Biodiv Sci ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (11): 25200. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025200 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025200
• CITES 50th Anniversary: Integrating Science, Policy, and International Action • Previous Articles Next Articles
Zhihua Zhou1,*(
)(
), Yan Zeng2,4(), Xiaohua Jin3,4()
Received:2025-05-27
Accepted:2025-08-29
Online:2025-11-20
Published:2025-12-26
Contact:
Zhihua Zhou
Zhihua Zhou, Yan Zeng, Xiaohua Jin. Comparing research on rules of procedure and the voting rules of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(11): 25200.
| 公约(协定)名称 Name of convention or agreement | 投票规则 Voting rules | 文献 References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CITES | 投票权 Voting right | 每个缔约方一票 Each Party shall have one vote 在其权限范围内, 经济一体化组织可按拥有等同于其缔约国(亦为本《公约》缔约国)数量的票数行使表决权。如果由其各缔约国行使表决权, 则此类经济一体化组织不应再行使表决权, 反之亦然 In the fields of their competence, regional economic integration organizations shall exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their Member States which are Parties to the Convention. Such organizations shall not exercise their right to vote if their Member States exercise theirs, and vice versa | CITES, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 大会应尽可能以协商一致的方式对附录I和附录II修订提案做出决定 The Conference shall as far as possible decide on proposals for amendment of Appendices I and II by consensus 所有有关大会会务执行方面的程序性事务, 其表决都应根据在场并参加投票的全权代表的简单多得票数(半数以上)来决定; 而其他所有决定应在2/3以上多得票数的基础上作出 All votes on procedural matters relating to the conduct of the business of the meeting shall be decided by a simple majority of the Representatives present and voting, while all other decisions shall be taken by a two-thirds majority of Representatives present and voting | ||
| 重开辩论 Open the debate | 一旦缔约方大会通过或否决了附录I或附录II的某一修订提案, 不得在会议期间重新审议 Once a proposal for amendment of Appendix I or II has been adopted or rejected by the Conference of the Parties, it may not be reconsidered during the meeting 凡大会在全体会议上, 就来自第I和第II委员会的某一建议做出决定时, ……, 任何代表, 如得到另一缔约方代表的支持, 可提出开启辩论的动议。应只准许提出动议的代表和1名附议人, 并准许希望发言反对的两个缔约方各1名代表就该动议发言, 随后应立即将该动议付诸表决。如有1/3在场并投票的代表支持该动议, 则开启辩论的动议应予批准 Whenever the Conference, in plenary session, decides upon a recommendation originating from Committee I or II, …, any Representative, if seconded by a Representative of another Party, may present a motion for the opening of debate. Permission to speak on the motion shall be granted only to the Representative presenting it and a seconder, and to a Representative of each of two Parties wishing to speak against, after which the motion shall immediately be put to a vote. A motion to open the debate shall be granted if one-third of the Representatives present and voting support the motion | ||
| 秘密投票 Secret ballot | 尽管通常不采用秘密表决的方式, 但是任何一位缔约国授权代表都可要求对其他问题采用这种表决方式。这时, 主持人则应询问是否有人支持这一要求。如果有10位全权代表表示支持, 则应采用秘密表决的方式 Although it shall not normally be used, any Representative may request a secret ballot for other matters. The Presiding Officer shall ask whether the request is seconded. If it is seconded by 10 Representatives the vote shall be by secret ballot | ||
| 《生物多样性公 约》Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) | 投票权 Voting right | 每个缔约方一票 Each Party shall have one vote 区域经济一体化组织, 在其职权范围内, 可以行使与作为缔约方的成员国数量相等的投票权。如其成员国行使投票权则该组织不再投票, 反之亦然 Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States which are Parties. Such organizations shall not exercise their right to vote if their member States exercise theirs, and vice versa | CBD, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 关于程序事项应由出席并投票的缔约方的简单多数决定 Decisions of the Conference of the Parties on matters of procedure shall be taken by a majority vote of the Parties present and voting 缔约方应尽一切努力通过协商一致就所有实质性事项达成协议。如果为协商一致所做的一切努力都已用尽, 但未达成协议, 则作为最后手段, 应由出席并投票的缔约方2/3多数票决定 The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on all matters of substance by consensus. If all efforts to reach consensus have been exhausted and no agreement reached, the decision shall, as a last resort, be taken by a two-thirds majority vote of the Parties present and voting | ||
| 重开辩论 Open the debate | 一项提案被通过或否决后, 不得在同一次会议上重新审议, 除非缔约方大会以出席并参加表决的缔约方2/3多数决定赞成重新考虑 When a proposal has been adopted or rejected, it may not be reconsidered at the same meeting, unless the Conference of the Parties, by a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting, decides in favour of reconsideration | ||
