Response and influencing factors of leaf functional traits to forest succession in subtropical mixed plantations

doi:10.17520/biods.2024049

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Leaf functional traits, as essential indicators of plant photosynthesis, effectively reflect the species’ strategies for survival, growth, and reproduction in response to environmental changes. However, whether tradeoff strategies for leaf functional traits vary significantly with temporal scale is still lacking sufficient evidence. This study aims to clarify the characteristics of leaf functional traits in subtropical mixed plantations and their response patterns to forest succession, enhancing our understanding of community assembly processes.

Method: This study was conducted in the subtropical mixed plantations formed after the renovation of pure forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata in Yunyong Forest Farm, Foshan City, from 2003 to 2010. In 2018, data were collected from twenty-seven 20 m × 20 m fixed plots from nine sites, and sampling data of six leaf functional traits. The adaptive characteristics and response rules of different leaf functional traits to forest succession were analyzed. First, we calculated the mean, coefficient of variation, intraspecific and interspecific variation of leaf functional traits. Second, we used regression and correlation analyses to determine the changes and trade-offs of different leaf functional traits throughout forest succession. Finally, multiple stepwise regression analysis and hierarchical partitioning methods were employed to explore the influencing factors of leaf functional trait patterns.

Results: The results revealed that: (1) The leaf functional traits had strong plasticity during succession of subtropical mixed plantations. The coefficient of variation of different leaf functional traits ranged from 5.63% to 70.98%, and the interspecific variation was greater than intraspecific variation. (2) The ecological strategy of co-existing species changed from conservative to acquisitive along the forest succession of subtropical mixed plantations. (3) Forest succession significantly affected the correlations between different leaf functional traits. Notably, the correlations between specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf organic carbon content (LC), leaf total nitrogen content (LN), and leaf total phosphorus content (LP) strengthened as succession progressed. This indicates that the environmental context’s impact on plant functional trait trade-offs cannot be overlooked, even on a local spatial scale. (4) Recovery time, the changes of species composition and alterations in leaf functional traits collectively influenced the patterns of leaf functional traits across different succession stages. However, the relative contribution of each factor varied depending on the specific functional trait studied.

Conclusion: The results reveal the response patterns and influencing factors of leaf functional traits during forest succession in subtropical mixed plantations. These findings provide a theoretical basis for future species election in afforestation efforts based on plant functional traits in the future.

Key words: mixed plantations, forest succession, leaf functional trait, intraspecific and interspecific variation, response rule

Yanpeng Li, Lijun Pan, Jie Chen, Han Xu, Lixin Yang. Response and influencing factors of leaf functional traits to forest succession in subtropical mixed plantations[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2024, 32(7): 24049.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2024049

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2024/V32/I7/24049

Figures/Tables 7

Table 1 Basic information of mixed plantations in Yunyong Forest Farm based on the survey in 2018 (mean ± SD, n = 3)

地点 Location	经纬度 Latitude and longitude	造林年份/恢复时间 Planting year/ Recovery time (yr)	物种数 No. of species	个体数 No. of individuals	Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener index	Simpson指数 Simpson index	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou’s evenness index	取样数量 No. of samples (stem)
P1	22°46′ N, 112°39′ E	2003/15	15.00 ± 4.36	187.00 ± 44.31	1.99 ± 0.33	0.79 ± 0.08	0.74 ± 0.05	102
P2	22°43′ N, 112°40′ E	2004/14	16.67 ± 0.58	130.00 ± 2.00	1.68 ± 0.22	0.63 ± 0.10	0.60 ± 0.07	100
P3	22°46′ N, 112°41′ E	2004/14	12.67 ± 4.04	76.00 ± 23.00	1.93 ± 0.30	0.79 ± 0.08	0.78 ± 0.10	83
P4	22°46′ N, 112°40′ E	2005/13	15.33 ± 5.69	101.33 ± 25.58	1.85 ± 0.15	0.74 ± 0.04	0.70 ± 0.07	95
P5	22°45′ N, 112°42′ E	2005/13	9.00 ± 0.00	88.00 ± 26.06	1.54 ± 0.04	0.70 ± 0.01	0.70 ± 0.02	62
P6	22°43′ N, 112°41′ E	2005/13	14.67 ± 0.58	126.67 ± 34.70	1.72 ± 0.20	0.69 ± 0.08	0.64 ± 0.08	92
P7	22°46′ N, 112°40′ E	2009/9	7.33 ± 2.52	136.33 ± 27.61	1.20 ± 0.33	0.59 ± 0.11	0.61 ± 0.11	53
P8	22°44′ N, 112°40′ E	2009/9	14.33 ± 2.08	262.33 ± 9.29	1.30 ± 0.16	0.52 ± 0.07	0.49 ± 0.05	97
P9	22°46′ N, 112°40′ E	2010/8	13.33 ± 1.53	220.67 ± 37.69	1.52 ± 0.08	0.65 ± 0.03	0.59 ± 0.02	95

