Domestication origin and spread of cultivated tea plants

doi:10.17520/biods.2018006

Abstract

Abstract:

Tea is the most popular non-alcoholic beverage in the world. The domestication origin of cultivated tea plants has always been a focus of ecological research. This article summarizes the recent research progress, discusses remaining questions and makes suggestions for future research directions. Many wild relatives of cultivated tea plants are distributed in the Yangtze River Basin and its southern reaches, particularly in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi provinces. The pronunciation of “cha” is similar in the languages of southern ethnic groups, implying a single domestication origin of cultivated tea plants, most likely from ancient Bashu or Yunnan. However, studies on genetic structure reveal that multiple centers occur in the domestication origin of cultivated tea plants. For example, cultivated Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, including some varieties, may have multiple domestication events. According to research from historical text, the cultivation center of tea plants migrated from west to east and then to south, which is supported by changes in genetic diversity. However, the first cultivated tea plant might have arisen in the most eastern region of the Yangtze River Basin based on a recent archaeological finding. We speculate that during the spread of tea knowledge, cultivated varieties introgression occurred from wild relatives to cultivars, or new cultivated tea plants were directly domesticated from local wild tea plants, leading to the genetic complexity and the language consistency of cultivated tea plants. More evidence is needed to confirm the ancestral types, origin sites and time, and domestication processes of cultivated tea plants, and the integration anaylysis of multiple disciplines such as tea culture, population genetics, phylogeography, anthropology, climate change, and archaeology should be more encouraged.

http://jtp.cnki.net/bilingual/detail/html/SWDY201804004

Key words: cultivated tea plant, Sect. Thea, domestication origin, tea culture, genetic diversity

Wenju Zhang, Jun Rong, Chaoling Wei, Lianming Gao, Jiakuan Chen. Domestication origin and spread of cultivated tea plants[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2018, 26(4): 357-372.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2018006

