生物多样性 ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (7): 821-832. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019312
杨锡福1,*(
), 张洪茂2, 张知彬1,3
收稿日期:2019-10-22
接受日期:2020-02-22
出版日期:2020-07-20
发布日期:2020-09-29
通讯作者:
杨锡福
作者简介:* E-mail: yangxifu@ioz.ac.cn基金资助:
Xifu Yang1,*(), Hongmao Zhang2, Zhibin Zhang1,3
Received:2019-10-22
Accepted:2020-02-22
Online:2020-07-20
Published:2020-09-29
Contact:
Xifu Yang
摘要：
大年结实(mast seeding)是多生年植物种群周期性同步大量繁殖的一种自然现象。大年结实作为植物适应环境条件、提高繁殖能力的一种策略而备受关注, 但其驱动机制和进化意义尚存在较大争议。在依赖动物扩散种子的植物中, 大年结实被认为是一种调控动物贮食行为、提高种子扩散效率, 并最终增加繁殖成功率的一种策略; 动物介导的植物间互作可能是促进植物共存的进化驱动力。本文简要梳理了大年结实现象的各种假说, 提出了一个包括气候、资源、动植物互作的理解大年结实机制的概念框架, 并着重讨论了大年结实和动物贮食行为之间的关系及其进化和生态意义。建议未来研究需要借助长期生态监测和分子生物学方法, 揭示植物大年结实与动物贮食行为之间的生态与进化过程。
杨锡福, 张洪茂, 张知彬 (2020) 植物大年结实及其与动物贮食行为之间的关系. 生物多样性, 28, 821-832. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019312.
Xifu Yang, Hongmao Zhang, Zhibin Zhang (2020) Mast seeding and its relationship to animal hoarding behaviour. Biodiversity Science, 28, 821-832. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019312.
| 假说 Hypothesis | 描述 Description | 典型特征 Typical characteristics | 评论 Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 资源匹配(气候跟踪) Resource matching (Weather tracking) | 种子产量的变化是由于植物可利用资源的变化造成的 Seed crops vary in response to plant available resources variation ( | 在不改变营养生长或储备资源的情况下实现种子产量的变化 Variable seed crops achieved without switching resources from vegetative growth or reserves | 较早被提出, 早期采用反证法; 多数支持而少数不完全支持 Put forward earlier, and early adopt proof by contradiction ( | |
| 捕食者饱和 Predator satiation | 大量结实使捕食者饱和, 导致个体被捕食的比例降低 Large seed crops satiate seed predators, which thus lead to individuals experience lower proportion seed predation ( | 种子大年捕食率较低 Lower predation rate in high-seed years | 被多数研究支持; 不过, 取决于功能群的类型 Well supported by many studies ( | |
| 风媒授粉 Wind pollination | 风媒授粉植物同步大量开花可以获得更高的传粉效率 Wind-pollinated plants can achieve greater pollination efficiency through synchronized above-average flowering effort ( | 在大量开花年受精比例更高 Higher % fertilization in high flowering years | 很好地被验证; 然而, 部分实验结果是模棱两可的 Well documented ( | |
| 动物扩散(捕食者扩散) Animal dispersal (Predator dispersal) | 大年结实吸引更多扩散者, 因而刺激分散贮藏动物更多的扩散和贮藏种子 Large fruit production attract more seed dispersers, and result in wider dispersal and hoard by scater-hoarders ( | 种子大年扩散率更高或扩散更远 Higher seed dispersal rate or greater dispersal distances in high-seed years | 是否有利于持续繁殖取决于扩散者的功能反应; 部分结论支持, 部分反对 Whether favor constant reproduction, depending on functional response of dispersers; some evidences in support ( | |
| 环境预测 Environmental prediction | 植物可以“预知”最适气候条件而繁殖和建成 Plants can “predict” favorable climate conditions for reproduction and establishment ( | 种子或幼苗在大年结实时生存率更高 Higher seed or seedling survival in mast seeding | 部分证据支持, 部分反对 Some evidences in support ( | |
| 大种子 Large seed | 生产大种子增加了种子大年间的恢复时间 Selection for larger seed size increases the recovery time between large seed crops ( | 在种子较大的物种中, 种子数随年际变化更大 More variable seed number among years in related species with large seeds | 部分结论支持, 部分反对; 其他研究认为种子大小和种子数量存在权衡; 中等大小的种子具有更高的建苗率 Some support ( | |
| 动物传粉 Animal pollination | 大量开花更易于吸引动物传粉者, 从而提高传粉效率 Large flowering attract animal pollinators, thus enhance pollination efficiency ( | 在大量开花年受精比例更高 Higher % fertilization in high-flowering years | 一些分布稀少的植物个体同时产生大量的花, 更有助于种群数量的增加 A few sparsely distributed individuals that simultaneously produce a large number of flowers are more conducive to population growth ( | |
| 辅助成本 Accessory cost | 较高的固定繁殖成本有利于更少、更大规模的繁殖活动 Higher fixed reproductive costs favor fewer, larger reproductive episodes ( | 在植物内进行大量繁殖时, 每粒种子的辅助成本较低 Lower accessory costs per seed for large reproductive efforts within a plant | 不需要植物个体之间的同步生产, 因此不能单独解释大年结实; 可能夸大了大小年间的变化 Does not require synchrony between individuals, hence cannot alone explain mast seeding; may exaggerate variation between high and low years ( | |