Table 2 Basic information of the leaf functional traits based on 779 individuals in Yunyong Forest Farm

功能性状 Functional trait	平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD	最大值 Maximum value	最小值 Minimum value	变异系数 Coefficient of variance (%)
LDMC (g/g)	0.32 ± 0.07	0.58	0.08	22.47
SLA (cm²/g)	81.61 ± 57.93	300.73	13.81	70.98
LT (mm)	0.18 ± 0.06	0.46	0.07	30.74
LC (g/kg)	502.72 ± 28.28	567.63	395.84	5.63
LN (g/kg)	21.76 ± 6.81	53.57	10.4	31.31
LP (g/kg)	1.25 ± 0.46	3.89	0.38	36.55

Fig. 1 Variation trend of the community-level weighted mean values of functional traits (CWM) with forest succession in subtropical mixed plantations. LDMC, Leaf dry matter content; SLA, Specific leaf area; LT, Leaf thickness; LC, Leaf organic carbon content; LN, Leaf total nitrogen content; LP, Leaf total phosphorus content.

Fig. 2 Correlation of leaf functional traits based on all 779 sampled individuals. The numbers below the diagonal represent the correlation coefficient; the shapes above the diagonal from ellipse to circle show that the correlation decreases gradually. “×” means no significant correlation between variables (P > 0.05). LDMC, Leaf dry matter content; SLA, Specific leaf area; LC, Leaf organic carbon content; LN, Leaf total nitrogen content; LP, Leaf total phosphorus content; LT, Leaf thickness.

Fig. 3 Variation trend of the correlation between SLA and LC, LN and LP with forest succession. SLA, Specific leaf area; LC, Leaf organic carbon content; LN, Leaf total nitrogen content; LP, Leaf total phosphorus content.

Table 3 Multiple regressions relating the community-level weighted mean values of functional traits (CWM) and impact factors across 6 leaf functional traits. LDMC, Leaf dry matter content; SLA, Specific leaf area; LT, Leaf thickness; LC, Leaf organic carbon content; LN, Leaf total nitrogen content; LP, Leaf total phosphorus content; Tsp, Species richness turnover rate; Tind, Abundance turnover rate; Tba, Growth rate of basal area; CV, Coefficient of variation; Q, The ratio of intraspecific variation to interspecific variation; RT, Recovery time.

	叶干物质含量 LDMC	比叶面积 SLA	叶厚度 LT	叶有机碳含量 LC	叶全氮含量 LN	叶全磷含量 LP
物种丰富度周转率 Tsp	-0.35^***	0.25^**	-0.47^***	-0.42^***	0.20^**	0.14^*
个体多度周转率Tind	-0.25^***	0.17^*	-0.30^***	-0.37^***	ns	ns
胸高断面积增长率 Tba	ns	ns	0.25^**	0.28^**	0.23^**	0.19^**
变异系数 CV	0.14^**	0.28^***	0.11^*	0.26^**	0.38^*	0.22^**
种内变异与种间变异的比值 Q	0.11^*	ns	0.18^*	ns	0.66^***	0.31^***
恢复时间 RT	-0.41^***	0.34^***	ns	-0.60^***	0.73^***	0.45^***

Fig. 4 Relative importance for each of impact variables to the distribution patterns of 6 leaf functional traits. CWM, Community-level weighted mean values of functional traits; LDMC, Leaf dry matter content; SLA, Specific leaf area; LT, Leaf thickness; LC, Leaf organic carbon content; LN, Leaf total nitrogen content; LP, Leaf total phosphorus content; RT, Recovery time; Tsp, Species richness turnover rate; Tind, Abundance turnover rate; Tba, Growth rate of basal area; CV, Coefficient of variation; Q, The ratio of intraspecific variation to interspecific variation.

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