常春油麻藤有气味花蜜及其生态功能

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.08030

生物多样性 ›› 2012, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (3): 360-367. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.08030

所属专题：传粉生物学：理论探讨与初步实践；传粉生物学；昆虫多样性与生态功能

常春油麻藤有气味花蜜及其生态功能

陈高¹^,^*(), 张蕊蕊¹^,², 董坤³^,⁴^,⁵, 公维昌¹^,², 马永鹏¹

1 中国科学院昆明植物研究所昆明植物园, 昆明 650201
2 中国科学院研究生院, 北京 100049
3 云南省蜜蜂资源可持续利用工程研究中心, 昆明 650201
4 云南农业大学东方蜜蜂研究所, 昆明 650201
5 云南农业大学食品科学技术学院, 昆明 650201

收稿日期:2012-01-19 接受日期:2012-04-18 出版日期:2012-05-20 发布日期:2012-05-09
通讯作者: 陈高
作者简介:*E-mail: chen_gao@mail.kib.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31100177);中科院西部博士基金(Y02F7311W1)

Scented nectar of Mucuna sempervirens and its ecological function

Gao Chen¹^,^*(), Ruirui Zhang¹^,², Kun Dong³^,⁴^,⁵, Weichang Gong¹^,², Yongpeng Ma¹

1 Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201
2 Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3 Yunnan Provincial Engineering and Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Honeybee Resources, Kunming 650201
4 Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201
5 College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201

Received:2012-01-19 Accepted:2012-04-18 Online:2012-05-20 Published:2012-05-09
Contact: Gao Chen

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

一些被子植物能够分泌有气味的花蜜, 但这一自然现象很少被关注。作为嗅觉信号线索, 有气味的花蜜可能是将访花者和气味信号结合在一起的特征, 它与传粉者及盗蜜者的关系值得探索。本研究以常春油麻藤(Mucuna sempervirens)为对象, 研究了其开花动态及泊氏长吻松鼠(Dremomys pernyi)和赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus)的访花行为, 采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱法收集并分析了花蜜的挥发物成分, 探讨了花蜜对中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)的吸引作用及对酸臭蚁(Tapinoma sp.)的毒杀作用。结果表明: 常春油麻藤花蜜释放的挥发物以脂肪族化合物为主(87.2%), 其中酮类占56.1%, 无含硫挥发性成分, 这和该属其他蝙蝠传粉种类花蜜释放含硫化合物的结果不一致。此外, 常春油麻藤的花蜜对酸臭蚁有慢性毒杀作用, 而对中华蜜蜂则有吸引作用。未发现蝙蝠访花, 但观察到泊氏长吻松鼠和赤腹松鼠可能为常春油麻藤传粉。因此, 常春油麻藤可能不属于蝙蝠传粉的种类。希望本研究能为该属亚洲类群的传粉机制提供数据, 并为其他植物类群花蜜成分及功能研究提供新的视角。

关键词: Apis cerana cerana, Mucuna sempervirens, 有气味花蜜, 松鼠传粉, 酸臭蚁

Abstract

Scented nectar secreted by flowers is an interesting natural phenomenon in angiosperms that is often overlooked by most researchers. Scented nectar is an evolutionary feature coupling the behavior between flower-visitors and their rewards. The effect of scented nectar on pollinator or nectar-thief is a scientific problem which deserves further exploration. We evaluated Mucuna sempervirens flowering dynamics, floral nectar volatiles, behaviors of Dremomys pernyi and Callosciurus erythraeus to inflorescence opening, nectar’s attraction effect to Apis cerana cerana, and the toxic effect of M. sempervirens nectar to Tapinoma sp. Aliphatic compounds (87.2%) were the main volatiles in nectar of M. sempervirens, whereas ketones accounted for 56.1% of the total volatiles. Lastly, volatile components with sulfur elements were absent from nectar samples. Previous studies of bat pollinated plant species have found that plants in the genus Mucuna always release sulfur compounds. Additionally, we found that the nectar of M. sempervirens was poisonous to Tapinoma sp. ant species, whereas it attracted A. cerana cerana using the Y olfactory bioassay. Squirrel species (D. pernyi and C. erythraeus) were effective pollinators of M. sempervirens, so we suspected that M. sempervirens might not be pollinated by bats only. This study provides data of pollination mechanisms in Mucuna and provides a new perspective of composition and function study of nectar in other plant groups in future.

Key words: Apis cerana cerana, Mucuna sempervirens, scented nectar, squirrel pollination, Tapinoma

陈高, 张蕊蕊, 董坤, 公维昌, 马永鹏 (2012) 常春油麻藤有气味花蜜及其生态功能. 生物多样性, 20, 360-367. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.08030.