| 捕食者净化 Predator cleansing | 竹子的同步性死亡降低了以成年树叶为食的植食性动物的密度 The synchronized death of bamboos reduces densities of herbivores feeding on adult leaves ( | 群体开花可能是为了逃避捕食 Gregarious flowering may escape predation | 较少验证 Less empirical test | |
| 假说 Hypothesis | 描述 Description | 典型特征 Typical characteristics | 评论 Comment | |
| 大年抑制 Mast depression | 植物种子产量的周期性变化导致植食性动物种群的周期性波动 The cyclic population fluctuation of herbivores is caused by the cyclic seed crops of plants ( | 高种子产量的生产是以牺牲对植食性动物的化学防御为代价的 The production of high-seed crops is at the cost of chemical defense against herbivores | 主要用种子内化学防御物质的多少来解释植物与捕食者间的关系 The relationship between plants and predators is largely explained by the amount of chemical defenses in seeds | |
| 异型杂交 Outcrossing | 大年结实有利于杂交繁殖 Mast seeding facilitates outbreeding ( | 大量开花可减少近交衰退 Mast seeding may reduce inbreeding depression | 没有得到很好验证 Not well supported | |
| 竹子火烧循环 Bamboo fire cycle | 竹子等无性系种群大年盛花后同步死亡, 这助长了火灾的发生, 从而阻止了树木与竹子之间的竞争 Synchronized death of clonal populations such as bamboos after high flowering encourages fire, which prevents trees from out-competing the bamboo ( | 竹类等植物依赖林窗更新和扩散种群的一种适应对策 An adaptive strategy for plants such as bamboo that depends on forest gap regeneration and dispersal | 仅是一种推论, 需要实验验证 It is just a inference that needs to be tested experimentally | |
| 物候同步 Phenological synchrony | 大年结实是由个体的资源限制和环境变化引起的种群范围的花粉可利用性共同导致 The mast seeding is caused by both individual resources limitation and population-wide pollen availability due to environmental variation ( | 物候的作用导致植物同步开花从而增加授粉的有效性 Phenology leads to synchronous flowering of plants, increasing pollination effectiveness | 仅在山谷橡树中得到验证, 需更多实验验证 Only documented in the valley oak ( | |
表1 解释大年结实现象的各种假说
Table 1 Hypotheses which have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of mast seeding
| 假说 Hypothesis | 描述 Description | 典型特征 Typical characteristics | 评论 Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 资源匹配(气候跟踪) Resource matching (Weather tracking) | 种子产量的变化是由于植物可利用资源的变化造成的 Seed crops vary in response to plant available resources variation ( | 在不改变营养生长或储备资源的情况下实现种子产量的变化 Variable seed crops achieved without switching resources from vegetative growth or reserves | 较早被提出, 早期采用反证法; 多数支持而少数不完全支持 Put forward earlier, and early adopt proof by contradiction ( | |
| 捕食者饱和 Predator satiation | 大量结实使捕食者饱和, 导致个体被捕食的比例降低 Large seed crops satiate seed predators, which thus lead to individuals experience lower proportion seed predation ( | 种子大年捕食率较低 Lower predation rate in high-seed years | 被多数研究支持; 不过, 取决于功能群的类型 Well supported by many studies ( | |
| 风媒授粉 Wind pollination | 风媒授粉植物同步大量开花可以获得更高的传粉效率 Wind-pollinated plants can achieve greater pollination efficiency through synchronized above-average flowering effort ( | 在大量开花年受精比例更高 Higher % fertilization in high flowering years | 很好地被验证; 然而, 部分实验结果是模棱两可的 Well documented ( | |
| 动物扩散(捕食者扩散) Animal dispersal (Predator dispersal) | 大年结实吸引更多扩散者, 因而刺激分散贮藏动物更多的扩散和贮藏种子 Large fruit production attract more seed dispersers, and result in wider dispersal and hoard by scater-hoarders ( | 种子大年扩散率更高或扩散更远 Higher seed dispersal rate or greater dispersal distances in high-seed years | 是否有利于持续繁殖取决于扩散者的功能反应; 部分结论支持, 部分反对 Whether favor constant reproduction, depending on functional response of dispersers; some evidences in support ( | |
| 环境预测 Environmental prediction | 植物可以“预知”最适气候条件而繁殖和建成 Plants can “predict” favorable climate conditions for reproduction and establishment ( | 种子或幼苗在大年结实时生存率更高 Higher seed or seedling survival in mast seeding | 部分证据支持, 部分反对 Some evidences in support ( | |
