生物多样性编目是总结和评估一个地区物种多样性和丰富度最简单和最有效的方法之一, 也是制定物种保护对策的重要依据。两栖、爬行动物不仅是生物多样性的重要组成部分, 而且还是近年来脊椎动物分类体系变动较大的类群, 因而受到广泛关注。自从我国学者基于长期调查研究出版了一系列全国性的两栖、爬行动物学专著(张孟闻等, 1998; 赵尔宓等, 1998, 1999; 费梁等, 2006, 2009a, b, 2010, 2012; 赵尔宓, 2006)后, 围绕两栖、爬行动物物种编目及其分类体系的研究就从未停滞(蔡波等, 2015; 江建平等, 2020; 王剀等, 2020)。目前, 四川、安徽、甘肃、贵州和浙江等省先后报道了有关两栖、爬行动物物种多样性的研究进展(蔡波等, 2018; 李永民和吴孝兵, 2019; 张勇等, 2020; 李仕泽等, 2020; 章旭日等, 2020a, b)。近年来国际上有关两栖、爬行动物的分类体系也发生了较大的变化, 并不断有新的分类阶元报道(Biju et al, 2020)。
20世纪中后期以来, 以沈猷慧先生等为代表的学者们, 对湖南省两栖、爬行动物资源开展了深入的调查和研究工作。《湖南动物志: 两栖纲》和《湖南动物志: 爬行纲》在2014年正式出版(沈猷慧等, 2014a, b), 共记载两栖动物2目9科28属68种、爬行动物2目14科52属95种。近些年来, 因分子生物学技术的发展带动了动物系统学的突飞猛进, 一些两栖、爬行动物物种的分类地位被重新调整(蔡波等, 2015; 江建平等, 2020; 王剀等, 2020), 且在湖南省境内陆续有两栖、爬行动物新种(Ren et al, 2017; Lyu et al, 2020a, b; Qian et al, 2020; Zhang et al, 2021)和省新记录种的报道(侯银梦等, 2017; 白林壮等, 2018; 张梦斐等, 2018); 加之2021年2月1日国家林业和草原局、农业农村部公告发布了新的《国家重点保护野生动物名录》, 一些物种的保护等级发生了变更, 故对湖南省两栖、爬行动物名录进行更新和完善就显得尤为重要。为此, 我们结合团队长期以来的野外调查数据, 同时系统查阅2014年以来湖南省两栖、爬行动物的研究文献, 对湖南省两栖、爬行动物物种与分布名录重新进行了系统的整理。
1 研究方法
1.1 数据收集方法
1.2 物种名录修订原则
以《湖南动物志: 两栖纲》和《湖南动物志: 爬行纲》(沈猷慧等, 2014a, b)为基础对湖南省两栖、爬行动物名录进行系统的修订。分类体系和物种名主要参照王剀等(2020), 并参考中国两栖类(
1.3 湖南省动物地理区系划分
图1
图1
湖南省两栖、爬行动物地理区划示意图(改编自沈猷慧等, 2014a)。I: 湘西北山地区; II: 湘西山地区; III: 湘南山地丘陵区; IV: 湘东山地丘陵区; V: 湘中丘陵区; VI: 湘北洞庭湖平原区。
Fig. 1
Map of the geographic division of amphibians and reptiles in Hunan Province (adapted from Shen et al, 2014a). I, Mountain area in northwestern Hunan Province; II, Mountain area in western Hunan Province; III, Mountainous and hilly areas in southern Hunan Province; IV, Mountainous and hilly areas in eastern Hunan Province; V, Hilly area in central Hunan Province; VI, Dongting Lake plain in northern Hunan Province.
