物种特征是物种为了适应自然环境而做出的响应, 它影响和决定了物种在环境中的生存能力(Violle et al, 2007)。物种特征是塑造物种生物地理格局的重要参考指标(Whittaker et al, 2014), 还被广泛应用于进化生物学、生态学和保护生物学等领域的研究(McGill et al, 2006; 王彦平等, 2021)。首先, 在进化生物学中, 新性状可以为物种提供机会来拓展新的生态位, 避免激烈的种间竞争, 从而促进新物种的形成(Slowinski & Guyer, 1993; Slater et al, 2012)。其次, 物种特征与群落构建密切相关, 这主要是由于群落中的共存物种与预期相比往往有更相似的特征, 而这些特征组成会影响群落的构建过程(McGill et al, 2006; Weiss & Ray, 2019)。再次, 功能特征会影响物种对栖息地丧失和片断化、气候变化、生物入侵等全球变化的响应(Mouillot et al, 2013; Pearson et al, 2014; Keinath et al, 2017)。因此, 物种特征的研究和数据库建设越来越受到科学家的关注和重视。
得益于辽阔的地域、丰富的生态类型、复杂的地质环境和气候条件, 中国具有非常丰富的两栖动物多样性(江建平等, 2016)。我国陆续出版了很多关于两栖类的专著, 如《中国动物志•两栖纲》(费梁等, 2006, 2009a, b)、《中国两栖动物及其分布彩色图鉴》(费梁等, 2012)、《中国生物多样性红色名录•脊椎动物(第四卷): 两栖动物》(江建平等, 2021), 以及一系列省、市及区域性的著作。但是, 随着近年来国家对两栖动物多样性普查和保护工作的不断重视以及当代分子生物学方法在传统分类学上的应用, 不断有两栖类新物种被发现和描述, 因此研究人员不断对中国两栖类名录进行修订和更新(赵尔宓等, 2000; 王剀等, 2020)。根据中国科学院昆明动物研究所最新的中国两栖类在线数据库(
通过查阅和检索已发表的文献和各种数据库, 本文共整理了我国591种本土两栖类的22个与生态学、生活史和地理分布有关的物种特征。这些特征包括物种发现时间、模式产地、中国受威胁等级、全球受威胁等级、致危因子、是否中国特有种、是否岛屿特有种、雄性体长、雌性体长、窝卵数、卵径、产卵地点、幼体主要生境、成体微生境、活动模式、生殖周期、繁殖时间、是否有亲本照顾、受精方式、海拔范围、分布地区、分布省份数。
1 数据采集和处理方法
本数据集的收集时间为2018年1月至2021年12月。数据内容使用WPS软件进行整理, 具体的数据收集方法和步骤如下:
(1)为了与中国两栖类的最新物种现状相匹配, 本文的两栖类物种名录及分类系统全部来源于中国两栖类在线数据库(
(2)查阅已发表的全国性两栖类专著, 包括《中国动物志•两栖纲》(费梁等, 2006, 2009a, b)、《中国两栖动物及其分布彩色图鉴》(费梁等, 2012), 以及中国两栖类在线数据库来获取物种发现时间、体长、海拔分布、生境类型、卵径、窝卵数、模式产地、分布地区等数据信息。使用体长来反映两栖类体型大小, 由于无尾目和有尾目的身体大小存在明显差异, 故用吻肛长(snout-vent length)和总体长(total length)来分别表示(潘晓赋等, 2002), 即无尾目用吻肛长来表示体长, 蚓螈目和有尾目使用总体长表示。当有尾目物种没有记录总体长但单独记录了吻肛长和尾长时, 总体长为吻肛长和尾长之和。在整理卵径数据时, 个别物种(如版纳鱼螈Ichthyophis kohtaoensis, 尾斑瘰螈Paramesotriton caudopunctatus)分别记录了卵的纵径和横径, 为了与其他物种数据统一, 仅保留最小横径和最大纵径。
(4)对于缺失数据, 我们还检索查询了AmphibiaWeb 2021 (
(6)若经过上述程序和步骤依旧无法获取某个特征数据, 那么该数据则被认定为目前缺失(not available, NA)。
2 数据描述
除了物种发现时间、是否岛屿特有种、分布地区和分布省份数外, 其余特征都存在不同程度的缺失, 数据的完整度为27.92%-100% (图1), 平均完整度为71.72%, 标准差为24%。不同目和科水平的特征数据完整度, 以及各变量的定义和描述详见数据集链接。
图1
图1
中国591种本土两栖类22个物种特征数据的完整度
Fig. 1
Data completeness of the 22 traits for the 591 native species of Chinese amphibians
3 数据质量控制和评估
本数据集的整理过程主要包括前期准备、数据收集、汇总处理和数据录入4个步骤。(1)前期准备主要是对参与数据收集的人员进行培训, 明确数据来源和收集任务, 讨论和确定数据收集的方法和步骤。(2)在数据收集阶段, 考虑到同物异名和分类学变动情况, 严格按照既定方法和程序进行, 以减少人为造成的误差。比如, 在使用全球两栖类数据库及国外期刊发表的文章补充缺失的物种特征数据时, 严格按照更新名录和既定步骤来进行对应和收集数据。(3)在汇总阶段, 我们对收集的原始数据进行了认真核查, 并对数据格式进行了统一。(4)在数据录入阶段, 采用一人输入, 一人核查, 尽量降低误差和疏漏, 确保准确无误后入库。
4 数据使用方法和建议
本数据集是目前我国两栖类最新和最全的物种特征数据集, 对于推动我国两栖类在生态学、生物地理学、保护生物学等方面的研究将有重要作用。下面给出几个可以应用本数据集的研究方向和案例。
宋云枫主要承担两栖类物种特征数据收集、数据核对和初稿写作; 陈传武承担了部分数据收集与核对工作; 王彦平主要承担数据收集的整体安排协调与论文修改。
参考文献
Do amphibians follow Bergmann’s rule
DOI:10.1139/z02-049 URL [本文引用: 1]
Ecological correlates of extinction risk in Chinese amphibians
DOI:10.1111/ddi.v25.10 URL [本文引用: 1]
Macroecology and extinction risk correlates of frogs
DOI:10.1111/geb.2008.17.issue-2 URL [本文引用: 1]
Amphibian Species of the World
Species sorting and mass effect along forest succession: Evidence from taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of amphibian communities
DOI:10.1002/ece3.2019.9.issue-9 URL [本文引用: 1]
Assessing the threat status of amphibians in China
DOI:10.17520/biods.2015348 URL [本文引用: 2]
中国两栖动物受威胁现状评估
DOI:10.17520/biods.2015348
[本文引用: 2]
为了了解我国两栖动物受威胁现状和致危因素, 进而制定相关的保护措施和开展国际合作, 本文依据中国两栖动物野生种群与生境现状, 利用《IUCN物种红色名录濒危等级和标准》(3.1版)和《IUCN物种红色名录标准在国家或地区的应用指南》(4.0版), 对中国已知的408种两栖动物的濒危状况进行了评估, 并编制了《中国两栖动物红色名录》。评估结果表明: 中国两栖动物有1种灭绝, 1种区域灭绝, 受威胁的两栖动物共计176种, 占评估物种总数的43.1%, 明显高于《IUCN濒危物种红色名录》(2015)的物种受威胁率(30.8%)。中国两栖动物特有种272种, 其中48.9%属于受威胁物种。中国两栖动物受威胁比例最高的目是有尾目(63.4%), 明显高于无尾目(39.0%); 受威胁比例最高的科是隐鳃鲵科(Cryptobranchidae) (仅有1种, 100%受威胁), 小鲵科(Hynobiidae) (86.7%)和叉舌蛙科(Dicroglossidae) (78.1%)。有11个省区的受威胁物种数占本省区两栖动物物种总数的30%及以上, 前3位分别是四川(40.8%)、广西(39.2%)和云南(37%)。中国大多数两栖动物物种分布在西南山地和华南地区, 以海拔2,000 m以下区域为主。栖息地退化或丧失、捕捉、环境污染列受威胁两栖动物致危因子的前3位。鉴于中国两栖动物区系的复杂性和独特性, 进一步加强两栖动物资源调查、种群和生境监测及相关科学研究, 仍是今后一段时期开展两栖动物多样性保护和濒危物种拯救行动的关键性基础工作。