| 大种子 Large seed | 生产大种子增加了种子大年间的恢复时间 Selection for larger seed size increases the recovery time between large seed crops ( | 在种子较大的物种中, 种子数随年际变化更大 More variable seed number among years in related species with large seeds | 部分结论支持, 部分反对; 其他研究认为种子大小和种子数量存在权衡; 中等大小的种子具有更高的建苗率 Some support ( | |
| 动物传粉 Animal pollination | 大量开花更易于吸引动物传粉者, 从而提高传粉效率 Large flowering attract animal pollinators, thus enhance pollination efficiency ( | 在大量开花年受精比例更高 Higher % fertilization in high-flowering years | 一些分布稀少的植物个体同时产生大量的花, 更有助于种群数量的增加 A few sparsely distributed individuals that simultaneously produce a large number of flowers are more conducive to population growth ( | |
| 辅助成本 Accessory cost | 较高的固定繁殖成本有利于更少、更大规模的繁殖活动 Higher fixed reproductive costs favor fewer, larger reproductive episodes ( | 在植物内进行大量繁殖时, 每粒种子的辅助成本较低 Lower accessory costs per seed for large reproductive efforts within a plant | 不需要植物个体之间的同步生产, 因此不能单独解释大年结实; 可能夸大了大小年间的变化 Does not require synchrony between individuals, hence cannot alone explain mast seeding; may exaggerate variation between high and low years ( | |
| 捕食者净化 Predator cleansing | 竹子的同步性死亡降低了以成年树叶为食的植食性动物的密度 The synchronized death of bamboos reduces densities of herbivores feeding on adult leaves ( | 群体开花可能是为了逃避捕食 Gregarious flowering may escape predation | 较少验证 Less empirical test | |
| 假说 Hypothesis | 描述 Description | 典型特征 Typical characteristics | 评论 Comment | |
| 大年抑制 Mast depression | 植物种子产量的周期性变化导致植食性动物种群的周期性波动 The cyclic population fluctuation of herbivores is caused by the cyclic seed crops of plants ( | 高种子产量的生产是以牺牲对植食性动物的化学防御为代价的 The production of high-seed crops is at the cost of chemical defense against herbivores | 主要用种子内化学防御物质的多少来解释植物与捕食者间的关系 The relationship between plants and predators is largely explained by the amount of chemical defenses in seeds | |
| 异型杂交 Outcrossing | 大年结实有利于杂交繁殖 Mast seeding facilitates outbreeding ( | 大量开花可减少近交衰退 Mast seeding may reduce inbreeding depression | 没有得到很好验证 Not well supported | |
| 竹子火烧循环 Bamboo fire cycle | 竹子等无性系种群大年盛花后同步死亡, 这助长了火灾的发生, 从而阻止了树木与竹子之间的竞争 Synchronized death of clonal populations such as bamboos after high flowering encourages fire, which prevents trees from out-competing the bamboo ( | 竹类等植物依赖林窗更新和扩散种群的一种适应对策 An adaptive strategy for plants such as bamboo that depends on forest gap regeneration and dispersal | 仅是一种推论, 需要实验验证 It is just a inference that needs to be tested experimentally | |
| 物候同步 Phenological synchrony | 大年结实是由个体的资源限制和环境变化引起的种群范围的花粉可利用性共同导致 The mast seeding is caused by both individual resources limitation and population-wide pollen availability due to environmental variation ( | 物候的作用导致植物同步开花从而增加授粉的有效性 Phenology leads to synchronous flowering of plants, increasing pollination effectiveness | 仅在山谷橡树中得到验证, 需更多实验验证 Only documented in the valley oak ( | |
图1 一个整合气候、资源和动植物互作的进化与生态过程的大年结实概念框架图
Fig. 1 A frame-diagram explaining the evolutionary and ecological processes of mast seeding by integrating the climate and resource and plant-animal interactions
| [1] | Bogdziewicz M, Ascoli D, Hacket-Pain A, Koenig WD, Pearse I, Pesendorfer M, Satake A, Thomas P, Vacchiano G, Wholgemuth T, Tanentzap A (2020) From theory to experiments for testing the proximate mechanisms of mast seeding: An agenda for an experimental ecology. Ecology Letters, 23, 210-220. |
| [2] | Bogdziewicz M, Espelta JM, Munoz A, Aparicio JM, Bonal R (2018) Effectiveness of predator satiation in masting oaks is negatively affected by conspecific density. Oecologia, 186, 983-993. |
| [3] | Bogdziewicz M, Zwolak R, Crone EE (2016) How do vertebrates respond to mast seeding? Oikos, 125, 300-307. |
| [4] | Burns KC (2012) Masting in a temperate tree: Evidence for environmental prediction? Austral Ecology, 37, 175-182. |
| [5] |
Cao L, Guo C, Chen J (2017) Fluctuation in seed abundance has contrasting effects on the fate of seeds from two rapidly germinating tree species in an Asian tropical forest. Integrative Zoology, 12, 2-11.