| 秘密投票 Secret ballot | 除了选举, 投票通常应采取举手方式。如果任何一个缔约方提出, 则应采取唱名投票。按照参会的缔约方的英文字母顺序, 从抽签决定的缔约方名字开始。然而, 如果任何时候某个缔约方要求秘密投票, 则所涉事宜应采取该投票方式 Voting, except for election, shall normally be by show of hands. A roll-call vote shall be taken if one is requested by any Party. It shall be taken in the English alphabetical order of the names of the Parties participating in the meeting, beginning with the Party whose name is drawn by lot by the President. However, if at any time a Party requests a secret ballot, that shall be the method of voting on the issue in question | ||
| 《保护野生动物 迁徙物种公约》 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) | 投票权 Voting right | 每个缔约方一票 Each Representative shall have one vote 区域经济一体化组织, 在其职权范围内, 可以代表各成员国行使投票权, 可以行使与作为缔约方的成员国数量相等的投票权。这种情况下, 该组织的成员国不再单独行使投票权 Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall exercise their right to vote with the number of votes equal to the number of their member States that are Parties. In such case, the member States of such organizations shall not exercise their right individually | CMS, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 缔约方应尽一切努力通过协商一致达成共识 The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on all matters by consensus 缔约方大会的决定应得到出席并参加投票的成员国2/3多数同意才能通过, 除非公约另有规定 Decisions at a meeting of the Conference of the Parties shall require a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting, except where otherwise provided for by this Convention | ||
| 重开辩论 Open the debate | 任何代表, 如果由另一方的代表附议, 可以提出就任何建议展开辩论的动议。仅允许提出动议及附议的代表, 以及希望反对的两方代表发言, 随后该动议应立即付诸表决。应为举手表决, 出席并投票的代表中有2/3表示支持, 则同意动议 Any Representative, if seconded by a Representative of another Party, may present a motion for the opening of debate on any recommendation. Permission to speak on the motion for opening the debate shall be granted only to the Representative presenting the motion and a seconder, and to a Representative of each of two Parties wishing to speak against, after which the motion shall immediately be put to the vote. A motion to open the debate shall be granted if, on a show of hands, two-thirds of the Representatives present and voting support the motion | ||
| 秘密投票 Secret ballot | 虽然通常不使用, 但任何代表都可以要求就其他事项秘密投票。如果得到附议, 应立即就是否举行秘密的问题进行表决, 并由2/3多数决定。秘密投票的动议不得采用无记名投票方式 Although it shall not normally be used, any Representative may request a secret ballot for other matters. If seconded, the question of whether a secret ballot should be held shall immediately be voted upon and decided by two-thirds majority. The motion for a secret ballot may not be conducted by secret ballot | ||
| 《联合国防治荒 漠化公约》 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) | 投票权 Voting right | 每个缔约方一票 Each party shall have one vote 区域经济一体化组织, 在其职权范围内, 可以代表各成员国行使投票权, 可以行使与作为缔约方的成员国数量相等的投票权。这种情况下, 该组织的成员国不再单独行使投票权 Regional economic integration organization, in matters within their competence, shall exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States that are Parties to the Convention. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises its right, and vice versa | UNCCD, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 缔约国应尽可能在所有实质问题上取得一致意见, 形成共识。如为达成一致的所有努力皆无效, 无法形成共识, 作为最后选择, 可通过到会并参加投票的缔约国的2/3多数票通过决定 The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on all matters of substance by consensus. If all efforts to reach consensus have been exhausted and no agreement has been reached, the decision shall, as a last resort, be taken by a two-thirds majority vote of the Parties present and voting | ||
| 重开辩论 Open the debate | 一旦缔约方大会通过或否决了某一动议, 不得在会议期间重新审议, 除非有2/3的在场并投票的缔约方同意 When a proposal has been adopted or rejected, it may not be reconsidered at the same session, unless the Conference of the Parties, by a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting, so decides | ||
| 秘密投票 Secret ballot | 除选举之外, 投票一般通过举手的方式。应任何缔约国要求, 可采取唱名式投票。应采用联合国大会采用或者设立的顺序进行。但是, 如任何时候任何缔约国要求秘密投票, 所涉事项应采取此种方式 Voting, except for elections, shall normally be by show of hands. A roll-call vote shall be taken if one is requested by any party. It shall be taken in the order used or established by the rules of procedures of the General Assembly of the United Nations. However, if at any time a Party requests a secret ballot, that shall be the method of voting on the issue in question | ||