2 结果
2.1 物种名录修订
2.1.1 两栖、爬行动物分类变更
暂将绿蝮属(Viridovipera)、华蝮属(Sinovipera)等视为竹叶青蛇属(Trimeresurus)的亚属。Malhotra和Thorpe (2004)依据分子系统学结果以及半阴茎的形态特征差异, 将狭义竹叶青蛇属进一步拆分为7属, 这一分类变更被后续的研究所采纳(蔡波等, 2015; 王剀等, 2020), 但David等(2011)认为这样的划分不利于讨论竹叶青蛇属与蝰科(Viperidae)其他类群(如烙铁头蛇属Ovophis)的单系性, 并主张将这7个属及之后发表的华蝮属(Guo & Wang, 2011)均作为竹叶青蛇属的亚属。鉴于将竹叶青蛇属分割为若干属的观点还有待商榷, 本研究暂将绿蝮属、华蝮属等作为竹叶青蛇属的亚属, 但所涉及物种的中文名遵循王剀等(2020)提出的建议, 即最大程度上保持稳定, 不跟随高阶元分类变动而发生频繁改变。
2.1.2 增补记录
2.1.2.1 新种和省新记录种
自2014年以来, 在湖南省发现或分布地涉及湖南省的两栖动物新种有17个、省新记录种有3个; 爬行动物新种(含亚种)有4个、省新记录种有2个(表1)。从类群上看, 新发现的物种主要集中在角蟾科(Megophryidae); 从地理分布上看, 这些新种和省新记录种主要分布于湘南、湘西北等地区。
表1 2014年以来在湖南省发现或分布地涉及湖南省的两栖、爬行动物新种(含亚种)和省新记录种名录
Table 1
| 类别 Category | 种名 Species | 采集地 Locality | 参考文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 两栖纲 Amphibia | |||
| 新种 New species | 吴氏肥螈 Pachytriton wuguanfui | 道县 Daoxian County | Yuan et al, 2016 |
| 珀普短腿蟾 Megophrys popei | 炎陵县 Yanling County | Zhao et al, 2014 | |
| 陈氏角蟾 Megophrys cheni | 炎陵县 Yanling County | Wang et al, 2014 | |
| 林氏角蟾 Megophrys lini | 炎陵县 Yanling County | Wang et al, 2014 | |
| 舜皇角蟾 Megophrys shunhuangensis | 新宁县 Xinning County | Wang L et al, 2019 | |
| 幕阜山角蟾 Megophrys mufumontana | 平江县 Pingjiang County | Wang J et al, 2019a | |
| 南岭角蟾 Megophrys nanlingensis | 宜章县 Yizhang County | Wang J et al, 2019a | |
| 湘南角蟾 Megophrys xiangnanensis | 双牌县 Shuangpai County | Lyu et al, 2020b | |
| 阳明山角蟾 Megophrys yangmingensis | 双牌县 Shuangpai County | Lyu et al, 2020b | |
| 莽山掌突蟾 Leptobrachella mangshanensis | 宜章县 Yizhang County | Hou et al, 2018 | |
| 武陵掌突蟾 Leptobrachella wulingensis | 武陵源区、永定区 Wulingyuan District, Yongding District | Qian et al, 2020 | |
| 九岭山林蛙 Rana jiulingensis | 浏阳市、平江县 Liuyang City, Pingjiang County | Wan et al, 2020 | |
| 中华湍蛙 Amolops sinensis | 南岳区、双牌县 Nanyue District, Shuangpai County | Lyu et al, 2019 | |
| 湘琴蛙 Nidirana xiangica | 浏阳市、双牌县 Liuyang City, Shuangpai County | Lyu et al, 2020a | |
| 粤琴蛙 Nidrana guangdongensis | 桂东县 Guidong County | Lyu et al, 2020a | |
| 桑植臭蛙 Odorrana sangzhiensis | 桑植县 Sangzhi County | Zhang et al, 2021 | |