URL PMID |
| [6] | Cao L, Wang ZY, Yan C, Chen J, Guo C, Zhang ZB (2016) Differential foraging preferences on seed size by rodents result in higher dispersal success of medium-sized seeds. Ecology, 97, 3070-3078. |
| [7] | Chen B, Song YC, Da LJ (2003) A review on mast seeding studies. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 117-120. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [ 陈波, 宋永昌, 达良俊 (2003) 植物大年结实研究概述. 应用生态学报, 34, 117-120.] | |
| [8] | Chen YY, Hsu SB (2011) Synchronized reproduction promotes species coexistence through reproductive facilitation. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 274, 136-144. |
| [9] | Crone EE, Miller E, Sala A (2009) How do plants know when other plants are flowering? Resource depletion, pollen limitation and mast-seeding in a perennial wildflower. Ecology Letters, 12, 1119-1126. |
| [10] | Crone EE, Rapp JM (2014) Resource depletion, pollen coupling, and the ecology of mast seeding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1322, 21-34. |
| [11] |
Day DE, Mintz EM, Bartness TJ (1999) Diet self-selection and food hoarding after food deprivation by Siberian hamsters. Physiology & Behavior, 68, 187-194.
URL PMID |
| [12] |
Demas GE, Bartness TJ (1999) Effects of food deprivation and metabolic fuel utilization on food hoarding by jirds (Meriones shawi). Physiology & Behavior, 67, 243-248.
URL PMID |
| [13] | Detto M, Wright SJ, Calderon O, Muller-Landau HC (2018) Resource acquisition and reproductive strategies of tropical forest in response to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Nature Communications, 9, 913. |
| [14] | Du YJ, Ma KP (2012) Advancements and prospects in forest seed rain studies. Biodiversity Science, 20, 94-107. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [ 杜彦君, 马克平 (2012) 森林种子雨研究进展与展望. 生物多样性, 20, 94-107.] | |
| [15] | Fletcher QE, Boutin S, Lane JE, LaMontagne JM, McAdam AG, Krebs CJ, Humphries MM (2010) The functional response of a hoarding seed predator to mast seeding. Ecology, 91, 2673-2683. |
| [16] | Garzon-Lopez CX, Ballesteros-Mejia L, Ordonez A, Bohlman SA, Olff H, Jansen PA (2015) Indirect interactions among tropical tree species through shared rodent seed predators: A novel mechanism of tree species coexistence. Ecology Letters, 18, 752-760. |
| [17] |
Granados A, Bernard H, Brodie JF (2019) The influence of logging on vertebrate responses to mast fruiting. Journal of Animal Ecology, 88, 892-902.
URL PMID |
| [18] |
Herrera CM, Jordano P, Guitian J, Traveset A (1998) Annual variability in seed production by woody plants and the masting concept: Reassessment of principles and relationship to pollination and seed dispersal. The American Naturalist, 152, 576-594.
DOI URL PMID |
| [19] | Hett JM (1971) A dynamic analysis of age in sugar maple seedlings. Ecology, 52, 1071-1074. |
| [20] | Houle G (2001) Mast seedling in Abies balsamea, Acer saccharum and Betula alleghaniensis in an old growth, cold temperate forest of north-eastern North America. Journal of Ecology, 87, 413-422. |
| [21] | Jansen PA, Bongers F, Hemerik L (2004) Seed mass and mast seeding enhance dispersal by a neotropical scatter-hoarding rodent. Ecological Monographs, 74, 569-589. |
| [22] | Janzen DH (1971) Seed predation by animals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 2, 465-492. |
| [23] | Janzen DH (1976) Why bamboos wait so long to flower. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 7, 347-391. |
| [24] | Joubert DF, Smit GN, Hoffman MT (2013) The influence of rainfall, competition and predation on seed production, germination and establishment of an encroaching Acacia in an arid Namibian savanna. Journal of Arid Environments, 91, 7-13. |
| [25] |
Keeley JE, Bond WJ (1999) Mast flowering and semelparity in bamboos: The bamboo fire cycle hypothesis. The American Naturalist, 154, 383-391.