| 《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) | 投票权 Voting right | 每个缔约方一票 Each Contracting Party shall have one vote | Ramsar, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 缔约方大会关于程序性问题的决定, 应由出席并投票的缔约方简单多数通过 Decisions of the Conference of the Parties on matters of procedure shall be taken by a simple majority vote of the Contracting Parties present and voting 出席并参加表决的缔约方应尽一切努力通过协商一致就实质性事项达成共识。如果所有达成共识的努力都已用尽仍未达成协议, 作为最后手段, 该决定应以简单多数票通过出席并投票的缔约方, 除非公约另有规定: 如通过下一财政周期的预算, 需要2/3多数; 通过预算分摊比额表, 需要一致同意 The Contracting Parties present and voting shall make every effort to reach agreement on all matters of substance by consensus. If all efforts to reach consensus have been exhausted and no agreement reached, the decision shall, as a last resort, be taken by a simple majority vote of the Contracting Parties present and voting, unless otherwise provided by the Convention. The adoption of the budget for the next financial period, which shall require a two-thirds majority of Contracting Parties present and voting, and the adoption of the scale of contributions to the budget, which shall require unanimity | ||
| 秘密投票 Secret ballot | 如果缔约方在任何时候要求进行秘密投票, 当这一请求得到在场并投票的缔约方简单多数同意, 即可对该事宜采用 If at any time a Contracting Party requests a secret ballot, this shall be the method of voting on the issue in question, provided that this request is accepted by a simple majority of the Contracting Parties present and voting | ||
| 《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (WHC) | 投票权 Voting right | 在联合国教育、科学及文化组织内, 建立一个保护具有突出的普遍价值的文化和自然遗产政府间委员会, 称为“世界遗产委员会”, 由联合国教育、科学及文化组织大会常会期间召集的本公约缔约国大会, 根据公约第八条选出的21个缔约国组成 An Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage of Outstanding Universal Value, called “the World Heritage Committee”, is hereby established within the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It shall be composed of 21 States Parties to the Convention, elected by States Parties to the Convention meeting in general assembly during the ordinary session of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 委员会的每一成员国在选举中应有一票表决权 Each State member of the Committee shall have one vote in the Committee | UNESCO, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 委员会关于《公约》条款所涉事项的决定, 应由其在场并投票的成员国的2/3多数通过 Decisions of the Committee on matters covered by the provisions of the Convention shall be taken by a majority of two-thirds of its members present and voting 除本规则另有规定外, 所有其他委员会的决定应由出席并投票的成员国简单多数决定 Except where otherwise specified in the present Rules, all other decisions of the Committee shall be taken by a majority of the States members present and voting | ||
| 秘密投票 Secret ballot | 每当有两个或两个以上成员国提出以秘密投票方式进行表决, 或主席决定这样做时, 应采取秘密投票 A decision shall be voted on by secret ballot whenever two or more States members shall so request or if the Chairperson so decides | ||
| 《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) | 投票权 Voting right | 兹设立本《条约》的管理机构, 它由所有缔约方组成 A Governing Body for this Treaty is hereby established, composed of all Contracting Parties | FAO, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 管理机构的所有决定应协商一致作出, 除非经协商一致就某些措施作出决定达成了另一种方法, 但《条约》第23条和第24条中的事项始终需要协商一致 All decisions of the Governing Body shall be taken by consensus unless by consensus another method of arriving at a decision on certain measures is reached, except that consensus shall always be required in relation to Articles 23 and 24 of the Treaty | ||
| 《生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台》 Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) | 投票权 Voting right | 区域经济一体化组织, 在其职权范围内, 可以拥有与其作为IPBES成员的各成员国数量相等的投票权[投票时在场并有资格]。但区域经济一体化组织不能在其成员国投票的同时再行使投票权。反之亦然 A regional economic integration organization may have a number of votes equal to the number of its Member States that are members of IPBES [that are present and eligible at the time of the vote]. However, a regional economic integration organization shall not exercise its right to take decisions concurrently with its Member States that are members to the Platform, and vice versa | IPBES, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 平台成员通过协商一致方式就实质性事项作出决定, 除非其规则另有规定 The members of the Platform take decisions on matters of substance by consensus, unless otherwise provided in its rules 在程序事项上, 平台成员应尽一切努力达成共识。如果平台成员为实现共识努力已经用尽, 作为最后手段, 由出席会议的平台成员的2/3票通过。除非本规则另有规定 On matters of procedure, the members of the Platform are to make every effort to achieve consensus. If all efforts by the members of the Platform to achieve consensus on a matter of procedure have been exhausted, and no consensus has been reached, the decision will, as a last resort, unless otherwise provided by these rules of procedure, be taken by a two-thirds vote of the members of the Platform present and voting | ||