| 广东纤树蛙 Gracixalus guangdongensis | 宜章县 Yizhang County | Wang et al, 2018 | |
| 新记录种 New record species | 龙胜臭蛙 Odorrana lungshengensis | 绥宁县 Suining County | Liu et al, 2018 |
| 红吸盘棱皮树蛙 Theloderma rhododiscus | 宜章县 Yizhang County | Hou et al, 2017 | |
| 侏树蛙 Zhangixalus minimus | 宜章县 Yizhang County | Zhang et al, 2018 | |
| 爬行纲 Reptilia | |||
| 新种或新亚种 New species or subspecies | 都庞岭半叶趾虎 Hemiphyllodactylus dupanglingensis | 道县 Daoxian County | Zhang et al, 2020 |
| 广西棱蜥洪江亚种 Tropidophorus guangxiensis hongjiangensis | 洪江市 Hongjiang City | Guo et al, 2021 | |
| 桑植腹链蛇 Hebius sangzhiensis | 桑植县 Sangzhi County | Zhou et al, 2019 | |
| 赵氏后棱蛇 Opisthotropis zhaoermii | 古丈县 Guzhang County | Ren et al, 2017 | |
| 新记录种 New record species | 四川华蝮 Trimeresurus sichuanensis | 石门县 Shimen County | Unpublished data |
| 刘氏白环蛇 Lycodon liuchengchaoi | 石门县 Shimen County | Bai et al, 2018 | |
2.1.2.2 补充记录
查阅相关文献和专著, 补充了3种未被《湖南动物志: 两栖纲》收录的物种, 即黄斑肥螈(Pachytriton xanthospilos) (Wu et al, 2012)、井冈山角蟾(Megophrys jinggangensis) (Wang et al, 2012)、徂徕林蛙(Rana culaiensis) (Yan et al, 2011)。补充了6种未被《湖南动物志: 爬行纲》收录的物种, 即宁波滑蜥(Scincella modesta)、南草蜥(Takydromussexlineatus) (赵尔宓等, 1999)、崇安草蜥(T. sylvaticus) (Cai et al, 2022)、井冈山脊蛇(Achalinus jinggangensis) (王英勇等, 2017)、莽山后棱蛇(Opisthotropis cheni) (赵尔宓, 1999)、福清白环蛇(Lycodon futsingensis) (罗键等, 2011)。
另外, 通过检视野外调查所采集到的标本, 结合分子鉴定手段, 补充布氏泛树蛙(Polypedates braueri)在湖南省的分布记录(物种序列信息及标本见附录2)。
2.1.3 移除记录
潘丹等(2018)在报道湖南张家界市发现白线树蛙(Zhangixalus leucofasciatus)时, 未结合分子手段进行鉴定。通过重新检视其采集到的白线树蛙凭证标本, 并将同地区采集的其他具有“白线”特征的树蛙标本测序, 结果表明这些标本均为大树蛙(Z. dennysi)的亚成体(未发表数据)。
综上所述, 本文移除福建掌突蟾、棘指角蟾、泽陆蛙、白线树蛙、双全白环蛇这5个物种在湖南省的分布记录。
2.1.4 存疑种
近年来的研究从很多广布种中分出若干新种, 这使得一些两栖、爬行动物在湖南省的分布范围有待进一步的调查和研究。而对于原分布记录可疑的物种, 本文也进行了充分讨论。
(3)挂墩角蟾(Megophrys kuatunensis)曾被认为分布于我国浙江、湖南、福建、广西等省、区, 以及国外的越南(费梁等, 2009a, 2010, 2012)。Tapley等(2017)重新检视了该种的模式标本, 并指出越南分布的“挂墩角蟾”应是新种M. rubrimera, 因此挂墩角蟾的分布范围仅限于我国, 是中国特有种, 并且其文中描述挂墩角蟾模式标本(AMNH 30126)的指长顺序为3、2、1、4, 眼径为鼓膜径的3倍以上, 这些特征均与沈猷慧等(2014a)的描述有出入。目前只有江西和福建的标本得到了分子数据的验证, 其余如湖南、浙江、广西等地的挂墩角蟾标本应采用分子数据重新验证。