DOI URL PMID |
| [26] | Kelly D (1994) The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 9, 465-470. |
| [27] |
Kelly D, Geldenhuis A, James A, Holland EP, Plank MJ, Brockie RE, Cowan PE, Harper GA, Lee WG, Maitland MJ, Mark AF, Mills JA, Wilson PR, Byrom AE (2013) Of mast and mean: Differential-temperature cue makes mast seeding insensitive to climate change. Ecology Letters, 16, 90-98.
DOI URL PMID |
| [28] | Kelly D, Hart DE, Allen RB (2001) Evaluating the wind pollination benefits of mast seeding. Ecology, 82, 117-126. |
| [29] | Kelly D, Sork VL (2002) Mast seeding in perennial plants: Why, how, where? Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33, 427-447. |
| [30] | Koenig WD, Funk KA, Kraft TS, Carmen WJ, Barringer BC, Knops JMH (2012) Stabilizing selection for within-season flowering phenology confirms pollen limitation in a wind-pollinated tree. Journal of Ecology, 100, 758-763. |
| [31] |
Koenig WD, Knops JMH (2000) Patterns of annual seed production by Northern Hemisphere trees: A global perspective. The American Naturalist, 155, 59-69.
DOI URL PMID |
| [32] | Koenig WD, Knops JMH (2005) The mystery of masting in trees. American Scientist, 93, 340-347. |
| [33] | Koenig WD, Knops JMH, Carmen WJ (2010) Testing the environmental prediction hypothesis for mast-seeding in California oaks. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 40, 2115-2122. |
| [34] |
Koenig WD, Knops JMH, Carmen WJ, Pearse IS (2015) What drives masting? The phenological synchrony hypothesis. Ecology, 96, 184-192.
DOI URL PMID |
| [35] | Koenig WD, Mumme RL, Carmen WJ, Stanback MT (1994) Acorn production by oaks in Central Coastal California: Variation within and among years. Ecology, 75, 99-109. |
| [36] | Kon H, Noda T, Terazawa K, Koyama H, Yasaka M (2005) Evolutionary advantages of mast seeding in Fagus crenata. Journal of Ecology, 93, 1148-1155. |
| [37] |
Lalonde RG, Roitberg BD (1992) On the evolution of masting behavior in trees: Predation or weather? The American Naturalist, 139, 1293-1304.
DOI URL |
| [38] |
Li HJ, Zhang ZB (2007) Effects of mast seeding and rodent abundance on seed predation and dispersal by rodents in Prunus armeniaca (Rosaceae). Forest Ecology and Management, 242, 511-517.
DOI URL |
| [39] |
Monks A, Monks JM, Tanentzap AJ (2016) Resource limitation underlying multiple masting models makes mast seeding sensitive to future climate change. New Phytologist, 210, 419-430.
DOI URL PMID |
| [40] | Montiel S, Montaña C (2000) Vertebrate frugivory and seed dispersal of a Chihuahuan Desert cactus. Plant Ecology, 146, 221-229. |
| [41] |
Moore JE, McEuen AB, Swihart RK, Contreras TA, Steele MA (2007) Determinants of seed removal distance by scatter-hoarding rodents in deciduous forests. Ecology, 88, 2529-2540.
DOI URL PMID |
| [42] |
Moreira X, Abdala-Roberts L, Linhart YB, Mooney KA (2014) Masting promotes individual- and population-level reproduction by increasing pollination efficiency. Ecology, 95, 801-807.
DOI URL PMID |
| [43] |
Nathan R, Muller-Landau HC (2000) Spatial patterns of seed dispersal, their determinants and consequences for recruitment. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 15, 278-285.