| 《<联合国海洋法公约>下国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用协定》 Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) (2026年1月17日生效Enter into force on 17 Jan., 2026) | 投票权 Voting right | 本协定每一缔约方应有一票表决权 Each Party to this Agreement shall have one vote 作为本协定缔约方的区域经济一体化组织, 对属于其权限范围内的事项行使表决权时, 其票数应与其作为本协定缔约方的成员国数目相同。如此类组织的任何成员国行使表决权, 则该组织不应行使表决权, 反之亦然 A regional economic integration organization Party to this Agreement, on matters within its competence, shall exercise its right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of its member States that are Parties to this Agreement. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises its right to vote, and vice versa | UNGA, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 作为一般规则, 本部分下的决定和建议应协商一致作出 As a general rule, the decisions and recommendations under this Part shall be taken by consensus 在未达成协商一致的情况下, 本部分下的决定和建议应由出席并参加表决缔约方的3/4多数作出, 在此之前, 缔约方大会应由出席并参加表决缔约方的2/3多数确定, 为达成协商一致的所有努力均已穷尽 If no consensus is reached, decisions and recommendations under this Part shall be taken by a three-fourths majority of the Parties present and voting, before which the Conference of the Parties shall decide, by a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting that all efforts to reach consensus have been exhausted | ||
Table 1 Comparing on rules of voting between Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and other biodiversity related multilateral international agreements
| 公约(协定)名称 Name of convention or agreement | 投票规则 Voting rules | 文献 References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CITES | 投票权 Voting right | 每个缔约方一票 Each Party shall have one vote 在其权限范围内, 经济一体化组织可按拥有等同于其缔约国(亦为本《公约》缔约国)数量的票数行使表决权。如果由其各缔约国行使表决权, 则此类经济一体化组织不应再行使表决权, 反之亦然 In the fields of their competence, regional economic integration organizations shall exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their Member States which are Parties to the Convention. Such organizations shall not exercise their right to vote if their Member States exercise theirs, and vice versa | CITES, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 大会应尽可能以协商一致的方式对附录I和附录II修订提案做出决定 The Conference shall as far as possible decide on proposals for amendment of Appendices I and II by consensus 所有有关大会会务执行方面的程序性事务, 其表决都应根据在场并参加投票的全权代表的简单多得票数(半数以上)来决定; 而其他所有决定应在2/3以上多得票数的基础上作出 All votes on procedural matters relating to the conduct of the business of the meeting shall be decided by a simple majority of the Representatives present and voting, while all other decisions shall be taken by a two-thirds majority of Representatives present and voting | ||
| 重开辩论 Open the debate | 一旦缔约方大会通过或否决了附录I或附录II的某一修订提案, 不得在会议期间重新审议 Once a proposal for amendment of Appendix I or II has been adopted or rejected by the Conference of the Parties, it may not be reconsidered during the meeting 凡大会在全体会议上, 就来自第I和第II委员会的某一建议做出决定时, ……, 任何代表, 如得到另一缔约方代表的支持, 可提出开启辩论的动议。应只准许提出动议的代表和1名附议人, 并准许希望发言反对的两个缔约方各1名代表就该动议发言, 随后应立即将该动议付诸表决。如有1/3在场并投票的代表支持该动议, 则开启辩论的动议应予批准 Whenever the Conference, in plenary session, decides upon a recommendation originating from Committee I or II, …, any Representative, if seconded by a Representative of another Party, may present a motion for the opening of debate. Permission to speak on the motion shall be granted only to the Representative presenting it and a seconder, and to a Representative of each of two Parties wishing to speak against, after which the motion shall immediately be put to a vote. A motion to open the debate shall be granted if one-third of the Representatives present and voting support the motion | ||
| 秘密投票 Secret ballot | 尽管通常不采用秘密表决的方式, 但是任何一位缔约国授权代表都可要求对其他问题采用这种表决方式。这时, 主持人则应询问是否有人支持这一要求。如果有10位全权代表表示支持, 则应采用秘密表决的方式 Although it shall not normally be used, any Representative may request a secret ballot for other matters. The Presiding Officer shall ask whether the request is seconded. If it is seconded by 10 Representatives the vote shall be by secret ballot | ||