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2018/V26/I4/357

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种及变种 Species & variety		异名 Synonym	模式产地 Type locality			生境^* Habitat^*
1. 大厂茶 Camellia tachangensis Zhang			云南师宗 Shizong, Yunnan, China			W
	1a 大厂茶 var. tachangensis F. C. Zhang		云南师宗 Shizong, Yunnan, China			W
		C. qunquelocularis Chang	广西隆林 Longlin, Guangxi, China			-
		C. tetracocca Chang	贵州普安 Pu’an, Guizhou, China			-
	1b 梳齿茶 var. remotiserrata (Chang et B. H. Wang) Ming		云南威信 Weixin, Yunnan, China			W
		C. remotiserrata Chang, F. L. Yu et P. S. Wang	云南威信 Weixin, Yunnan, China			-
		C. jymnogynoides Chang, F. L. Yu et P. S. Wang	云南盐津 Yanjin, Yunnan, China			-
		C. nanchuanica Chang et Xiong	重庆南川 Nanchuan, Chongqing, China			-
		C. jingyunshanica Chang et J. H. Xiong	重庆北碚 Beibei, Chongqing, China			-
2. 大苞茶 Camellia grandibracteata Chang et Yu			云南云县 Yunxian, Yunnan, China			C
3. 广西茶 Camellia kwangsiensis Chang			广西田林 Tianlin, Guangxi, China			W
	3a 广西茶 var. kwangsiensis Chang		广西田林 Tianlin, Guangxi, China			W
	3b 广南茶 var. kwangnanica (Chang et Chen) Ming		云南广南 Guangnan, Yunnan, China			W
4. 大理茶 Camellia taliensis (W. W. Smith) Melch			云南大理 Dali, Yunnan, China	W & C
		C. changningensis F. C. Zhang, W. R. Ding et Y. Huang	云南昌宁 Changning, Yunnan, China			-
		C. irrawadiensis Burua	缅甸依洛瓦底 Irrawaddy, Burma			-
		C. pentastyla Chang	云南凤庆 Fengqing, Yunnan, China			-
		C. quinquebracteata Chang & C. X. Ye	云南梁河 Lianghe, Yunnan, China			-
		Polyspora yunnanensis Hu	云南潞西 Luxi, Yunnan, China			-
		Gordonia yunnanensis (Hu) H. L. Li	云南潞西 Luxi, Yunnan, China			-
5. 厚轴茶 Camellia crassicolumna Chang			云南西畴 Xichou, Yunnan, China			W
	5a 厚轴茶 var. crassicolumna (C. B. Clarke) Ridley		云南西畴 Xichou, Yunnan, China			W
		C. atrothea Chang & H. S. Wang	云南屏边 Pingbian, Yunnan, China			-
		C. crassicolumna var. shangbaensis F. C. Zhang	云南镇元 Zhenyuan, Yunnan, China			-
		C. crispula Chang	云南金平 Jinping, Yunnan, China			-
		C. haaniensis Chang & F. L. Yu	云南金平 Jinping, Yunnan, China			-
		C. makuanica Chang & Y. J. Tang	云南马关 Maguan, Yunnan, China			-
		C. purpurea Chang & B. H. Chen	云南屏边 Pingbian, Yunnan, China			-
		C. rotundata Chang & F. L. Yu	云南红河 Honghe, Yunnan, China			-
	5b 多萼茶 var. multiplex (Chang & Y. J. Tang) Ming		云南文山 Wenshan, Yunnan, China			W
6. 老挝茶 Camellia sealyama Ming			老挝沙拉湾省 Salavan, Laos			U
7. 秃房茶 Camellia gymnogyna Chang			广西凌云 Lingyun, Guangxi, China			W
		C. glaberrima Chang	云南屏边 Pingbian, Yunnan, China			-
8. 突肋茶 Camellia costata Hu et S.Y.Liang			广西昭平 Zhaoping, Guangxi, China			W
		C. danzaiensis K. M. Lan	贵州丹寨 Danzhai, Guizhou, China			-