DOI URL PMID |
| [44] | Nilsson SG, Wastljung U (1987) Seed predation and cross-pollination in mast-seeding beech (Fagus sylvatica) patches. Ecology, 68, 260-265. |
| [45] | Norghauer JM, Newbery DM (2011) Seed fate and seedling dynamics after masting in two African rain forest trees. Ecological Monographs, 81, 443-468. |
| [46] | Norton DA, Kelly D (1988) Mast seeding over 33 years by Dacrydium cupressinum Lamb. (rimu) (Podocarpaceae) in New Zealand: The importance of economies of scale. Functional Ecology, 2, 399-408. |
| [47] | Nussbaumer A, Waldner P, Apuhtin V, Aytar F, Benham S, Bussotti F, Eichhorn J, Eickenscheidt N, Fabianek P, Falkenried L, Leca S, Lindgren M, Manzano Serrano MJ, Neagu S, Nevalainen S, Pajtik J, Potočić N, Rautio P, Sioen G, Stakėnas V, Tasdemir C, Thomsen IM, Timmermann V, Ukonmaanaho L, Verstraeten A, Wulff S, Gessler A (2018) Impact of weather cues and resource dynamics on mast occurrence in the main forest tree species in Europe. Forest Ecology and Management, 429, 336-350. |
| [48] |
Ostfeld RS, Canham CD, Oggenfuss K, Winchcombe RJ, Keesing F (2006) Climate, deer, rodents, and acorns as determinants of variation in lyme-disease risk. PLoS Biology, 4, e145.
DOI URL PMID |
| [49] | Ostfeld RS, Jones CG, Wolff JO (1996) Of mice and mast: Ecological connections in eastern deciduous forests. BioScience, 46, 323-330. |
| [50] |
Pearse IS, Koenig WD, Kelly D (2016) Mechanisms of mast seeding: Resources, weather, cues, and selection. New Phytologist, 212, 546-562.
DOI URL PMID |
| [51] | Pearse IS, Koenig WD, Knops JMH (2014) Cues versus proximate drivers: Testing the mechanism behind masting behavior. Oikos, 123, 179-184. |
| [52] | Pearson AK, Pearson OP, Gomez IA (1994) Biology of the bamboo Chusquea culeou (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in Southern Argentina. Vegetatio, 111, 93-126. |
| [53] | Perez-Ramos IM, Padilla-Diaz CM, Koenig WD, Maranon T (2015) Environmental drivers of mast-seeding in Mediterranean oak species: Does leaf habit matter? Journal of Ecology, 103, 691-700. |
| [54] | Pesendorfer MB, Koenig WD (2016) The effect of within-year variation in acorn crop size on seed harvesting by avian hoarders. Oecologia, 181, 97-106. |
| [55] | Pesendorfer MB, Koenig WD (2017) Competing for seed dispersal: Evidence for the role of avian seed hoarders in mediating apparent predation among oaks. Functional Ecology, 31, 622-631. |
| [56] | Pesendorfer MB, Koenig WD, Pearse IS, Knops JMH, Funk KA, Whitney K (2016a) Individual resource limitation combined with population-wide pollen availability drives masting in the valley oak (Quercus lobata). Journal of Ecology, 104, 637-645. |
| [57] |
Pesendorfer MB, Sillett TS, Morrison SA, Kamil AC (2016b) Context-dependent seed dispersal by a scatter-hoarding corvid. Journal of Animal Ecology, 85, 798-805.
DOI URL PMID |
| [58] |
Piovesan G, Adams JM (2005) The evolutionary ecology of masting: Does the environmental prediction hypothesis also have a role in mesic temperate forests? Ecological Research, 20, 739-743.
DOI URL |
| [59] |
Sala A, Hopping K, McIntire EJ, Delzon S, Crone EE (2012) Masting in whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) depletes stored nutrients. New Phytologist, 196, 189-199.
DOI URL |
| [60] | Salisbury EJ (1942) The Reproductive Capacity of Plants. G. Bell and Sons, Ltd., London. |
| [61] | Schauber EM, Kelly D, Turchin P, Simon C, Lee WG, Allen RB, Payton IJ, Wilson PR, Cowan PE, Brockie RE (2002) Masting by eighteen New Zealand plant species: The role of temperature as a synchronizing cue. Ecology, 83, 1214-1225. |
| [62] | Selås V (1997) Cyclic population fluctuations of herbivores as an effect of cyclic seed cropping of plants: The mast depression hypothesis. Oikos, 80, 257-268. |
| [63] | Selås V (2016) Seventy-five years of masting and rodent population peaks in Norway: Why do wood mice not follow the rules? Integrative Zoology, 11, 388-402. |
| [64] | Silvertown JW (1980) The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding in trees. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 14, 235-250. |
| [65] | Smith CC, Hamrick JL, Kramer CL (1990) The advantage of mast years for wind pollination. The American Naturalist, 136, 154-166. |
| [66] |
Smith HM, Samach A (2013) Constraints to obtaining consistent annual yields in perennial tree crops. I. Heavy fruit load dominates over vegetative growth. Plant Science, 207, 158-167.