| 《生物多样性公 约》Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) | 投票权 Voting right | 每个缔约方一票 Each Party shall have one vote 区域经济一体化组织, 在其职权范围内, 可以行使与作为缔约方的成员国数量相等的投票权。如其成员国行使投票权则该组织不再投票, 反之亦然 Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States which are Parties. Such organizations shall not exercise their right to vote if their member States exercise theirs, and vice versa | CBD, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 关于程序事项应由出席并投票的缔约方的简单多数决定 Decisions of the Conference of the Parties on matters of procedure shall be taken by a majority vote of the Parties present and voting 缔约方应尽一切努力通过协商一致就所有实质性事项达成协议。如果为协商一致所做的一切努力都已用尽, 但未达成协议, 则作为最后手段, 应由出席并投票的缔约方2/3多数票决定 The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on all matters of substance by consensus. If all efforts to reach consensus have been exhausted and no agreement reached, the decision shall, as a last resort, be taken by a two-thirds majority vote of the Parties present and voting | ||
| 重开辩论 Open the debate | 一项提案被通过或否决后, 不得在同一次会议上重新审议, 除非缔约方大会以出席并参加表决的缔约方2/3多数决定赞成重新考虑 When a proposal has been adopted or rejected, it may not be reconsidered at the same meeting, unless the Conference of the Parties, by a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting, decides in favour of reconsideration | ||
| 秘密投票 Secret ballot | 除了选举, 投票通常应采取举手方式。如果任何一个缔约方提出, 则应采取唱名投票。按照参会的缔约方的英文字母顺序, 从抽签决定的缔约方名字开始。然而, 如果任何时候某个缔约方要求秘密投票, 则所涉事宜应采取该投票方式 Voting, except for election, shall normally be by show of hands. A roll-call vote shall be taken if one is requested by any Party. It shall be taken in the English alphabetical order of the names of the Parties participating in the meeting, beginning with the Party whose name is drawn by lot by the President. However, if at any time a Party requests a secret ballot, that shall be the method of voting on the issue in question | ||
| 《保护野生动物 迁徙物种公约》 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) | 投票权 Voting right | 每个缔约方一票 Each Representative shall have one vote 区域经济一体化组织, 在其职权范围内, 可以代表各成员国行使投票权, 可以行使与作为缔约方的成员国数量相等的投票权。这种情况下, 该组织的成员国不再单独行使投票权 Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall exercise their right to vote with the number of votes equal to the number of their member States that are Parties. In such case, the member States of such organizations shall not exercise their right individually | CMS, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 缔约方应尽一切努力通过协商一致达成共识 The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on all matters by consensus 缔约方大会的决定应得到出席并参加投票的成员国2/3多数同意才能通过, 除非公约另有规定 Decisions at a meeting of the Conference of the Parties shall require a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting, except where otherwise provided for by this Convention | ||
| 重开辩论 Open the debate | 任何代表, 如果由另一方的代表附议, 可以提出就任何建议展开辩论的动议。仅允许提出动议及附议的代表, 以及希望反对的两方代表发言, 随后该动议应立即付诸表决。应为举手表决, 出席并投票的代表中有2/3表示支持, 则同意动议 Any Representative, if seconded by a Representative of another Party, may present a motion for the opening of debate on any recommendation. Permission to speak on the motion for opening the debate shall be granted only to the Representative presenting the motion and a seconder, and to a Representative of each of two Parties wishing to speak against, after which the motion shall immediately be put to the vote. A motion to open the debate shall be granted if, on a show of hands, two-thirds of the Representatives present and voting support the motion | ||
| 秘密投票 Secret ballot | 虽然通常不使用, 但任何代表都可以要求就其他事项秘密投票。如果得到附议, 应立即就是否举行秘密的问题进行表决, 并由2/3多数决定。秘密投票的动议不得采用无记名投票方式 Although it shall not normally be used, any Representative may request a secret ballot for other matters. If seconded, the question of whether a secret ballot should be held shall immediately be voted upon and decided by two-thirds majority. The motion for a secret ballot may not be conducted by secret ballot | ||
| 《联合国防治荒 漠化公约》 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) | 投票权 Voting right | 每个缔约方一票 Each party shall have one vote 区域经济一体化组织, 在其职权范围内, 可以代表各成员国行使投票权, 可以行使与作为缔约方的成员国数量相等的投票权。这种情况下, 该组织的成员国不再单独行使投票权 Regional economic integration organization, in matters within their competence, shall exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States that are Parties to the Convention. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises its right, and vice versa | UNCCD, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 缔约国应尽可能在所有实质问题上取得一致意见, 形成共识。如为达成一致的所有努力皆无效, 无法形成共识, 作为最后选择, 可通过到会并参加投票的缔约国的2/3多数票通过决定 The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on all matters of substance by consensus. If all efforts to reach consensus have been exhausted and no agreement has been reached, the decision shall, as a last resort, be taken by a two-thirds majority vote of the Parties present and voting | ||