Gao Chen, Ruirui Zhang, Kun Dong, Weichang Gong, Yongpeng Ma (2012) Scented nectar of Mucuna sempervirens and its ecological function. Biodiversity Science, 20, 360-367. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.08030.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.08030

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2012/V20/I3/360

图/表 4

图1 常春油麻藤的花序、访花动物及有气味花蜜对蚂蚁的诱捕。(a) 常春油麻藤初开的花序, 花萼密布致人发痒的针状毛; (b) 正在访问花序的松鼠; (c) 访问后的花均被打开; (d) 松鼠爪子刺破花被; (e) 中华蜜蜂从花基部盗蜜; (f) 花分泌的有气味花蜜能诱捕蚂蚁。

Fig. 1 Inflorescence and visitors of Mucuna sempervirens as well as ants trapped by scented nectar. (a) The opening inflorescence of Mucuna sempervirens, calyx was densely covered with needle-like hairs which can cause itching after touch; (b) Dremomys pernyi is visiting a inflorescence; (c) All the flowers were opened after visiting; (d) Squirrel’s claws are piercing the perianth; (e) Apis cerana cerana is robbing nectar from the base of a flower; (f) The scented nectar secreted by flowers can trap ants.

图2 中华蜜蜂对常春油麻藤花蜜气味的偏好选择实验(Y管法): T1至T6为玻璃管, 其中T1、T2长度为30 cm, T3至T6长度为15 cm, 管直径为3 cm。两Y管的臂端与半径为3 cm的玻璃大肚管连接, Y管和大肚管用塑料软管连接, 箭头所示为气流方向。

Fig. 2 Bioassay of preference of Apis cerana cerana to nectar odor. T1 toT6 are glass tubes, among which the length of T1 and T2 are 30 cm, and those of T3 to T6 are 15 cm, and the diameter are 3 cm for all. Two Y-arm tubes are connected with a Tatu glass tube with a radius of 3 cm. Y-tube and Tatu tube are connected by a plastic hose. The arrows show the direction of airflow.

表1 常春油麻藤花蜜的挥发物组成

Table 1 The chemical constituents of volatiles from floral nectar of Mucuna sempervirens

化合物 Compounds	保留指数 Kovats index (RI)		化合物编号 CAS #	相对含量 Relative content (%)
	RI^a	RI^b
2,3-戊二酮 2,3-Pentanedione	700	696	600-14-6	6.4 (4.0-10.7)
3-羟基-2-丁酮 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone	716	720	513-86-0	4.4 (3.4-5.2)
3-己烯醛 3-Hexenal	801	800	4440-65-7	10.8 (4.7-17.1)
2,4-二甲基-3-戊酮 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone	804	806	565-80-0	18.8 (15.4-21.6)
2,3-庚二酮 2,3-Heptanedione	817	816	96-04-8	26.5 (16.2-36.6)
环戊烯甲醛 Cyclopentanecarbaldehyde	854	857	872-53-7	9.6 (9.1-11.5)
2,4-己二烯醛 2,4-Hexadienal	910	913	142-83-6	2.6 (2.0-3.4)
a-蒎烯 α-Pinene	936	938	7785-26-4	1.9 (1.3-2.7)
苯甲醛 Benzaldehyde	961	958	100-52-7	4.8 (3.4-6.7)
1,8-桉叶素 1, 8-Cineole	1,038	1,046	670-82-6	1.0 (0-2.6)
十一烷 n-Undecane	1,096	1,100	1120-21-4	3.7 (0-8.3)
壬醛 Nonanal	1,105	1,102	124-19-6	5.4 (2.8-10.3)

图3 取食常春油麻藤花蜜的中华蜜蜂的数量(左)和花蜜对蚂蚁的慢性毒杀作用(右)。右图白柱状图代表12 h, 24 h, 36 h时取食花蜜的蚂蚁死亡率, 灰柱状图代表对应时间取食糖水对照的蚂蚁死亡率, 12 h时取食糖水的蚂蚁没有死亡发生。左图的差异显著性用不同字母表示(P < 0.01), 右图的差异显著性用星号表示(* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01)。

Fig. 3 Attraction effect to Apis cerana cerana (left figure, P < 0.01) and toxic effect to Tapinoma sp. (right figure) of Mucuna sempervirens nectar. The white histograms represent the mor- tality of ants fed with nectar after 12, 24, 36 hours respectively and the gray histograms on behalf of the corresponding mortality of ants fed with sugar (control group). We found that there is no death after 12 hours in the control group. Star means significant difference (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01).

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常春油麻藤有气味花蜜及其生态功能

Scented nectar of Mucuna sempervirens and its ecological function

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