Ethogram and PAE coding system of Crested Ibis in non-breeding season

doi:10.17520/biods.2024075

Abstract

Abstract:

Aim: Acclimation training plays a critical role in reintroduction of Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon). Effective behavior training before releasing animals into the wild, to some extent, determines whether the released individuals can survive and reproduce successfully in the environment. Currently, there is still a lack of in-depth and systematic researches as well as quantitative indicators on the behavior of Crested Ibis, making it difficult to scientifically evaluate the adaptability of individuals and the effectiveness of acclimation training. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and refine the ethogram and posture-act-environment (PAE) coding system for the Crested Ibis, exploring practical applications of the PAE-coded ethogram. This will lay a foundation for behavioral monitoring and behavioral ecology of acclimated Crested Ibis.
Methods: Based on observations from December 2009 to January 2011, and from June to September 2023, we used focal-animal sampling and instantaneous and scan sampling methods in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, and instantaneous and scan sampling method in Crested Ibis Ecological Park in Yang County, Shaanxi Province, to observe and record the behavior of Crested Ibis acclimated in large cages. Then, we explored the impact of sampling methods on the behavioral diversity of Crested Ibis in Yancheng City. In addition, we calculated the behavioral diversity of Crested Ibis and compared the differences between Yancheng City and Yang County.
Results: We refined the ethogram and PAE coding system for Crested Ibis during the non-breeding season. Specifically, we identified and defined a total of 112 behaviors categorized into 19 groups: 74 individual behaviors in 12 categories, 19 interactive behaviors in 2 categories, 7 community behaviors in 2 categories, and 12 abnormal behaviors in 3 categories. In addition, we coded 9 postures (P codes), 112 acts (A codes), and 13 environments (E codes) within PAE coding system for Crested Ibis. The analysis results showed that in natural behaviors, the absolute diversity (H) and maximal diversity (H_max) in focal-animal sampling were significantly higher than those in instantaneous and scan sampling, with no significant difference in relative diversity (R). For abnormal behaviors, the absolute diversity (H) and maximal diversity (H_max) in focal-animal sampling were also significantly higher than those in instantaneous and scan sampling, while the relative diversity (R) was significantly lower than that in instantaneous and scan sampling. Moreover, for natural behaviors, the absolute diversity (H) and maximal diversity (H_max) of Crested Ibis undergoing acclimation training in Yancheng were significantly lower than those of Crested Ibis in Yang County, with the relative diversity (R) being significantly higher than that of Crested Ibis in Yang County.
Conclusion: Based on the PAE coding system, our study calculated the behavioral diversity of Crested Ibis to validate the feasible pathway of the PAE coding system in simplify animal behavior recording and quantitative analysis. Our study provided a significant example of correctly selecting sampling methods in animal behavior observation and recording. The results indicated that the variability or uncertainty of animal behavior patterns (i.e. behavioral diversity) at different sites can indirectly reflect environmental conditions of acclimation training animals. This provided a “behavioral dictionary” and behavior-based assessment methods for monitoring the health condition and selecting the best breeding individuals among captive animals. In addition, our study offered an important scientific evaluation method for assessing the wild adaptability of endangered wild animals and the effectiveness of acclimation training before their release into the wild.

Key words: Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon), ethogram, PAE coding system, acclimation training, reintroduction, behavior diversity

Yun Zhu, Kaihong Wang, Honglei Li, Xianglong Xu, Wenbin Duan, Hao Chen, Guoqiang Qiu, Weihua Chen, Jing Lu, Changqing Ding. Ethogram and PAE coding system of Crested Ibis in non-breeding season[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2024, 32(9): 24075.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2024075

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2024/V32/I9/24075

Figures/Tables 7

References 48

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姿势 Posture	编码 Codes	描述 Definition
站 Standing	1	朱鹮双腿支撑身体, 躯干部保持静止 The Crested Ibis supports its body with two legs, and its torso remains stationary
立 One-leg standing	2	朱鹮一条腿支撑身体另一条腿提起, 躯干部保持静止 The Crested Ibis supports its body with one leg, and its torso remains stationary
蹲 Squatting	3	朱鹮双腿微曲 The Crested Ibis slightly bent its two legs
卧 Lying	4	朱鹮后肢均弯曲平贴腹部并以此接触支撑物 The Crested Ibis bends its legs flat against its abdomen and touches the supporting objects
走 Walking	5	朱鹮双脚左右交替移动, 使身体向前或向侧面发生位移 The Crested Ibis moves its feet alternately left and right, causing its body to shift forward or sideways
跳 Jumping	6	朱鹮后肢蓄力蹬支撑物, 使身体腾空 The Crested Ibis vigorously kicks the support with two legs to lift its body into the air
飞 Flying	7	朱鹮借助双翼扇动在空中飞行 The Crested Ibis flies in the air by flapping its wings
翔 Soaring	8	朱鹮双翼平直伸展开, 在空中盘旋滑行 The Crested Ibis spread its wings straight and extended, hovering and gliding in the air
跑 Running	9	朱鹮双脚快速左右交替移动, 使身体向前或向侧面发生位移 The Crested Ibis rapidly alternates its feet left and right, causing its body to move forward or sideways