DOI URL PMID |
| [67] |
Solbreck C, Knape J (2017) Seed production and predation in a changing climate: New roles for resource and seed predator feedback? Ecology, 98, 2301-2311.
DOI URL PMID |
| [68] | Sork VL (1983) Mammalian seed dispersal of pignut hickory during three fruiting seasons. Ecology, 64, 1049-1056. |
| [69] | Sork VL (1993) Evolutionary ecology of mast-seeding in temperate and tropical oaks (Quercus spp.). Vegetatio, 107/108, 133-147. |
| [70] | Sun IF, Chen YY, Hubbell SP, Wright SJ, Noor NSM (2007) Seed predation during general flowering events of varying magnitude in a Malaysian rain forest. Journal of Ecology, 95, 818-827. |
| [71] | Sun MY, Ma QL, Tian SL, Wang JD, Lu JQ (2011) Effects of seed productivity on dispersal of nuts of Quercus variabilis by rodents. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 31, 265-271. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [ 孙明洋, 马庆亮, 田澍辽, 王建东, 路纪琪 (2011) 种子产量对鼠类扩散栓皮栎坚果的影响. 兽类学报, 31, 265-271.] | |
| [72] | Theimer TC (2001) Seed scatterhoarding by white-tailed rats: Consequences for seedling recruitment by an Australian rain forest tree. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 17, 177-189. |
| [73] | Tisch PA, Kelly D (1998) Can wind pollination provide a selective benefit to mast seeding in Chionochloa macra (Poaceae) at Mt Hutt, New Zealand? New Zealand Journal of Botany, 36, 637-643. |
| [74] |
Usinowicz J, Chang-Yang CH, Chen YY, Clark JS, Fletcher C, Garwood NC, Hao ZQ, Johnstone J, Lin YC, Metz MR, Masaki T, Nakashizuka T, Sun IF, Valencia R, Wang YY, Zimmerman JK, Ives AR, Wright SJ (2017) Temporal coexistence mechanisms contribute to the latitudinal gradient in forest diversity. Nature, 550, 105-108.
DOI URL PMID |
| [75] | Vacchiano G, Ascoli D, Berzaghi F, Lucas-Borja ME, Caignard T, Collalti A, Mairota P, Palaghianu C, Reyer CPO, Sanders TGM, Schermer E, Wohlgemuth T, Hacket-Pain A (2018) Reproducing reproduction: How to simulate mast seeding in forest models. Ecological Modelling, 376, 40-53. |
| [76] | Vander Wall SB (1990) Food Hoarding in Animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, |
| [77] | Vander Wall SB (2002) Masting in animal-dispersed pines facilitates seed dispersal. Ecology, 83, 3508-3516. |
| [78] | Vander Wall SB (2010) How plants manipulate the scatter-hoarding behaviour of seed-dispersing animals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 365, 989-997. |
| [79] | Vander Wall SB, Beck MJ (2012) A comparison of frugivory and scatter-hoarding seed-dispersal syndromes. Botanical Review, 78, 10-31. |
| [80] | Vander Wall SB, Kuhn KM, Beck MJ (2005) Seed removal, seed predation, and secondary dispersal. Ecology, 86, 801-806. |
| [81] |
Waller DM (1993) How does mast-fruiting get started? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 8, 122-123.
DOI URL PMID |
| [82] | Wang J, Zhang B, Hou X, Chen XN, Han N, Chang G (2017) Effects of mast seeding and rodent abundance on seed predation and dispersal of Quercus aliena (Fagaceae) in Qinling Mountains, Central China. Plant Ecology, 218, 855-865. |
| [83] | West-Eberhardt MJ (2003) Developmental Plasticity and Evolution Oxford University Press, New York, |
| [84] | Williamson GB, Ickes K (2002) Mast fruiting and ENSO cycles: Does the cue betray a cause? Oikos, 97, 459-461. |
| [85] |
Wong R, Jones CH (1985) A comparative analysis of feeding and hoarding in hamsters and gerbils. Behavioural Processes, 11, 301-308.
DOI URL PMID |
| [86] | Wright SJ, Carrasco C, Calderon O, Paton S (1999) The El Niño Southern Oscillation, variable fruit production, and famine in a tropical forest. Ecology, 80, 1632-1647. |
| [87] | Wright SJ, Muller-Landau HC, Calderón O, Hernandéz A (2005) Annual and spatial variation in seedfall and seedling recruitment in a neotropical forest. Ecology, 86, 848-860. |
| [88] | Xiao ZS, Gao X, Zhang ZB (2013a) Sensitivity to seed germination schedule by scatter-hoarding Pére David’s rock squirrels during mast and non-mast years. Ethology, 119, 472-479. |
| [89] |
Xiao ZS, Huang XQ (2019) How seed defense and seed abundance predict dispersal and survival patterns in Camellia. Integrative Zoology, 15, 103-114.
