoparasitism	0.029 ± 0.038	0.069 ± 0.069	Khan et al, 2020
	Geminibasidium	共生 Symbiosis	0.053 ± 0.072^a	0.028 ± 0.044^b	Ren et al, 2021
	Lactarius	抗肿瘤 Anti-tumor	0.010 ± 0.027^a	0.026 ± 0.052^b	王和等, 2018
	Saitozyma	纤维素分解 Degrade cellulose	0.010 ± 0.027^a	0.026 ± 0.052^b	Aliyu et al, 2021
	Cortinarius	共生 Symbiosis	0.001 ± 0.007^a	0.016 ± 0.056^b	Soop et al, 2018

	属 Genus	功能描述 Functional description	相对丰度 Relative abundance		参考文献 References
	属 Genus	功能描述 Functional description	NR	R	参考文献 References
细菌 Bacteria	Candidatus Udaeobacter	有机污染物降解与碳代谢 Degradation of organic pollutants and carbon metabolism	0.043 ± 0.022^A	0.029 ± 0.019^B	童彤等, 2024
	Burkholderia-Caballeronia- Paraburkholderia	有机污染物降解 Degradation of organic pollutants	0.016 ± 0.014^A	0.036 ± 0.033^B	李霏等, 2023
	Candidatus Solibacter	抗重金属 Resistant to heavy metals	0.020 ± 0.005^a	0.018 ± 0.005^b	Puthusseri et al, 2021
	Rokubacteriales	氮呼吸 Nitrogen respiration	0.026 ± 0.026^A	0.008 ± 0.010^B	Reis et al, 2023
	Bradyrhizobium	共生和固氮 Symbiosis and nitrogen fixation	0.014 ± 0.005^a	0.016 ± 0.005^b	汪其同等, 2015
	Acidothermus	纤维素分解 Degrade cellulose	0.010 ± 0.006^A	0.018 ± 0.009^B	Rezaei et al, 2011
	Acidibacter	蛋白质分解 Degrade proteins	0.011 ± 0.004^A	0.015 ± 0.005^B	何庆海等, 2022
	Mycobacterium	致病菌 Pathogenic bacteria	0.010 ± 0.005^A	0.014 ± 0.005^B	Brown-Elliott & Wallace, 2017
	Granulicella	聚合物降解 Polymer degradation	0.006 ± 0.006^A	0.011 ± 0.008^B	Oshkin et al, 2019
	Haliangium	抗植物病原真菌 Resistant to plant pathogenic fungi	0.006 ± 0.003^A	0.009 ± 0.006^B	Kundim et al, 2003
真菌 Fungi	Trichoderma	菌寄生 Mycoparasitism	0.029 ± 0.038	0.069 ± 0.069	Khan et al, 2020
	Geminibasidium	共生 Symbiosis	0.053 ± 0.072^a	0.028 ± 0.044^b	Ren et al, 2021
	Lactarius	抗肿瘤 Anti-tumor	0.010 ± 0.027^a	0.026 ± 0.052^b	王和等, 2018
	Saitozyma	纤维素分解 Degrade cellulose	0.010 ± 0.027^a	0.026 ± 0.052^b	Aliyu et al, 2021
	Cortinarius	共生 Symbiosis	0.001 ± 0.007^a	0.016 ± 0.056^b	Soop et al, 2018

土壤类型 Soil types	全碳 Total carbon (TC, g/kg)	全氮 Total nitrogen (TN, g/kg)	土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon (SOC, g/kg)	C : N
非根际土壤 Non-rhizosphere soil (NR)	4.40 ± 1.49^A	0.30 ± 0.09^A	1.43 ± 3.49^A	0.28 ± 0.36^a
根际土壤 Rhizosphere soil (R)	7.55 ± 3.22^B	0.50 ± 0.22^B	3.79 ± 2.01^B	0.56 ± 0.63^b