姿势 Posture	编码 Codes	描述 Definition
站 Standing	1	朱鹮双腿支撑身体, 躯干部保持静止 The Crested Ibis supports its body with two legs, and its torso remains stationary
立 One-leg standing	2	朱鹮一条腿支撑身体另一条腿提起, 躯干部保持静止 The Crested Ibis supports its body with one leg, and its torso remains stationary
蹲 Squatting	3	朱鹮双腿微曲 The Crested Ibis slightly bent its two legs
卧 Lying	4	朱鹮后肢均弯曲平贴腹部并以此接触支撑物 The Crested Ibis bends its legs flat against its abdomen and touches the supporting objects
走 Walking	5	朱鹮双脚左右交替移动, 使身体向前或向侧面发生位移 The Crested Ibis moves its feet alternately left and right, causing its body to shift forward or sideways
跳 Jumping	6	朱鹮后肢蓄力蹬支撑物, 使身体腾空 The Crested Ibis vigorously kicks the support with two legs to lift its body into the air
飞 Flying	7	朱鹮借助双翼扇动在空中飞行 The Crested Ibis flies in the air by flapping its wings
翔 Soaring	8	朱鹮双翼平直伸展开, 在空中盘旋滑行 The Crested Ibis spread its wings straight and extended, hovering and gliding in the air
跑 Running	9	朱鹮双脚快速左右交替移动, 使身体向前或向侧面发生位移 The Crested Ibis rapidly alternates its feet left and right, causing its body to move forward or sideways