		C. kwangtungensis Chang	广东阳山 Yangshan, Guangdong, China			-
		C. yungkiangensis Chang	贵州榕江 Rongjiang, Guizhou, China			-
9. 膜叶茶 Camellia leptophylla S. Y. Liang et Chang			广西龙州 Longzhou, Guangxi, China			W
10. 防城茶 Camellia fengchengensis Liang et Zhong			广西防城 Fangcheng, Guangxi, China			W
11. 毛叶茶 Camellia ptilophylla Chang			广东龙门 Longmen, Guangdong, China			W & C
		C. pubescens Chang et C. X. Ye	湖南汝城 Rucheng, Hunan, China			-
12. 茶 Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze			中国福建 Fujian, China			W & C
	12a 茶(小叶茶) var. sinensis (C. B. Clarke) Ridley		中国福建 Fujian, China			W & C
种及变种 Species & variety		异名 Synonym	模式产地 Type locality		生境^* Habitat^*
		Thea sinensis L.	中国福建 Fujian, China		-
		C. arborescens Chang & F. L. Yu	云南威信 Weixin, Yunnan, China		-
		C. longlingensis F. C. Zhang et al	云南龙陵 Longling, Yunnan, China		-
		C. oleosa (Loureiro) Rehder	未知 Unknow		-
		C. sinensis f. formosensis Kitamura	中国台湾 Taiwan, China		-
		C. waldeniae S. Y. Hu	中国香港 Hong Kong, China		-
		C. thea Link	未知 Unknow		-
		T. bohea L.	福建武夷 Wuyi, Fujian, China		-
		T. cantonensis Loureiro	未知 Unknow		-
		T. chinensis Sims	未知 Unknow		-
		T. cochinchinensis Loureiro	未知 Unknow		-
		T. grandifolia Salisbury	未知 Unknow		-
		T. olearia Loureiro ex Gomes	未知 Unknow		-
		T. oleosa Loureiro	未知 Unknow		-
		T. parvifolia Salisbury, not Hayata	未知 Unknow		-
		T. sinensis var. macrophylla Siebold	台湾 Taiwan		-
		T. sinensis var. parvifolia Miquel	未知 Unknow		-
		T. viridis L	未知 Unknow		-
		Theaphylla cantonensis (Loureiro) Rafinesque	未知 Unknow		-
	12b 大叶茶 var. assamica (Masters) Kitamura		印度阿萨姆 Assam, India		W & C
		Thea assamica Masters	印度阿萨姆 Assam, India		W & C
		C. multisepala Chang & Y. J. Tang	云南勐腊 Mengla, Yunnan, China		-
		C. polyneura Chang & Y. J. Tang	云南绿春 Lüchun, Yunnan, China		-
		C. sinensis var. kucha Chang & H. S. Wang	云南金平 Jinping, Yunnan, China		-
	12c 德宏茶 var. dehungensis (Chang & B. H. Chen) Ming		云南德宏 Dehong, Yunnan, China		W & C
		C. dehungensis Chang & B. H. Chen	云南德宏 Dehong, Yunnan, China		-
		C. manglaensis Chang, Tan et wang	云南勐腊 Mengla, Yunnan, China		-
		C. parvisepaloides Chang & H. S. Wang	云南潞西 Luxi, Yunnan, China		-
		C. gymnogynoides Chang et Chen	云南勐腊 Mengla, Yunnan, China		-
	12d 白毛茶 var. pubilimba Chang		广西凌云 Lingyun, Guangxi, China		W & C
		C. angustifolia Chang	广西金秀 Jinxiu, Guangxi, China		-
		C. dishiensis F. C. Zhang, X. Y. Chen et G. B. Chen	云南广南 Guangnan, Yunnan, China		-
		C. parvisepala Chang	广西凌云 Lingyun, Guangxi, China		-
	12e 高棉茶 var. lasiocalyx (G. Watt) A.P. Das & C. Ghosh^**		柬埔寨 Cambodia		C

