温带森林不同演替阶段外生菌根树种优势对幼苗更新的影响

doi:10.17520/biods.2025268

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (9): 25268. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025268 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025268

• 研究报告: 植物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

温带森林不同演替阶段外生菌根树种优势对幼苗更新的影响

刘思雨¹^,^#, 李春环¹^,^#(), 潘玉梅¹(), 赵秀海², 张春雨²(), 张乃莉¹^,³^,⁴^,^*()()

1.北京林业大学林学院林木资源高效生产全国重点实验室, 北京 100083
2.北京林业大学国家林业和草原局森林经营工程技术研究中心, 北京 100083
3.北京林业大学林学院森林培育与保护教育部重点实验室, 北京 100083
4.国家林业和草原局黑龙江三江平原沼泽草甸生态系统定位观测研究站, 黑龙江双鸭山 518000

收稿日期:2025-07-14 接受日期:2025-09-24 出版日期:2025-09-20 发布日期:2025-10-31
通讯作者: 张乃莉
作者简介:第一联系人：^#共同第一作者
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2022YFF1303201)

Influence of ectomycorrhizal tree dominance on seedling recruitment in temperate forests at different successional stages

Siyu Liu¹^,^#, Chunhuan Li¹^,^#(), Yumei Pan¹(), Xiuhai Zhao², Chunyu Zhang²(), Naili Zhang¹^,³^,⁴^,^*()()

1 State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
2 Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
3 Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
4 Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang 518000, China

Received:2025-07-14 Accepted:2025-09-24 Online:2025-09-20 Published:2025-10-31
Contact: Naili Zhang
About author:First author contact:^#Co-first authors
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1303201)

1. 附录.pdf(2034KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 幼苗更新是维持森林生态系统健康和持续性的关键过程, 一般认为相较于资源竞争引起的生态位分化, 由邻域幼苗间的生物互作所驱动的负密度制约效应对于幼苗存活的影响更加强烈, 但对外生菌根(ectomycorrhizal, EcM)真菌与树木形成的共生网络如何参与调控幼苗更新过程的具体机制尚不明确。本研究依托长白山原始的阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林和采伐、火烧等干扰后形成的次生杨桦林和次生针阔混交林的幼苗调查数据, 深入解析了演替阶段和EcM树种比例对于幼苗更新的影响, 以及不同演替阶段下影响幼苗更新的主要因素。结果表明, 阔叶红松林幼苗的生长率及死亡率均显著低于次生杨桦林和次生针阔混交林(P < 0.05), 而EcM树种比例的增加对于阔叶红松林幼苗的生长率和死亡率均有显著影响(P < 0.05), 具体表现为EcM树种比例升高在促进幼苗生长的同时, 也加剧了资源竞争造成的幼苗死亡率上升。此外, 在不同演替阶段影响幼苗更新的主要因素存在差异, 在演替前中期, 环境因素(如土壤全氮、pH值等)是制约幼苗存活的主要因素, 而在演替后期, 幼苗的存活可能受到同种密度制约和异种保护效应的共同作用, 同种及异种幼苗邻居密度成为影响幼苗存活的主导因素。综上所述, EcM树种比例对于幼苗更新的影响存在演替阶段性差异, 且影响幼苗更新的主导因素随着演替进程而发生显著变化, 这些结果可为温带森林乔木幼苗更新及森林恢复、提高森林生态系统稳定性及生产力提供一定的数据支撑。

关键词: 演替阶段, 外生菌根树种, 幼苗更新, 温带森林生态系统

Abstract

Aims: Seedling recruitment is a critical process for maintaining the health and sustainability of forest ecosystems. Numerous studies have demonstrated that compared to niche differentiation caused by resource competition, negative density-dependent effects driven by biological interactions among neighboring seedlings have a stronger impact on seedling survival. However, it remains elusive how the symbiotic networks formed by ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi and host trees regulate the seedling recruitment. Here we aim to investigate the effects of different succession stages and the proportion of EcM tree species on seedling recruitment. Additionally, the study identifies and examines the key factors affecting seedling recruitment across different successional stages.

Method: In this study, seedling surveys were conducted in an old-growth broad-leaved Korean pine forest and two secondary forests—a poplar and birch forest, and a coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest—which established following disturbances such as logging and wildfires on Changbai Mountains.

Results: The results showed that seedling growth rate and mortality rate varied significantly across forest successional stages, with both rates being lower in broad-leaved Korean pine forest than those in two secondary forests (P < 0.05). An increased proportion of EcM tree species significantly affected seedling growth rate and mortality rate in broad-leaved Korean pine forest (P < 0.05). Although a higher proportion of EcM tree species promoted seedling growth, it also exacerbated resource competition, resulting in enhanced seedling mortality. Furthermore, the critical factors affecting seedling recruitment were found to depend on forest successional stage. During the early and middle successional stages, environmental factors, such as total soil nitrogen and pH, were the primary drivers of seedling survival. In contrast, during the late successional stage, seedling survival appeared to be influenced by both conspecific density-dependent and heterospecific protective effects, with the density of conspecific and heterospecific seedling neighbours becoming the dominant factors affecting seedling survival.

Conclusions: The effects of proportion of EcM tree species on seedling recruitment exhibit significant stage-specific differences across succession stages, with dominant influencing factors undergoing substantial shifts throughout the process. These findings provide empirical support for advancing temperate forest tree recruitment strategies, guiding effective forest restoration efforts, and enhancing long-term ecosystem stability and productivity.