功能 Function	动作 Acts	编码 Codes	功能 Function		动作 Acts		编码 Codes
个体动作 Individual acts			整理 Maintenance		理羽 Preen		Ma1
个体动作 Individual acts					竖羽 Ruffle feathers		Ma2
休息 Resting	插翅 Head in wing	R1			抖羽 Shake feathers		Ma3
	回头 Head-back	R2			甩头 Shake head		Ma4
	垂头 Head-droop	R3			摆尾 Tail-wag		Ma5
	缩颈 Shrink neck	R4			抓挠 Scratch		Ma6
	卧息 Grovel	R5			蹭背 Rub back		Ma7
观察 Observation	单眼注视 Monocular-gaze	O1			清理腿部 Clean legs		Ma8
	双眼注视 Gaze	O2			打喷嚏 Sneeze		Ma9
	探头观望 Probe to observe	O3			收翅整理 Wings back		Ma10
	目测 Eye measure	O4			水浴 Bathe		Ma11
	试探 Tempt	O5			蹭尾 Rub tail		Ma12
警戒 Vigilance	张望 Look around	V1	运动 Locomotory		前行 Walk forward		L1
	伸颈注视 Stretch neck gaze	V2			侧行 Walk aside		L2
	惊叫 Threatened call	V3			跳 Jump		L3
鸣叫 Tweet	胜利炫耀 Victory show-off	Tw1			跑 Run		L4
	报警 Alert	Tw2			飞行 Fly		L5
	驱赶 Expel	Tw3			滑翔 Glide		L6
	拟幼雏乞食 Beg like nestling	Tw4	调节 Self-organization		哈欠 Yawn		So1
	呼叫-答应 Call-answer	Tw5			张嘴颤喉 Mouth-open tremble throat		So2
	占枝 Occupy perch	Tw6			闭嘴颤喉 Mouth-close tremble throat		So3
	出飞 Fly away	Tw7			喘气 Pant		So4
	伸展 Stretch	So5			依偎 Nestle		Fr5
	扇翅 Flap wings	So6			争/递枝 Compete or take branch		Fr6
	蓬松羽衣 Feathers fluff	So7			共鸣 Chirp together		Fr7
	紧缩羽衣 Feathers tighten	So8			假交尾 False mate		Fr8
	俯身张翅 Bow stretch	So9	冲突 Conflict		争夺 Scramble		C1
	挺身振翅 Raise flap	So10			推挤 Push		C2
觅食 Foraging	探啄 Explore peck	Fo1			啄击 Peck strike		C3
	掏挖 Hollow out	Fo2			驱赶 Expel		C4
	划动觅食 Mine sweep	Fo3			威吓 Intimidate		C5
	低头寻觅 Droop-head search	Fo4			咬腿 Bite leg		C6
	滤啄 Filter peck	Fo5			喙互击 Beak mutual strike		C7
	捕捉 Capture	Fo6			飞跳打斗 Flight hops fights		C8
	捡取 Pick up	Fo7			回避 Avoid		C9
	叼食行走 Bite food walk	Fo8			畏缩 Shrink back		C10
	叼食飞行 Bite food fly	Fo9			逃离 Escape		C11
	叼食跳跃 Bite food jump	Fo10	社群动作 Community acts
	咬甩 Bite throw	Fo11	社群动作 Community acts
	撕扯 Tear	Fo12	群聚 Aggregation		占枝鸣叫 Occupy perch chirp		Ag1
	洗涮 Wash	Fo13			集体盘旋 Collective hover		Ag2
	吞咽 Raise head swallow	Fo14			出飞鸣叫 Fly-away call		Ag3
	啄咽 Nibble-swallow	Fo15			合作警戒 Cooperation alert		Ag4
	颈蠕动 Neck-pump	Fo16			激怒反应 Mob		Ag5
	呕吐 Vomit	Fo17	家族 Family		合作战斗 Collaboration fight		Fa1
逃避 Escape	后退 Backward	E1			分享资源 Share resources		Fa2
	逃跑 Run away	E2	异常动作 Abnormal acts
	惊飞 Frighten-fly	E3	异常动作 Abnormal acts
饮水 Drink water	饮水 Drink water	Dr	刻板 Stubbornness		往复走动 Walk back and forth		St1
排泄 Egestion	站式排便 Stand defecation	Eg1			往复飞出 Repeatedly fly out		St2
	蹲式排便 Squat defecation	Eg2			反复目测 Repeatedly measure		St3
	行式排遗 Walk defecation	Eg3			原地转圈 Spin around		St4
	空中排便 Fly defecation	Eg4			连续空啄 Invalid peck		St5
玩耍 Play	衔枝 Hook branch	Hb			反复伸爪 Invalid stretch leg		St6
互动动作 Interactive acts				应激 Stress	呆滞 Aghast	Str1
互动动作 Interactive acts					异常蹲坐 Abnormal squat	Str2
友好 Friendliness	试探靠近 Tempt close to	Fr1			异常趴卧 Abnormal grovel		Str3
	鸣叫-答应 Call-answer	Fr2	攻击 Attack		啄它羽 Peck other’s feather		At1
	打嘴 Beak-mutual knock	Fr3			啄己环 Peck self ring		At2
	相互理羽 Mutual comb	Fr4			啄它环 Peck other’s ring		At3