| 重开辩论 Open the debate | 一旦缔约方大会通过或否决了某一动议, 不得在会议期间重新审议, 除非有2/3的在场并投票的缔约方同意 When a proposal has been adopted or rejected, it may not be reconsidered at the same session, unless the Conference of the Parties, by a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting, so decides | ||
| 秘密投票 Secret ballot | 除选举之外, 投票一般通过举手的方式。应任何缔约国要求, 可采取唱名式投票。应采用联合国大会采用或者设立的顺序进行。但是, 如任何时候任何缔约国要求秘密投票, 所涉事项应采取此种方式 Voting, except for elections, shall normally be by show of hands. A roll-call vote shall be taken if one is requested by any party. It shall be taken in the order used or established by the rules of procedures of the General Assembly of the United Nations. However, if at any time a Party requests a secret ballot, that shall be the method of voting on the issue in question | ||
| 《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) | 投票权 Voting right | 每个缔约方一票 Each Contracting Party shall have one vote | Ramsar, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 缔约方大会关于程序性问题的决定, 应由出席并投票的缔约方简单多数通过 Decisions of the Conference of the Parties on matters of procedure shall be taken by a simple majority vote of the Contracting Parties present and voting 出席并参加表决的缔约方应尽一切努力通过协商一致就实质性事项达成共识。如果所有达成共识的努力都已用尽仍未达成协议, 作为最后手段, 该决定应以简单多数票通过出席并投票的缔约方, 除非公约另有规定: 如通过下一财政周期的预算, 需要2/3多数; 通过预算分摊比额表, 需要一致同意 The Contracting Parties present and voting shall make every effort to reach agreement on all matters of substance by consensus. If all efforts to reach consensus have been exhausted and no agreement reached, the decision shall, as a last resort, be taken by a simple majority vote of the Contracting Parties present and voting, unless otherwise provided by the Convention. The adoption of the budget for the next financial period, which shall require a two-thirds majority of Contracting Parties present and voting, and the adoption of the scale of contributions to the budget, which shall require unanimity | ||
| 秘密投票 Secret ballot | 如果缔约方在任何时候要求进行秘密投票, 当这一请求得到在场并投票的缔约方简单多数同意, 即可对该事宜采用 If at any time a Contracting Party requests a secret ballot, this shall be the method of voting on the issue in question, provided that this request is accepted by a simple majority of the Contracting Parties present and voting | ||
| 《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (WHC) | 投票权 Voting right | 在联合国教育、科学及文化组织内, 建立一个保护具有突出的普遍价值的文化和自然遗产政府间委员会, 称为“世界遗产委员会”, 由联合国教育、科学及文化组织大会常会期间召集的本公约缔约国大会, 根据公约第八条选出的21个缔约国组成 An Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage of Outstanding Universal Value, called “the World Heritage Committee”, is hereby established within the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It shall be composed of 21 States Parties to the Convention, elected by States Parties to the Convention meeting in general assembly during the ordinary session of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 委员会的每一成员国在选举中应有一票表决权 Each State member of the Committee shall have one vote in the Committee | UNESCO, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 委员会关于《公约》条款所涉事项的决定, 应由其在场并投票的成员国的2/3多数通过 Decisions of the Committee on matters covered by the provisions of the Convention shall be taken by a majority of two-thirds of its members present and voting 除本规则另有规定外, 所有其他委员会的决定应由出席并投票的成员国简单多数决定 Except where otherwise specified in the present Rules, all other decisions of the Committee shall be taken by a majority of the States members present and voting | ||
| 秘密投票 Secret ballot | 每当有两个或两个以上成员国提出以秘密投票方式进行表决, 或主席决定这样做时, 应采取秘密投票 A decision shall be voted on by secret ballot whenever two or more States members shall so request or if the Chairperson so decides | ||
| 《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) | 投票权 Voting right | 兹设立本《条约》的管理机构, 它由所有缔约方组成 A Governing Body for this Treaty is hereby established, composed of all Contracting Parties | FAO, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 管理机构的所有决定应协商一致作出, 除非经协商一致就某些措施作出决定达成了另一种方法, 但《条约》第23条和第24条中的事项始终需要协商一致 All decisions of the Governing Body shall be taken by consensus unless by consensus another method of arriving at a decision on certain measures is reached, except that consensus shall always be required in relation to Articles 23 and 24 of the Treaty | ||