种及变种 Species & variety		异名 Synonym	模式产地 Type locality			生境^* Habitat^*
1. 大厂茶 Camellia tachangensis Zhang			云南师宗 Shizong, Yunnan, China			W
	1a 大厂茶 var. tachangensis F. C. Zhang		云南师宗 Shizong, Yunnan, China			W
		C. qunquelocularis Chang	广西隆林 Longlin, Guangxi, China			-
		C. tetracocca Chang	贵州普安 Pu’an, Guizhou, China			-
	1b 梳齿茶 var. remotiserrata (Chang et B. H. Wang) Ming		云南威信 Weixin, Yunnan, China			W
		C. remotiserrata Chang, F. L. Yu et P. S. Wang	云南威信 Weixin, Yunnan, China			-
		C. jymnogynoides Chang, F. L. Yu et P. S. Wang	云南盐津 Yanjin, Yunnan, China			-
		C. nanchuanica Chang et Xiong	重庆南川 Nanchuan, Chongqing, China			-
		C. jingyunshanica Chang et J. H. Xiong	重庆北碚 Beibei, Chongqing, China			-
2. 大苞茶 Camellia grandibracteata Chang et Yu			云南云县 Yunxian, Yunnan, China			C
3. 广西茶 Camellia kwangsiensis Chang			广西田林 Tianlin, Guangxi, China			W
	3a 广西茶 var. kwangsiensis Chang		广西田林 Tianlin, Guangxi, China			W
	3b 广南茶 var. kwangnanica (Chang et Chen) Ming		云南广南 Guangnan, Yunnan, China			W
4. 大理茶 Camellia taliensis (W. W. Smith) Melch			云南大理 Dali, Yunnan, China	W & C
		C. changningensis F. C. Zhang, W. R. Ding et Y. Huang	云南昌宁 Changning, Yunnan, China			-
		C. irrawadiensis Burua	缅甸依洛瓦底 Irrawaddy, Burma			-
		C. pentastyla Chang	云南凤庆 Fengqing, Yunnan, China			-
		C. quinquebracteata Chang & C. X. Ye	云南梁河 Lianghe, Yunnan, China			-
		Polyspora yunnanensis Hu	云南潞西 Luxi, Yunnan, China			-
		Gordonia yunnanensis (Hu) H. L. Li	云南潞西 Luxi, Yunnan, China			-
5. 厚轴茶 Camellia crassicolumna Chang			云南西畴 Xichou, Yunnan, China			W
	5a 厚轴茶 var. crassicolumna (C. B. Clarke) Ridley		云南西畴 Xichou, Yunnan, China			W
		C. atrothea Chang & H. S. Wang	云南屏边 Pingbian, Yunnan, China			-
		C. crassicolumna var. shangbaensis F. C. Zhang	云南镇元 Zhenyuan, Yunnan, China			-
		C. crispula Chang	云南金平 Jinping, Yunnan, China			-
		C. haaniensis Chang & F. L. Yu	云南金平 Jinping, Yunnan, China			-
		C. makuanica Chang & Y. J. Tang	云南马关 Maguan, Yunnan, China			-
		C. purpurea Chang & B. H. Chen	云南屏边 Pingbian, Yunnan, China			-
		C. rotundata Chang & F. L. Yu	云南红河 Honghe, Yunnan, China			-
	5b 多萼茶 var. multiplex (Chang & Y. J. Tang) Ming		云南文山 Wenshan, Yunnan, China			W
6. 老挝茶 Camellia sealyama Ming			老挝沙拉湾省 Salavan, Laos			U
7. 秃房茶 Camellia gymnogyna Chang			广西凌云 Lingyun, Guangxi, China			W
		C. glaberrima Chang	云南屏边 Pingbian, Yunnan, China			-
8. 突肋茶 Camellia costata Hu et S.Y.Liang			广西昭平 Zhaoping, Guangxi, China			W
		C. danzaiensis K. M. Lan	贵州丹寨 Danzhai, Guizhou, China			-
		C. kwangtungensis Chang	广东阳山 Yangshan, Guangdong, China			-
		C. yungkiangensis Chang	贵州榕江 Rongjiang, Guizhou, China			-
9. 膜叶茶 Camellia leptophylla S. Y. Liang et Chang			广西龙州 Longzhou, Guangxi, China			W
10. 防城茶 Camellia fengchengensis Liang et Zhong			广西防城 Fangcheng, Guangxi, China			W
11. 毛叶茶 Camellia ptilophylla Chang			广东龙门 Longmen, Guangdong, China			W & C
		C. pubescens Chang et C. X. Ye	湖南汝城 Rucheng, Hunan, China			-
12. 茶 Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze			中国福建 Fujian, China			W & C
	12a 茶(小叶茶) var. sinensis (C. B. Clarke) Ridley		中国福建 Fujian, China			W & C
种及变种 Species & variety		异名 Synonym	模式产地 Type locality		生境^* Habitat^*
		Thea sinensis L.	中国福建 Fujian, China		-
		C. arborescens Chang & F. L. Yu	云南威信 Weixin, Yunnan, China		-
		C. longlingensis F. C. Zhang et al	云南龙陵 Longling, Yunnan, China		-
		C. oleosa (Loureiro) Rehder	未知 Unknow		-
		C. sinensis f. formosensis Kitamura	中国台湾 Taiwan, China		-
		C. waldeniae S. Y. Hu	中国香港 Hong Kong, China		-
		C. thea Link	未知 Unknow		-
		T. bohea L.	福建武夷 Wuyi, Fujian, China		-
		T. cantonensis Loureiro	未知 Unknow		-
		T. chinensis Sims	未知 Unknow		-
		T. cochinchinensis Loureiro	未知 Unknow		-
		T. grandifolia Salisbury	未知 Unknow		-
		T. olearia Loureiro ex Gomes	未知 Unknow		-
		T. oleosa Loureiro	未知 Unknow		-
		T. parvifolia Salisbury, not Hayata	未知 Unknow		-
		T. sinensis var. macrophylla Siebold	台湾 Taiwan		-
		T. sinensis var. parvifolia Miquel	未知 Unknow		-
		T. viridis L	未知 Unknow		-
		Theaphylla cantonensis (Loureiro) Rafinesque	未知 Unknow		-
	12b 大叶茶 var. assamica (Masters) Kitamura		印度阿萨姆 Assam, India		W & C
		Thea assamica Masters	印度阿萨姆 Assam, India		W & C
		C. multisepala Chang & Y. J. Tang	云南勐腊 Mengla, Yunnan, China		-
		C. polyneura Chang & Y. J. Tang	云南绿春 Lüchun, Yunnan, China		-
		C. sinensis var. kucha Chang & H. S. Wang	云南金平 Jinping, Yunnan, China		-
	12c 德宏茶 var. dehungensis (Chang & B. H. Chen) Ming		云南德宏 Dehong, Yunnan, China		W & C
		C. dehungensis Chang & B. H. Chen	云南德宏 Dehong, Yunnan, China		-
		C. manglaensis Chang, Tan et wang	云南勐腊 Mengla, Yunnan, China		-
		C. parvisepaloides Chang & H. S. Wang	云南潞西 Luxi, Yunnan, China		-
		C. gymnogynoides Chang et Chen	云南勐腊 Mengla, Yunnan, China		-
	12d 白毛茶 var. pubilimba Chang		广西凌云 Lingyun, Guangxi, China		W & C
		C. angustifolia Chang	广西金秀 Jinxiu, Guangxi, China		-
		C. dishiensis F. C. Zhang, X. Y. Chen et G. B. Chen	云南广南 Guangnan, Yunnan, China		-
		C. parvisepala Chang	广西凌云 Lingyun, Guangxi, China		-
	12e 高棉茶 var. lasiocalyx (G. Watt) A.P. Das & C. Ghosh^**		柬埔寨 Cambodia		C