Red List of China’s Vertebrates
DOI:10.17520/biods.2016076 URL [本文引用: 1]
中国脊椎动物红色名录
DOI:10.17520/biods.2016076 [本文引用: 1]
A global analysis of traits predicting species sensitivity to habi tat fragmentation
DOI:10.1111/geb.2017.26.issue-1 URL [本文引用: 2]
Functional traits reveal environmental constraints on amphibian community assembly in a subtropical dry forest
DOI:10.1111/aec.2018.43.issue-6 URL [本文引用: 1]
Functional traits explain amphibian distribution in the Brazilian Atlantic forest
DOI:10.1111/jbi.13727
PMID:32336868
[本文引用: 1]
Species distributions are one of the most important ways to understand how communities interact through macroecological relationships. The functional abilities of a species, such as its plasticity in various environments, can determine its distribution, species richness and beta diversity patterns. In this study, we evaluate how functional traits influence the distribution of amphibians, and hypothesize which functional traits explain the current pattern of amphibian species composition.Atlantic Forest, Brazil.Amphibia (Anura and Gymnophiona).Using potential distributions of Brazilian amphibians from Atlantic Forest based on their functional traits, we analysed the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on species richness, endemism (with permutation multivariate analysis) and beta diversity components (i.e. total, turnover and nestedness dissimilarities).Environmental variables explained 59.5% of species richness, whereas functional traits explained 15.8% of species distribution (geographical species range) for Anuran and 88.8% for Gymnophiona. Body size had the strongest correlation with species distribution. Results showed that species with medium to large body size, and species that are adapted to living in open areas tended to disperse from west to east direction. Current forest changes directly affected beta diversity patterns (i.e. most species adapted to novel environments increase their ranges). Beta diversity partitioning between humid and dry forests showed decreased nestedness and increased turnover by increasing altitude in the south-eastern region of the Atlantic Forest.Our study shows that functional traits directly influence the ability of the species to disperse. With the alterations of the natural environment, species more apt to these alterations have dispersed or increased their distribution, which consequently changes community structure. As a result, there are nested species distribution patterns and homogenization of amphibian species composition throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits
DOI:10.1016/j.tree.2006.02.002 URL [本文引用: 3]
Geographic variation in life-history characteristics of amphibians: A review
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00696.x URL [本文引用: 1]
A functional approach reveals community responses to disturbances
DOI:10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.004 URL [本文引用: 1]
Climate and land-use change severity alter trait-based responses to habitat conversion
DOI:10.1111/geb.v30.3 URL [本文引用: 1]
AmphiBIO, a global database for amphibian ecological traits
A summary of studies on amphibian population ecology in China
中国两栖类种群生态研究概述
Life history and spatial traits predict extinction risk due to climate change
DOI:10.1038/nclimate2113 URL [本文引用: 1]
Threat-dependent traits of endangered frogs
DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.11.027 URL [本文引用: 1]
Fitting models of continuous trait evolution to incompletely sampled comparative data using approximate Bayesian computation
