重大工程影响下新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区鹅喉羚的生境格局变化

doi:10.17520/biods.2021176

生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (1): 21176. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021176

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

重大工程影响下新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区鹅喉羚的生境格局变化

张晨¹^,²^,³^,⁴, 马伟⁵, 陈晨¹^,²^,³^,⁴, 汪沐阳¹^,²^,³, 徐文轩¹^,²^,³, 杨维康¹^,²^,³^,^*()

1.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所荒漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室, 乌鲁木齐 830011
2.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所标本馆, 乌鲁木齐 830011
3.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所木垒野生动物生态监测实验站, 新疆木垒 831900
4.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
5.新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区管理中心, 新疆昌吉 831100

收稿日期:2021-05-07 接受日期:2021-08-26 出版日期:2022-01-20 发布日期:2022-01-29
通讯作者: 杨维康
作者简介:* E-mail: yangwk@ms.xjb.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(U2003203);国家自然科学基金(31872254)

Changes of habitat pattern for goitered gazelle in the Xinjiang Kalamaili Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve under the influence of major projects

Chen Zhang¹^,²^,³^,⁴, Wei Ma⁵, Chen Chen¹^,²^,³^,⁴, Muyang Wang¹^,²^,³, Wenxuan Xu¹^,²^,³, Weikang Yang¹^,²^,³^,^*()

1 State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011
2 The Specimen Museum of Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011
3 Mori Wildlife Monitoring and Experimentation Station, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mori, Xinjiang 831900
4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
5 Management Center of Xinjiang Kalamaili Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve, Changji, Xinjiang 831100

Received:2021-05-07 Accepted:2021-08-26 Online:2022-01-20 Published:2022-01-29
Contact: Weikang Yang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生境评价对物种保护具有重要意义。鹅喉羚(Gazella subgutturosa)是新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区的代表性物种, 开展其生境适宜性评价可以为该物种的保护和管理提供科学依据。作者基于2005-2019年采用样线法在保护区开展野外调查所获鹅喉羚的分布点数据, 利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型筛选环境变量, 评估鹅喉羚在矿业开发前(2005年)、矿业开发顶峰时(2011年)和矿区生态修复后(2019年) 3个时期的生境质量; 采用质心转移和景观格局指数分析近15年鹅喉羚的生境空间格局变化特征。结果表明模型预测结果准确性较高, 3个时期鹅喉羚的潜在适宜生境面积波动较大, Jackknife检验结果表明在任一时期水源点对鹅喉羚生境选择的影响均最大。矿业开发前鹅喉羚适宜生境分布于保护区中部, 主要特征为面积大、生境斑块集中、破碎化程度低; 矿业开发顶峰时鹅喉羚的适宜生境面积较矿业开发前减少2.39%, 尤其是保护区南部大面积适宜生境丧失, 质心转移和景观格局指数分析结果显示适宜生境向保护区北部转移, 生境斑块离散破碎程度高; 实施矿区生态修复后鹅喉羚的适宜生境面积较矿业开发顶峰时增加了3.50%, 因矿业开发丧失的生境重新成为鹅喉羚的适宜生境。与2005年以前相比, 2019年鹅喉羚生境斑块仍离散化严重, 部分适宜生境因新修建的高速公路和铁路而重新丧失。基于以上研究结果, 我们从保护水源、控制交通建设、修复矿区和加强野生动物通道监测等4个方面对鹅喉羚种群保护管理提出了建议。

关键词: 鹅喉羚, 矿业开发, 道路建设, MaxEnt模型, 生境适宜性

Abstract

Aims: Habitat assessment is vital in the conservation of wildlife. The goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) is an important species in the Xinjiang Kalamaili Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve (thereafter KNR). However, their habitat is under threat because of human development and mining. The evaluation of remaining suitable habitat for the goitered gazelle can provide a scientific basis for decision-making in species conservation and management of the reserve.

Methods: Based on the distribution of goitered gazelle demonstrated through field surveys from 2005 to 2019 in the KNR, we used a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to test important habitat variables for habitat selection. Suitable habitat for goitered gazelle was evaluated during three distinct time-periods: (1) before mining development (2005), (2) at the peak of mining development (2011), and (3) after ecological restoration but with a highway constructed through the reserve (2019). The spatial habitat quality and distribution of goitered gazelle over the last 15 years was further analyzed using centroid transfer and a landscape pattern index.

Results: The accuracy of MaxEnt model was high and jackknife tests demonstrated the distribution and distance to water sources had the highest impact on goitered gazelle habitat selection in all three time periods. The area of potential suitable habitat fluctuated widely over the three time-periods. Prior to the mining development in 2005, suitable habitat for goitered gazelle was mainly concentrated in the middle of the reserve with large habitat patches and a low degree of habitat fragmentation. At the peak of mine development (2011), the area of highly suitable habitat had decreased by 2.39% compared to habitat in 2005. A large area of suitable habitat in the south of the reserve was lost due to mining development, and the centroid indicated that the remaining suitable habitat was restricted to the north, with smaller, fragmented habitat patches. By 2019, 3.50% of the previously suitable goitered gazelle habitat that was lost due to mining development was recovered through ecological restoration. However, compared to 2005, the recovered habitat patches were more severely dispersed in 2019. Additionally, previously highly suitable habitats were lost due to highway and railway constructions in the KNR.

Conclusion: To improve the protection of goitered gazelle within the KNP, we suggest, (1) strengthening the protection of all water sources, (2) establishing and monitoring wildlife passages, (3) limiting further traffic construction, and (4) supporting mine reclamation efforts.

