Abstract: Microbial diversity is an important part of biodiversity. Microbial diversity research and its conservation and utilization are quite different from those of macroorganisms including animals and plants. In particular , it is necessary to develop new techniques suitable for microbial diversity research. Recently , as the development of modern molecular biology , several molecular techniques have been used to study microbial diversity , including 1) total DNA extraction of microbe and its genetic diversity assay , 2) 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis , 3) nucleic acid hybridization , and 4) DNA kinetics. In order to promote extensive and intensive research on microbial diversity , it’s necessary to integrate these methods to enhance a combination of traditional and modern techniques , and to develop novel method.