功能 Function	动作 Acts	编码 Codes	功能 Function		动作 Acts		编码 Codes
个体动作 Individual acts			整理 Maintenance		理羽 Preen		Ma1
个体动作 Individual acts					竖羽 Ruffle feathers		Ma2
休息 Resting	插翅 Head in wing	R1			抖羽 Shake feathers		Ma3
	回头 Head-back	R2			甩头 Shake head		Ma4
	垂头 Head-droop	R3			摆尾 Tail-wag		Ma5
	缩颈 Shrink neck	R4			抓挠 Scratch		Ma6
	卧息 Grovel	R5			蹭背 Rub back		Ma7
观察 Observation	单眼注视 Monocular-gaze	O1			清理腿部 Clean legs		Ma8
	双眼注视 Gaze	O2			打喷嚏 Sneeze		Ma9
	探头观望 Probe to observe	O3			收翅整理 Wings back		Ma10
	目测 Eye measure	O4			水浴 Bathe		Ma11
	试探 Tempt	O5			蹭尾 Rub tail		Ma12
警戒 Vigilance	张望 Look around	V1	运动 Locomotory		前行 Walk forward		L1
	伸颈注视 Stretch neck gaze	V2			侧行 Walk aside		L2
	惊叫 Threatened call	V3			跳 Jump		L3
鸣叫 Tweet	胜利炫耀 Victory show-off	Tw1			跑 Run		L4
	报警 Alert	Tw2			飞行 Fly		L5
	驱赶 Expel	Tw3			滑翔 Glide		L6
	拟幼雏乞食 Beg like nestling	Tw4	调节 Self-organization		哈欠 Yawn		So1
	呼叫-答应 Call-answer	Tw5			张嘴颤喉 Mouth-open tremble throat		So2
	占枝 Occupy perch	Tw6			闭嘴颤喉 Mouth-close tremble throat		So3
	出飞 Fly away	Tw7			喘气 Pant		So4
	伸展 Stretch	So5			依偎 Nestle		Fr5
	扇翅 Flap wings	So6			争/递枝 Compete or take branch		Fr6
	蓬松羽衣 Feathers fluff	So7			共鸣 Chirp together		Fr7
	紧缩羽衣 Feathers tighten	So8			假交尾 False mate		Fr8
	俯身张翅 Bow stretch	So9	冲突 Conflict		争夺 Scramble		C1
	挺身振翅 Raise flap	So10			推挤 Push		C2
觅食 Foraging	探啄 Explore peck	Fo1			啄击 Peck strike		C3
	掏挖 Hollow out	Fo2			驱赶 Expel		C4
	划动觅食 Mine sweep	Fo3			威吓 Intimidate		C5
	低头寻觅 Droop-head search	Fo4			咬腿 Bite leg		C6
	滤啄 Filter peck	Fo5			喙互击 Beak mutual strike		C7
	捕捉 Capture	Fo6			飞跳打斗 Flight hops fights		C8
	捡取 Pick up	Fo7			回避 Avoid		C9
	叼食行走 Bite food walk	Fo8			畏缩 Shrink back		C10
	叼食飞行 Bite food fly	Fo9			逃离 Escape		C11
	叼食跳跃 Bite food jump	Fo10	社群动作 Community acts
	咬甩 Bite throw	Fo11	社群动作 Community acts
	撕扯 Tear	Fo12	群聚 Aggregation		占枝鸣叫 Occupy perch chirp		Ag1
	洗涮 Wash	Fo13			集体盘旋 Collective hover		Ag2
	吞咽 Raise head swallow	Fo14			出飞鸣叫 Fly-away call		Ag3
	啄咽 Nibble-swallow	Fo15			合作警戒 Cooperation alert		Ag4
	颈蠕动 Neck-pump	Fo16			激怒反应 Mob		Ag5
	呕吐 Vomit	Fo17	家族 Family		合作战斗 Collaboration fight		Fa1
逃避 Escape	后退 Backward	E1			分享资源 Share resources		Fa2
	逃跑 Run away	E2	异常动作 Abnormal acts
	惊飞 Frighten-fly	E3	异常动作 Abnormal acts
饮水 Drink water	饮水 Drink water	Dr	刻板 Stubbornness		往复走动 Walk back and forth		St1
排泄 Egestion	站式排便 Stand defecation	Eg1			往复飞出 Repeatedly fly out		St2
	蹲式排便 Squat defecation	Eg2			反复目测 Repeatedly measure		St3
	行式排遗 Walk defecation	Eg3			原地转圈 Spin around		St4
	空中排便 Fly defecation	Eg4			连续空啄 Invalid peck		St5
玩耍 Play	衔枝 Hook branch	Hb			反复伸爪 Invalid stretch leg		St6
互动动作 Interactive acts				应激 Stress	呆滞 Aghast	Str1
互动动作 Interactive acts					异常蹲坐 Abnormal squat	Str2
友好 Friendliness	试探靠近 Tempt close to	Fr1			异常趴卧 Abnormal grovel		Str3
	鸣叫-答应 Call-answer	Fr2	攻击 Attack		啄它羽 Peck other’s feather		At1
	打嘴 Beak-mutual knock	Fr3			啄己环 Peck self ring		At2
	相互理羽 Mutual comb	Fr4			啄它环 Peck other’s ring		At3

分类Classification	环境 Environment	生物 Biotic	非生物 Abiotic	编码 Codes
栖枝 Perch	树木 Tree	+		1
	栖架 Perch		+	2
	建筑物 Building		+	3
旱地 Ground	松软泥地 Mud land		+	4
	水泥/沙石硬地 Cement/Gravel land		+	5
	斜坡 Slope		+	6
	草地 Grassland	+		7
湿地 Wetland	淡水池 Fresh-water pool		+	8
	海水池 Sea-water pool		+	9
	滩涂 Mudflat		+	10
	潮沟 Tectogene		+	11
空中 Air	低空 Low altitude (≤ 5 m)		+	12
	高空 High altitude (＞ 5 m)		+	13