三江源国家级自然保护区内云塔村雪豹种群动态

doi:10.17520/biods.2022157

生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (9): 22157. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022157

所属专题：青藏高原生物多样性与生态安全

• 中国猫科动物研究与保护专题 • 上一篇下一篇

三江源国家级自然保护区内云塔村雪豹种群动态

初漠嫣¹^,², 梁书洁², 李沛芸²^,³, 贾丁¹, 阿卜杜赛麦提·买尔迪亚力¹, 李雪阳¹, 姜楠², 赵翔², 李发祥⁴, 肖凌云³^,^*(), 吕植¹^,²^,^*()

1.北京大学生命科学学院自然保护与社会发展研究中心, 北京 100871
2.山水自然保护中心, 北京 100871
3.西交利物浦大学理学院健康与环境科学系, 江苏苏州 215123
4.三江源国家公园管理局, 西宁 810000

收稿日期:2022-04-01 接受日期:2022-09-19 出版日期:2022-09-20 发布日期:2022-09-26
通讯作者: 肖凌云,吕植
作者简介:Lingyun.Xiao@xjtlu.edu.cn
* E-mail: luzhi@pku.edu.cn;
基金资助:
科技部重点研发项目(2022YFF1301500);华泰证券“一个长江”项目;字节跳动公益和阿拉善SEE三江源项目

Population dynamic of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Yunta Village, Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve, China

Moyan Chu¹^,², Shujie Liang², Peiyun Li²^,³, Ding Jia¹, Abudusaimaiti Maierdiyali¹, Xueyang Li¹, Nan Jiang², Xiang Zhao², Faxiang Li⁴, Lingyun Xiao³^,^*(), Zhi Lü¹^,²^,^*()

1. Center for Nature and Society, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871
2. Shan Shui Conservation Center, Beijing 100871
3. Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123
4. Sanjiangyuan National Park Administration, Xining 810000

Received:2022-04-01 Accepted:2022-09-19 Online:2022-09-20 Published:2022-09-26
Contact: Lingyun Xiao,Zhi Lü

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

种群监测可为物种研究和保护提供关键信息和依据。雪豹(Panthera uncia)作为亚洲高山生态系统的顶级捕食者和旗舰种, 一直是研究和保护的重点, 但其难以到达的栖息地、隐秘的行踪和广阔的家域使其监测工作开展难度较大, 雪豹种群动态研究较为匮乏。本研究在2013年10月至2019年1月期间, 使用当地社区维护的红外相机, 监测三江源国家级自然保护区通天河沿保护分区内青海省玉树州哈秀乡云塔村雪豹种群的密度和动态, 共识别出35只雪豹个体。基于数据质量较好的2015、2016、2017年连续3年的红外相机数据各年截取3个月数据, 使用空间标记-重捕模型估算种群数量和密度, 发现当地雪豹种群和成年个体密度基本维持稳定, 种群增长率为1.02, 但监测期间雪豹个体更替明显, 平均个体更替率为0.44, 并且围绕两片雪豹核心利用区域发生了领域取代。推测雪豹种群具有较多个体更替和领域取代是因为种群处在雪豹潜在扩散通道上, 或调查范围未覆盖完整种群。本研究是国内首次对雪豹进行较为长期的种群动态监测和分析, 研究结果体现了动态监测的重要性, 也显示出以当地社区为主体监测哺乳动物种群的可能性。

关键词: 雪豹, 种群动态监测, 红外相机法, 空间标记-重捕模型

Abstract

Aims: Wildlife population monitoring projects provide important insight and basis for species research and conservation efforts. The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), as the top predator and flagship species of Asian mountainous ecosystems, is of great scientific and conservation interest. However, due to its remote habitat, elusive behavior and large home ranges, long-term population monitoring study on snow leopards is rarely reported. Here we report a long-term population monitoring project of snow leopards in Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve (Yunta Village, Haxiu Township, Yushu Prefecture, Qinghai Province) from Oct. 2013 to Jan. 2019.
Methods: We monitored the population using infrared cameras maintained by the local community. We estimated population size and density as well as population growth rate using spatially explicit capture-recapture model (SECR). We calculated population turnover rates and analyzed territory replacement.
Results: In total, we identified 35 snow leopard individuals. From SECR, population estimation based on 3-month high-quality data for three consecutive years (2015-2017) suggested stable population dynamic with a growth rate of 1.02. However, individual turnover was obvious with a rate of 0.44, and territory displacement happened around core utilization area of snow leopards. We proposed that the snow leopard population might locate on a potential dispersal pathway of snow leopards, or the camera array only covered a fraction of the population.
Conclusion: As the first long-term population monitoring project of snow leopards reported in China, our work highlights the importance of long-term monitoring, and demonstrates the feasibility of mammal population monitoring maintained by local communities.

Key words: snow leopard (Panthera uncia), population dynamic monitoring, camera-trapping, spatially explicit capture-recapture model

初漠嫣, 梁书洁, 李沛芸, 贾丁, 阿卜杜赛麦提·买尔迪亚力, 李雪阳, 姜楠, 赵翔, 李发祥, 肖凌云, 吕植 (2022) 三江源国家级自然保护区内云塔村雪豹种群动态. 生物多样性, 30, 22157. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022157.