DOI:10.1111/evo.2012.66.issue-3 URL [本文引用: 1]
Testing whether certain traits have caused amplified diversification: An improved method based on a model of random speciation and extinction
DOI:10.1086/285586 URL [本文引用: 1]
Measuring the meltdown: Drivers of global amphibian extinction and decline
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0001636 URL [本文引用: 1]
Let the concept of trait be functional
DOI:10.1111/oik.2007.116.issue-5 URL [本文引用: 1]
The updated checklists of amphibians and reptiles of China
DOI:10.17520/biods.2019238
[本文引用: 1]
We updated the checklists of extant, native amphibians and reptiles of China based on the previously published checklist of reptiles in 2015, the online checklist of amphibians on the database AmphibiaChina, newly published data as of December 2019, and previously uncollected literature prior to 2015. In total, the amphibian fauna of China consists of 515 species in 62 genera, 13 families, and three orders (Anura: 431 species in 47 genera and nine families; Caudata: 82 species in 14 genera and four families; Gymnophiona: one species in one genus and one family), while the reptilian fauna of China consists of 511 species in 135 genera, 35 families, and three orders (Crocodylia: one species in one genus and one family; Testudines: 34 species in 18 genera and six families; Squamata 466 species in 116 genera and 28 families [Serpentes: 256 species in 73 genera, 18 families; Lacertilia: 211 species in 43 genera and 10 families]). Specifically, for amphibians between 2015 and 2019, one family was recorded from China for the first time, two new genera were described, a genus was resurrected, a genus was recorded from China for the first time, 74 new, valid species were either described or resurrected, 18 recognized species were recorded from China for the first time, and six genera and eight species were considered as junior synonyms. For reptiles between 2015 and 2019, five subfamilies were elevated to the full family status, one new subfamily and a new genus were described, three genera were resurrected, three recognized genera were recorded from China for the first time, 35 new species were described, two species were resurrected from synonyms, six subspecies were elevated to the full species status, 10 recognized species were recorded from China for the first time, four genera and four species were considered as junior synonyms, and distribution records of one genus and four recognized species were removed from China. Furthermore, by reviewing literature before 2015, we make additional changes on the previous reptile checklist, including adding new records of three genera, elevating three subspecies to full species status, adding new records of three recognized species, synonymizing three genera and two species as junior synonyms, and removing the distribution record of a single recognized species from China. Lastly, we revise the Chinese common names of some reptilian groups with recomandations to maintain the stability of the Chinese common names. The number of new species and new national records for amphibians and reptiles between 2015 and 2019 in China accounts for 17.1% and 10.2% of the total number of species in each group, respectively. Because new species are described at considerable speed and given the constant changes in the taxonomy of China’s herpetofuna, it is crucial to update the checklists regularly and discuss the existing taxonomic problems, so that such information reflects the most current state of knowledge and are available for taxonomic researchers and conservation biologists alike.