| 《生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台》 Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) | 投票权 Voting right | 区域经济一体化组织, 在其职权范围内, 可以拥有与其作为IPBES成员的各成员国数量相等的投票权[投票时在场并有资格]。但区域经济一体化组织不能在其成员国投票的同时再行使投票权。反之亦然 A regional economic integration organization may have a number of votes equal to the number of its Member States that are members of IPBES [that are present and eligible at the time of the vote]. However, a regional economic integration organization shall not exercise its right to take decisions concurrently with its Member States that are members to the Platform, and vice versa | IPBES, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 平台成员通过协商一致方式就实质性事项作出决定, 除非其规则另有规定 The members of the Platform take decisions on matters of substance by consensus, unless otherwise provided in its rules 在程序事项上, 平台成员应尽一切努力达成共识。如果平台成员为实现共识努力已经用尽, 作为最后手段, 由出席会议的平台成员的2/3票通过。除非本规则另有规定 On matters of procedure, the members of the Platform are to make every effort to achieve consensus. If all efforts by the members of the Platform to achieve consensus on a matter of procedure have been exhausted, and no consensus has been reached, the decision will, as a last resort, unless otherwise provided by these rules of procedure, be taken by a two-thirds vote of the members of the Platform present and voting | ||
| 《<联合国海洋法公约>下国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用协定》 Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) (2026年1月17日生效Enter into force on 17 Jan., 2026) | 投票权 Voting right | 本协定每一缔约方应有一票表决权 Each Party to this Agreement shall have one vote 作为本协定缔约方的区域经济一体化组织, 对属于其权限范围内的事项行使表决权时, 其票数应与其作为本协定缔约方的成员国数目相同。如此类组织的任何成员国行使表决权, 则该组织不应行使表决权, 反之亦然 A regional economic integration organization Party to this Agreement, on matters within its competence, shall exercise its right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of its member States that are Parties to this Agreement. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises its right to vote, and vice versa | UNGA, |
| 决策所需票数 Votes required to make decision | 作为一般规则, 本部分下的决定和建议应协商一致作出 As a general rule, the decisions and recommendations under this Part shall be taken by consensus 在未达成协商一致的情况下, 本部分下的决定和建议应由出席并参加表决缔约方的3/4多数作出, 在此之前, 缔约方大会应由出席并参加表决缔约方的2/3多数确定, 为达成协商一致的所有努力均已穷尽 If no consensus is reached, decisions and recommendations under this Part shall be taken by a three-fourths majority of the Parties present and voting, before which the Conference of the Parties shall decide, by a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting that all efforts to reach consensus have been exhausted | ||
| 提案编号No. of Proposal | 物种 Species | 建议内容 Content of suggestion | 第一委员会投票 Voting during Committee I | 全会是否重开辩论的投票 Voting during plenary (open the debate?) | 全会重开辩论后再次投票 Voting during plenary after open the debate | 结果 Result | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 赞成 Yes | 反对 No | 弃权 Abstain | 赞成比例 Ratio of Yes | 赞成 Yes | 反对 No | 弃权 Abstain | 赞成比例 Ratio of Yes | 赞成 Yes | 反对 No | 弃权 Abstain | 赞成比例 Ratio of Yes | ||||
| 15 | 路氏双髻鲨 Sphyrna lewini; 无沟双髻鲨 S. mokarran; 锤头双髻鲨 S. zygaena; 铅灰真鲨 Carcharhinus plumbeus; 灰真鲨 C. obscurus | 列入附录II List in Appendix II | 75 | 45 | 14 | 62.5% | 78 | 43 | 20 | 64.5% | 76 | 53 | 14 | 58.9% | 否决 Rejected |
| 16 | 长鳍真鲨 Carcharhinus longimanus | 列入附录II List in Appendix II | 75 | 51 | 16 | 59.5% | 否决 Rejected | ||||||||
| 17 | 鼠鲨 Lamna nasus | 列入附录II List in Appendix II | 86 | 42 | 8 | 67.19% adopted | 42 | 84 | 14 | 33.3% 超过1/3 Surpass 1/3 | 停止讨论并投票? Close the debate and vote? 70 | 59 | 10 | 54.3% 超过1/2 Surpass 1/2 | |
| 结果 Result 84 | 46 | 10 | 64.6% | 否决 Rejected | |||||||||||
| 18 | 白斑角鲨 Squalus acanthias | 列入附录II List in Appendix II | 60 | 67 | 11 | 47.2% | 否决 Rejected | ||||||||
| 19 | 蓝鳍金枪鱼 Thunnus thynnus | 列入附录I List in Appendix I 是否停止讨论? Closure of the debate? | 72 | 53 | 3 | 超过1/2 Surpass 1/2 | |||||||||
| 西班牙(代表欧盟)提出的修正案, 附录修订延迟至2011年5月生效, 且大西洋金枪鱼养护国际委员会应采取行动 Amendment of Spain (on behalf of EU) Enter into effect delayed until May 2011, action shall be taken by ICCAT | 43 | 72 | 14 | 37.4% | 否决 Rejected | ||||||||||
| 原提案 Original Proposal | 20 | 68 | 30 | 22.7% | 否决 Rejected | ||||||||||
Table 2 Voting on proposals of fishery species during the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