Moyan Chu, Shujie Liang, Peiyun Li, Ding Jia, Abudusaimaiti Maierdiyali, Xueyang Li, Nan Jiang, Xiang Zhao, Faxiang Li, Lingyun Xiao, Zhi Lü (2022) Population dynamic of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Yunta Village, Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve, China. Biodiversity Science, 30, 22157. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022157.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022157

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2022/V30/I9/22157

图/表 6

图1 云塔村红外相机布设位点、雪豹核心利用区域的相机位点和岩羊野外计数结果。岩羊野外计数结果来自在2014年4月开展的岩羊调查(Xiao et al, 2022), 粉色圆圈代表岩羊群, 圆圈大小表示群大小。

Fig. 1 Camera locations, core utilization area of snow leopards and blue sheep distribution in Yunta. Data of blue sheep distribution is from the blue sheep survey conducted in April 2014 (Xiao et al, 2022). Pink circles represent blue sheep groups, while circle size indicates group size.

图2 雪豹照片个体识别示例。a: 模糊照片; b: 不确定个体; c: 已知个体和侧面花纹; d: 头部花纹; e、f: 相同个体; e、g: 不同个体; h: 尾部花纹; i: 带崽雌性; j: 雄性和雄性生殖器。

Fig. 2 Examples of individual identification of snow leopards. a, Blurry photos; b, Unknown individuals; Patterns of known individuals on flanks, head, tail in c, d, h, respectively; Same individual in e, f; Different individuals in e, g; i, Female with cubs; j, Male and its testis.

图3 云塔村雪豹种群的个体更替。(a)云塔村雪豹种群成年个体累积曲线。箭头表示2只幼崽成年后首次被识别到的时间。(b) 云塔村雪豹个体拍摄历史。黑色代表雄性, 黄色代表雌性, 初次拍摄到时为幼崽的个体显示为紫色, 其他个体显示为灰色。连线表示雪豹个体在多个季度连续出现。(c)云塔村雪豹首末次拍摄之间时长(柱状图)和拍摄次数(散点图)。红框表示过境个体, 黄框表示短期居留个体, 绿框表示定居个体。雌性、雄性、性别未知个体和幼崽的编号分别以字母F、M、U和C开头。

Fig. 3 Individual turnover of the snow leopard population in Yunta. (a) Adult individual cumulative curve of Yunta snow leopard population. Arrows show the time when the two cubs were first recognized in adulthood. (b) Detection history of snow leopard individuals in Yunta population. Males were shown in black, females in yellow, cubs in purple, and others in gray. Connected points indicate continuous detections in multiple seasons. (c) Numbers of detections (points) and interval time between the first and last encounter of each snow leopard individual (bars). Transits, short-term residents and long-term residents were framed in red, yellow and green, respectively. Individuals numbered with F, M, U and C are females, males, individuals of unknown sex and cubs, respectively.

表1 SECR模型估测的云塔村雪豹种群数量和密度

Table 1 Population size and density of snow leopard in Yunta estimated by SECR

	2014.12-2015.2	2016.1-2016.3	2017.1-2017.3
种群数量(只) Population size	16 ± 4	18 ± 8	16 ± 5
种群密度 Population density (inds./100 km²)	3.2 ± 1.2	5.5 ± 2.9	4.6 ± 1.9
成年个体数量(只) Adult population size	12 ± 3	15 ± 7	16 ± 5
成年个体密度 Adult population density (inds./100 km²)	2.6 ± 1.1	5.4 ± 2.9	4.6 ± 1.9
缓冲区宽度 Buffer width (km)	6.634	5.173	5.252

图4 云塔雪豹种群在监测第1年(a)、第2年(b)、第3年(c)记录到的领域取代现象。每只个体用不同颜色表示(M1: 红色; M2: 黑色; M3: 黄色; M17: 粉色; M21: 紫色)。

Fig. 4 Territory replacement recorded in the first year (a), second year (b) and third year (c) in Yunta. Different individuals were shown in different colors (M1, Red; M2, Black; M3, Yellow; M17, Pink; M21, Purple).

表2 各位点雪豹探测率和个体数(黑体表示雪豹集中利用位点)

Table 2 Snow leopard detection rates and numbers of individuals photographed on each camera site (core utilization sites are marked in bold)

相机位点 Camera site	工作天数 Working day	探测次数 Detections	探测概率 Detection rate	雪豹个体数 Individual number
4002	462	48	0.1039	7
4013	891	84	0.0943	7
4004	550	31	0.0564	7
4010	916	27	0.0295	7
4003	411	41	0.0998	6
4001	700	61	0.0871	6
TQL	644	31	0.0481	6
4015	444	13	0.0293	5
4009	620	6	0.0097	5
4007	489	17	0.0348	4
4014	492	12	0.0244	4
4016	521	10	0.0192	3
4018	560	21	0.0375	2
4006	501	16	0.0319	2
4005	556	5	0.0090	2
4008	176	4	0.0227	1
MCG	241	3	0.0124	1
4019	223	8	0.0359	0
4012	453	3	0.0066	0
4011	243	0	0	0

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三江源国家级自然保护区内云塔村雪豹种群动态

Population dynamic of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Yunta Village, Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve, China

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