Key words: successional stages, ectomycorrhizal tree species, seedling recruitment, temperate forest ecosystem

刘思雨, 李春环, 潘玉梅, 赵秀海, 张春雨, 张乃莉 (2025) 温带森林不同演替阶段外生菌根树种优势对幼苗更新的影响. 生物多样性, 33, 25268. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025268.

Siyu Liu, Chunhuan Li, Yumei Pan, Xiuhai Zhao, Chunyu Zhang, Naili Zhang (2025) Influence of ectomycorrhizal tree dominance on seedling recruitment in temperate forests at different successional stages. Biodiversity Science, 33, 25268. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025268.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025268

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I9/25268

图/表 6

表1 演替阶段和外生菌根(EcM)树种比例及其交互作用对幼苗生长率和死亡率的影响

Table 1 Effects of successional stage, proportion of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree species, and their interaction on seedling growth rate and mortality rate

影响因子 Impact factors	生长率 Growth rate		死亡率 Mortality rate
影响因子 Impact factors	χ²	P	χ²	P
演替阶段 Successional stage	60.2015	< 0.001	182.2730	< 0.001
EcM树种比例 Proportion of EcM tree species	8.0167	0.0005	36.4910	< 0.001
演替阶段 × EcM树种比例 Successional stage × Proportion of EcM tree species	33.7788	< 0.001	85.8080	< 0.001

图1 次生杨桦林(PBF)、次生针阔混交林(CBF)和阔叶红松林(BKF)林下木本植物幼苗生长率和死亡率比较(平均值 ± 标准误)。*** P < 0.001; ns: P > 0.05。

Fig. 1 Growth rate and mortality rate of woody plant seedlings across the secondary poplar birch forest (PBF), secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBF), and broad-leaved Korean pine forest (BKF) (mean ± SE). *** P < 0.001; ns, P > 0.05.

图2 次生杨桦林(PBF)、次生针阔混交林(CBF)和阔叶红松林(BKF)外生菌根(EcM)树种比例对幼苗生长率和死亡率的影响

Fig. 2 Effect of the proportion of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree species on seedling growth rate and mortality rate in the secondary poplar birch forest (PBF), secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBF), and broad-leaved Korean pine forest (BKF)

图3 次生杨桦林(PBF)、次生针阔混交林(CBF)和阔叶红松林(BKF)中土壤理化指标、同种及异种幼苗邻居密度、优势幼苗密度与幼苗生长率和死亡率的多元回归分析。* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01。

Fig. 3 Multiple regression analysis of soil physicochemical indicators, density of conspecific and heterospecific seedling neighbours, dominant seedling density, and seedling growth rate and mortality rate in the secondary poplar birch forest (PBF), secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBF), and broad-leaved Korean pine forest (BKF). DSD, Dominant seedling density; CSD, Density of conspecific seedling neighbours; HSD, Density of heterospecific seedling neighbours; SWC, Soil water content; STN, Soil total nitrogen content; STP, Soil total phosphorous content; NO3--N, Nitrate nitrogen content; NH4+-N, Ammonium nitrogen content; AP, Available phosphorous content. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01.

图4 次生杨桦林(PBF)、次生针阔混交林(CBF)和阔叶红松林(BKF)幼苗生长率(growth rate)和死亡率(mortality rate)与同种及异种幼苗邻居密度、优势幼苗密度和土壤理化性质的相关性。DSD: 优势幼苗密度; CSD: 同种幼苗邻居密度; HSD: 异种幼苗邻居密度; SWC: 土壤含水量; STN: 土壤全氮含量; STP: 土壤全磷含量; NO3--N: 硝态氮含量; NH4+-N: 铵态氮含量; AP: 有效磷含量。* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001。

Fig. 4 Correlation between seedling growth rate and mortality rate in the secondary poplar birch forest (PBF), secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBF), and broad-leaved Korean pine forest (BKF) and density of conspecific and heterospecific seedling neighbours, dominant seedling density, and soil physicochemical properties. DSD, Dominant seedling density; CSD, Density of conspecific seedling neighbours; HSD, Density of heterospecific seedling neighbours; SWC, Soil water content; STN, Soil total nitrogen content; STP, Soil total phosphorous content; NO3--N, Nitrate nitrogen content; NH4+-N, Ammonium nitrogen content; AP, Available phosphorous content. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

图5 外生菌根树种比例、演替阶段、土壤因子及同种和异种幼苗邻居密度对优势幼苗生长率和死亡率影响的结构方程模型。红色路径线表示负相关关系, 绿色路径线表示正相关关系; 实线表示关系显著(P < 0.05), 虚线表示关系不显著(P > 0.05)。箭头表示因果关系的指向。不同小写字母表示组间存在显著差异。BKF: 阔叶红松林; CBF: 次生针阔混交林; PBF: 次生杨桦林。** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001。

Fig. 5 Structural equation model of the effects of proportion of ectomycorrhizal tree species, succession stage, soil factors, and density of conspecific and heterospecific seedling neighbours on the growth rate and mortality rate of dominant seedlings. Red arrows represent negative effects, while green arrows represent positive effects. The solid lines represent significant relationships (P < 0.05), while dashed lines represent insignificant relationships (P > 0.05). The arrow indicates the direction of causality. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between groups. BKF, Broad-leaved Korean pine forest; CBF, Secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest; PBF, Secondary poplar birch forest; CSD, Density of conspecific seedling neighbours; HSD, Density of heterospecific seedling neighbours. ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

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温带森林不同演替阶段外生菌根树种优势对幼苗更新的影响

Influence of ectomycorrhizal tree dominance on seedling recruitment in temperate forests at different successional stages

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