中国两栖、爬行动物更新名录
DOI:10.17520/biods.2019238
[本文引用: 1]
本文在2015年发表的爬行动物名录及同年《中国两栖类信息系统》发布的两栖动物名录的基础上, 通过整理新发表的分类学研究及先前名录遗漏的部分早期文献, 更新了截至2019年底中国现生本土两栖、爬行动物物种名录。2015-2019年间, 中国两栖动物新记录1科, 新描述2属, 恢复1属有效性, 新记录1属, 新描述或恢复有效种74种, 新增国家纪录18种; 另6属、8种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持(在此视为次定同物异名而未做收录, 后同)。同期, 中国爬行动物新恢复5科, 新描述1亚科, 新描述1属, 恢复3属有效性, 新记录3属, 新描述、恢复或提升有效种43个, 新增国家纪录10种; 另有5属、4种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持, 并移除1属、4种在我国的分布纪录。此外, 通过整理2015年前文献, 爬行动物增补3属, 提升3亚种至种级地位, 增补国家新纪录3种, 另有3属、2种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持, 同时移除1种在我国的分布纪录。综上, 截至2019年底, 我国共记录现生本土两栖动物3目13科62属515种(蚓螈目1科1属1种, 有尾目3科14属82种, 无尾目9科47属431种), 爬行动物3目35科135属511种(鳄形目1科1属1种, 龟鳖目6科18属34种, 有鳞目蛇亚目18科73属265种、蜥蜴亚目10科43属211种)。此外, 本文还对先前名录中部分爬行动物的中文名提出了修改建议, 建议恢复部分物种的惯用中文名。2015-2019年, 新物种及新纪录已知物种数量占现两栖、爬行动物物种总数的17.1%和10.2%。近年来, 我国发表的两栖、爬行动物新物种和已知物种的新纪录数量持续增加, 分类体系也在研究中不断完善, 建议今后及时地进行阶段性总结, 同时对存在的问题提出讨论, 以推动中国两栖、爬行动物分类学研究工作的进一步开展。
A dataset on the life-history and ecological traits of Chinese birds
DOI:10.17520/biods.2021201 URL [本文引用: 1]
中国鸟类的生活史和生态学特征数据集
DOI:10.17520/biods.2021201
[本文引用: 1]
中国现有1,445种鸟类, 是世界上鸟类物种数最多的国家之一。物种特征反应了生物有机体的功能和适合度, 在生态学、进化生物学和保护生物学研究中具有重要作用。但是, 目前还没有关于我国鸟类生活史、生态学和地理分布等物种特征的完整数据库。通过系统查阅文献和各种数据资料, 本文共收集整理出了中国1,445种鸟类17个功能特征数据: 体重、体长、嘴峰长、翅长、尾长、跗蹠长、食性、窝卵数、卵大小、卵体积、巢址、巢的类型、集群状况、迁徙状况、是否特有种、地理分布范围和分布省份等。在这些特征中, 除迁徙状况、是否特有种、地理分布范围和分布省份外, 其余特征数据均存在不同程度的缺失, 数据的完整度为60.83%-100%。本数据库是目前关于中国鸟类最新和最全的物种特征数据库, 期望能为我国鸟类生态学、进化生物学、生物地理学、保护生物学等研究提供支持。 数据库(集)基本信息简介 数据库(集)名称 中国鸟类的生活史和生态学特征数据集 作者 王彦平, 宋云枫, 钟雨茜, 陈传武, 赵郁豪, 曾頔, 吴亦如, 丁平 通讯作者 王彦平(wangyanping@njnu.edu.cn) 时间范围 截止到2021年5月 地理区域 地理区域为全中国, 包括香港、台湾和澳门等地区 文件大小 1.0 MB 数据格式 *.xlsx 数据链接 http://dataopen.info/home/datafile/index/id/222 http://doi.org/10.24899/do.202109003 https://www.biodiversity-science.net/fileup/1005-0094/DATA/2021201.zip 数据库(集)组成 数据集共包括1个数据文件, 包括中国1,445种鸟类的17个物种特征
Unifying functional trait approaches to understand the assemblage of ecological communities: Synthesizing taxonomic divides
DOI:10.1111/ecog.2019.v42.i12 URL [本文引用: 2]
Functional biogeography of oceanic islands and the scaling of functional diversity in the Azores