URL PMID |
| [90] | Xiao ZS, Zhang ZB, Krebs CJ (2013b) Long-term seed survival and dispersal dynamics in a rodent-dispersed tree: Testing the predator satiation hypothesis and the predator dispersal hypothesis. Journal of Ecology, 101, 1256-1264. |
| [91] | Xiao ZS, Zhang ZB, Krebs CJ (2015) Seed size and number make contrasting predictions on seed survival and dispersal dynamics: A case study from oil tea Camellia oleifera. Forest Ecology and Management, 343, 1-8. |
| [92] | Xiao ZS, Zhang BZ, Wang YS (2005) The effects of seed abundance on seed predation and dispersal by rodents in Castanopsis fargesii (Fagaceae). Plant Ecology, 177, 249-257. |
| [93] |
Yang XF, Yan C, Gu HF, Zhang ZB (2020) Interspecific synchrony of seed rain shapes rodent-mediated indirect seed-seed interactions of sympatric tree species in a subtropical forest. Ecology Letters, 23, 45-54.
DOI URL PMID |
| [94] | Yin DS, Shen HL (2016) Research review on the characteristics of mast seeding in forest trees and its influencing factors. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 35, 542-550. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [ 殷东生, 沈海龙 (2016) 林木大年结实特征及其影响因素研究进展. 生态学杂志, 35, 542-550.] | |
| [95] |
Zhang HM, Cheng JR, Xiao ZS, Zhang ZB (2008) Effects of seed abundance on seed scatter-hoarding of Edward’s rat (Leopoldamys edwardsi Muridae) at the individual level. Oecologia, 158, 57-63.
DOI URL PMID |
| [96] |
Zwolak R, Bogdziewicz M, Wrobel A, Crone EE (2016) Advantages of masting in European beech: Timing of granivore satiation and benefits of seed caching support the predator dispersal hypothesis. Oecologia, 180, 749-758.
DOI URL PMID |
| [97] | Żywiec M, Holeksa J, Ledwoń M (2012) Population and individual level of masting in a fleshy-fruited tree. Plant Ecology, 213, 993-1002. |
| [1] | 王明慧, 陈昭铨, 李帅锋, 黄小波, 郎学东, 胡子涵, 尚瑞广, 刘万德. 云南普洱季风常绿阔叶林不同种子扩散方式的优势种空间点格局分析[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(9): 23147-. |
| [2] | 程继铭, 何慧敏, 牛红玉, 张洪茂. 鼠类种内个性差异对种子传播影响的研究进展[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(4): 22446-. |
| [3] | 窦丽娜, 张文富, 邓晓保, 曹敏, 唐勇. 西双版纳望天树林种子雨9年动态[J]. 生物多样性, 2018, 26(9): 919-930. |
| [4] | 李娟, 郭聪, 肖治术. 都江堰亚热带森林常见木本植物果实组成与种子扩散策略[J]. 生物多样性, 2013, 21(5): 572-581. |
| [5] | 闫兴富, 余杨春, 周立彪, 周云峰. 啮齿动物对六盘山区辽东栎、野李和华山松种子的取食和搬运[J]. 生物多样性, 2012, 20(4): 427-436. |
| [6] | 杜彦君, 马克平. 森林种子雨研究进展与展望[J]. 生物多样性, 2012, 20(1): 94-107. |
| [7] | 刘鑫, 王政昆, 肖治术. 小泡巨鼠和社鼠对珍稀濒危植物红豆树种子的捕食和扩散作用[J]. 生物多样性, 2011, 19(1): 93-96. |
| [8] | 肖治术, 张知彬. 食果动物传播种子的跟踪技术[J]. 生物多样性, 2003, 11(3): 248-255. |
| [9] | 李宏俊, 张知彬. 动物与植物种子更新的关系Ⅱ.动物对种子的捕食、扩散、贮藏及与幼苗建成的关系[J]. 生物多样性, 2001, 09(1): 25-37. |
| [10] | 李宏俊, 张知彬. 动物与植物种子更新的关系Ⅰ. 对象、方法与意义[J]. 生物多样性, 2000, 08(4): 405-412. |
| 阅读次数 | ||||||
|
全文 |
|
|||||
|
摘要 |
|
|||||
备案号：京ICP备16067583号-7
Copyright © 2022 版权所有 《生物多样性》编辑部
地址: 北京香山南辛村20号, 邮编：100093
电话: 010-62836137, 62836665 E-mail: biodiversity@ibcas.ac.cn