Key words: Gazella subgutturosa, mining development, road construction, MaxEnt model, habitat suitability

张晨, 马伟, 陈晨, 汪沐阳, 徐文轩, 杨维康 (2022) 重大工程影响下新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区鹅喉羚的生境格局变化. 生物多样性, 30, 21176. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021176.

Chen Zhang, Wei Ma, Chen Chen, Muyang Wang, Wenxuan Xu, Weikang Yang (2022) Changes of habitat pattern for goitered gazelle in the Xinjiang Kalamaili Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve under the influence of major projects. Biodiversity Science, 30, 21176. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021176.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2021176

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2022/V30/I1/21176

图/表 7

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序号 No.	2005		2011		2019
序号 No.	变量 Variable	贡献率 Contribution	变量 Variable	贡献率 Contribution	变量 Variable	贡献率 Contribution
1	距水源点距离 Distance to water source	32.9%	距水源点距离 Distance to water source	22.5%	距水源点距离 Distance to water source	23.2%
2	海拔 Altitude	13.3%	最暖季平均温 Mean temperature of warmest quarter (Bio 10)	19.9%	最暖季平均温 Mean temperature of warmest quarter (Bio 10)	18.9%
3	距216国道距离 Distance to national road 216	7.3%	距矿点距离 Distance to mining	11.6%	距阿富准铁路距离 Distance to Altay-Zhundong railway	12.3%
4	年降水量 Annual precipitation (Bio 12)	6.8%	年均温 Annual mean temperature (Bio 1)	7.7%	距矿点距离 Distance to mining	11.8%
5	月均温范围 Mean diurnal range (Bio 2)	4.9%	距216国道距离 Distance to national road 216	6.4%	年均温 Annual mean temperature (Bio 1)	4.9%
6	最湿季降水量 Precipitation of wettest quarter (Bio 16)	4.7%	最暖月最高温 Max. temperature of warmest month (Bio 5)	5.8%	最干季平均温 Mean temperature of driest quarter (Bio 9)	4.0%

序号 No.	2005		2011		2019
序号 No.	变量 Variable	贡献率 Contribution	变量 Variable	贡献率 Contribution	变量 Variable	贡献率 Contribution
1	距水源点距离 Distance to water source	32.9%	距水源点距离 Distance to water source	22.5%	距水源点距离 Distance to water source	23.2%
2	海拔 Altitude	13.3%	最暖季平均温 Mean temperature of warmest quarter (Bio 10)	19.9%	最暖季平均温 Mean temperature of warmest quarter (Bio 10)	18.9%
3	距216国道距离 Distance to national road 216	7.3%	距矿点距离 Distance to mining	11.6%	距阿富准铁路距离 Distance to Altay-Zhundong railway	12.3%
4	年降水量 Annual precipitation (Bio 12)	6.8%	年均温 Annual mean temperature (Bio 1)	7.7%	距矿点距离 Distance to mining	11.8%
5	月均温范围 Mean diurnal range (Bio 2)	4.9%	距216国道距离 Distance to national road 216	6.4%	年均温 Annual mean temperature (Bio 1)	4.9%
6	最湿季降水量 Precipitation of wettest quarter (Bio 16)	4.7%	最暖月最高温 Max. temperature of warmest month (Bio 5)	5.8%	最干季平均温 Mean temperature of driest quarter (Bio 9)	4.0%

年 Year	适宜生境 Suitable habitat			不适宜生境 Unsuitable habitat
年 Year	面积 Area (km²)	占比 Percentage (%)	变化率 Variation (%)	面积 Area (km²)	占比 Percentage (%)	变化率 Variation (%)
2005	4,267	28.78	-	10,557	71.22	-
2011	3,914	26.39	-8.27	10,917	73.61	3.41
2019	4,434	29.89	13.28	10,397	70.10	-4.76

年 Year	适宜生境 Suitable habitat			不适宜生境 Unsuitable habitat
年 Year	面积 Area (km²)	占比 Percentage (%)	变化率 Variation (%)	面积 Area (km²)	占比 Percentage (%)	变化率 Variation (%)
2005	4,267	28.78	-	10,557	71.22	-
2011	3,914	26.39	-8.27	10,917	73.61	3.41
2019	4,434	29.89	13.28	10,397	70.10	-4.76

年 Year	生境类型 Habitat type	斑块面积 Patch area (km²)	斑块数量 Number of patches (n)	斑块密度 Patch density (n/km²)	最大斑块指数 Largest patch index (%)	景观形状指数 Landscape shape index	相似临近比度 Proportion of like adjacencies	聚集度指数 Aggregation index (%)	斑块类型占总面积的比例 Percentage of Landscape (%)
2005	不适宜 Unsuitable	10,557	33	0.0033	70.57	5.97	94.17	95.10	71.20
2005	适宜 Suitable	4,267	49	0.0022	26.26	7.09	89.10	90.49	28.79
2011	不适宜 Unsuitable	10917	51	0.0034	72.03	7.71	92.62	93.51	73.61
2011	适宜 Suitable	3914	48	0.0032	24.63	10.56	82.99	84.35	26.39
2019	不适宜 Unsuitable	10,397	39	0.0026	65.57	5.30	94.79	95.73	70.10
2019	适宜 Suitable	4,434	29	0.0020	16.50	5.90	91.08	92.47	28.89

重大工程影响下新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区鹅喉羚的生境格局变化

Changes of habitat pattern for goitered gazelle in the Xinjiang Kalamaili Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve under the influence of major projects

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