| 提案编号No. of Proposal | 物种 Species | 建议内容 Content of suggestion | 第一委员会投票 Voting during Committee I | 全会是否重开辩论的投票 Voting during plenary (open the debate?) | 全会重开辩论后再次投票 Voting during plenary after open the debate | 结果 Result | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 赞成 Yes | 反对 No | 弃权 Abstain | 赞成比例 Ratio of Yes | 赞成 Yes | 反对 No | 弃权 Abstain | 赞成比例 Ratio of Yes | 赞成 Yes | 反对 No | 弃权 Abstain | 赞成比例 Ratio of Yes | ||||
| 15 | 路氏双髻鲨 Sphyrna lewini; 无沟双髻鲨 S. mokarran; 锤头双髻鲨 S. zygaena; 铅灰真鲨 Carcharhinus plumbeus; 灰真鲨 C. obscurus | 列入附录II List in Appendix II | 75 | 45 | 14 | 62.5% | 78 | 43 | 20 | 64.5% | 76 | 53 | 14 | 58.9% | 否决 Rejected |
| 16 | 长鳍真鲨 Carcharhinus longimanus | 列入附录II List in Appendix II | 75 | 51 | 16 | 59.5% | 否决 Rejected | ||||||||
| 17 | 鼠鲨 Lamna nasus | 列入附录II List in Appendix II | 86 | 42 | 8 | 67.19% adopted | 42 | 84 | 14 | 33.3% 超过1/3 Surpass 1/3 | 停止讨论并投票? Close the debate and vote? 70 | 59 | 10 | 54.3% 超过1/2 Surpass 1/2 | |
| 结果 Result 84 | 46 | 10 | 64.6% | 否决 Rejected | |||||||||||
| 18 | 白斑角鲨 Squalus acanthias | 列入附录II List in Appendix II | 60 | 67 | 11 | 47.2% | 否决 Rejected | ||||||||
| 19 | 蓝鳍金枪鱼 Thunnus thynnus | 列入附录I List in Appendix I 是否停止讨论? Closure of the debate? | 72 | 53 | 3 | 超过1/2 Surpass 1/2 | |||||||||
| 西班牙(代表欧盟)提出的修正案, 附录修订延迟至2011年5月生效, 且大西洋金枪鱼养护国际委员会应采取行动 Amendment of Spain (on behalf of EU) Enter into effect delayed until May 2011, action shall be taken by ICCAT | 43 | 72 | 14 | 37.4% | 否决 Rejected | ||||||||||
| 原提案 Original Proposal | 20 | 68 | 30 | 22.7% | 否决 Rejected | ||||||||||
| 提案编号 No. of Proposal | 物种 Species | 内容 Content of suggestion | 第一委员会投票 Voting during Committee I | 全会是否重开辩论的投票 Voting during plenary (open the debate?) | 结果 Result | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 赞成 Yes | 反对 No | 弃权 Abstain | 赞成比例 Ratio of Yes* | 赞成 Yes | 反对 No | 弃权 Abstain | 赞成比例 Ratio of Yes* | ||||
| 42 | 长鳍真鲨 Carcharhinus longimanus | 列入附录II, 延迟18个月生效 List in Appendix II, with 18 months delay | 92 | 42 | 8 | 68.66% | 44 | 93 | 4 | 32.12% | 通过 Adopted |
| 43 | 路氏双髻鲨 Sphyrna lewini; 无沟双髻鲨 S. mokarran; 锤头双髻鲨 S. zygaena | 列入附录II, 延迟18个月生效 List in Appendix II, with 18 months delay | 91 | 39 | 9 | 70% | 40 | 96 | 6 | 29.14% | 通过 Adopted |
| 44 | 鼠鲨 Lamna nasus | 列入附录II, 延迟18个月生效 List in Appendix II, with 18 months delay | 93 | 39 | 8 | 70.45% | 通过 Adopted | ||||
| 45 | 小齿锯鳐 Pristis microdon | 从附录II升至附录I Uplist from Appendix II to I | 协商一致 Consensus | 通过 Adopted | |||||||
| 46 | 前口蝠鲼属 Manta spp.** | 列入附录II List in Appendix II | 96 | 23 | 7 | 80.67% | 通过 Adopted | ||||
| 47 | 巴西副江魟 Paratrygon aiereba | 列入附录II, 延迟18个月生效 List in Appendix II, with 18 months delay | 51 | 51 | 19 | 50% | 否决, 形成决定 Rejected, and made decision | ||||
| 48 | 南美江魟 Potamotrygon motoro; 施氏江魟 P. schroederi | 列入附录II, 延迟18个月生效 List in Appendix II, with 18 months delay | 55 | 52 | 25 | 51.40% | 否决, 形成决定 Rejected, and made decision | ||||
Table 3 Voting on proposals of fishery species during the 16th meeting of the Conference of the Parties of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
| 提案编号 No. of Proposal | 物种 Species | 内容 Content of suggestion | 第一委员会投票 Voting during Committee I | 全会是否重开辩论的投票 Voting during plenary (open the debate?) | 结果 Result | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 赞成 Yes | 反对 No | 弃权 Abstain | 赞成比例 Ratio of Yes* | 赞成 Yes | 反对 No | 弃权 Abstain | 赞成比例 Ratio of Yes* | ||||
| 42 | 长鳍真鲨 Carcharhinus longimanus | 列入附录II, 延迟18个月生效 List in Appendix II, with 18 months delay | 92 | 42 | 8 | 68.66% | 44 | 93 | 4 | 32.12% | 通过 Adopted |
| 43 | 路氏双髻鲨 Sphyrna lewini; 无沟双髻鲨 S. mokarran; 锤头双髻鲨 S. zygaena | 列入附录II, 延迟18个月生效 List in Appendix II, with 18 months delay | 91 | 39 | 9 | 70% | 40 | 96 | 6 | 29.14% | 通过 Adopted |
| 44 | 鼠鲨 Lamna nasus | 列入附录II, 延迟18个月生效 List in Appendix II, with 18 months delay | 93 | 39 | 8 | 70.45% | 通过 Adopted | ||||
| 45 | 小齿锯鳐 Pristis microdon | 从附录II升至附录I Uplist from Appendix II to I | 协商一致 Consensus | 通过 Adopted | |||||||
| 46 | 前口蝠鲼属 Manta spp.** | 列入附录II List in Appendix II | 96 | 23 | 7 | 80.67% | 通过 Adopted | ||||
| 47 | 巴西副江魟 Paratrygon aiereba | 列入附录II, 延迟18个月生效 List in Appendix II, with 18 months delay | 51 | 51 | 19 | 50% | 否决, 形成决定 Rejected, and made decision | ||||
| 48 | 南美江魟 Potamotrygon motoro; 施氏江魟 P. schroederi | 列入附录II, 延迟18个月生效 List in Appendix II, with 18 months delay | 55 | 52 | 25 | 51.40% | 否决, 形成决定 Rejected, and made decision | ||||
Fig. 1 Voting and outcomes of proposals to amend Appendices I and II, CITES CoP10-CoP19. The numbers in the chart represent the count of proposals.
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