(5)华南湍蛙(Amolops ricketti)最初由采自福建武夷山的两个标本所描述, 随后该物种在中国南方各省、区被广泛记录。Lyu等(2019)报道了采集自广东中部、广西东北部以及湖南西南部的中华湍蛙(A. sinensis)和广东西部的逸仙湍蛙(A. yatseni), 同时表明目前所记录的华南湍蛙可能为物种复合体(A. ricketti sensu lato), 而华南湍蛙这一物种具体的分布范围有待进一步的调查和研究。
(11)梁启燊等(1981)对湖南酃县(今炎陵县)的爬行类进行了调查, 文中记载了白唇竹叶青蛇(Trimeresurus albolabris)为湖南省新记录种, 但自该文发表以来, 湖南省境内未再有发现该物种的相关报道, 也未采集到新的标本可供检视。鉴于此, 本文暂将白唇竹叶青蛇列为湖南省分布存疑种。
(12)梁启燊等(1982)报道了湖南省新记录蛇14种(或亚种), 其中包括横纹翠青蛇(Cyclophiops multicinctus)、侧条后棱蛇(Opisthotropis lateralis)、黑纹颈槽蛇(Rhabdophis nigrocinctus)、尖喙蛇(Gonyosoma boulengeri)、绿瘦蛇(Ahaetulla prasina), 这些物种的区系成分都与湖南省相符, 且赵尔宓(2006)、黄松(2021)中记载横纹翠青蛇、侧条后棱蛇、绿瘦蛇在湖南省有分布, 尖喙蛇在邻近的广东、广西等地有分布, 仅黑纹颈槽蛇目前在国内的分布范围与湖南相隔甚远。但鉴于该文献发表时间较早, 多年以来湖南省也未再有采集到这些物种的标本或野外观察到实体的相关报道, 因此本文暂将横纹翠青蛇、侧条后棱蛇、尖喙蛇、绿瘦蛇列入名录并标记为存疑种, 而黑纹颈槽蛇暂不予收录。
(13)广西后棱蛇(Opisthotropis guangxiensis)在湖南省的分布记录最早由陈远辉(1998)报道, 分布地点为湖南莽山国家级自然保护区, 而后赵尔宓(1999)在莽山又报道了新种——莽山后棱蛇, 其他记载广西后棱蛇在莽山有分布的文献报道①(①莫吉炜 (2009) 湖南莽山国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物公路死亡研究及生物通道设计. 硕士学位论文, 中南林业科技大学, 长沙.)②( ② 傅祺 (2012) 林区公路两栖爬行动物通道的设计研究——以湖南莽山国家级自然保护区为例. 硕士学位论文, 中南林业科技大学, 长沙.), 也主要参考的是前人的调查结果, 且作者近年来在莽山开展两栖、爬行动物资源调查时也未观察或采集到这一物种, 因此在没有标本可供检视的情况下, 广西后棱蛇在湖南省的分布记录应当存疑。
针对上述16种在湖南分布尚且存疑的物种, 本文暂将其列入名录, 但作特殊标记。未来应加大资源调查力度, 收集更多的形态及分子数据进行比较, 以确定这些物种具体的分布范围。
2.2 物种多样性
综合上述对湖南省两栖、爬行动物分类体系和物种分布记录的讨论, 截至2021年10月31日, 湖南省已确切记录(未包括存疑种)两栖动物2目10科30属86种(含亚种), 爬行动物2目22科55属105种(含亚种)(附录3)。其中, 两栖动物包括有尾目3科7属13种(15.1%); 无尾目7科23属73种(84.9%), 以蛙科(Ranidae) 23种为最多, 占无尾目物种总数的31.5%。爬行动物包括龟鳖目3科5属8种(7.6%); 有鳞目蜥蜴亚目6科12属21种(20.0%); 有鳞目蛇亚目13科38属76种(72.4%), 以游蛇科(Colubridae) 25种为最多, 占蛇亚目物种总数的32.9%。
2.3 物种区系分析及其地理分布
湖南省地处长江中下游, 在中国动物地理区划中属于东洋界华中区。在191种两栖、爬行动物中, 东洋界种类有155种, 占物种总数的81.2%; 广布种36种, 占18.8%, 无古北界种(表2)。在86种两栖动物中, 东洋界种类有76种, 占物种总数的88.4%; 广布种10种, 占11.6%。在105种爬行动物中, 东洋界种类有79种, 占物种总数的75.2%; 广布种26种, 占24.8%。
表2 湖南省不同动物地理区两栖、爬行动物区系组成
Table 2
| 动物地理区 Zoogeographic region | 东洋界种数 No. of Oriental species (%) | 广布种数 No. of widely- distributed species (%) | 合计 Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 华中区 Central China | 华南区 South China | 西南区 Southwest China | 华中-华南区 Central & South China | 华中-西南区 Central & Southwest China | 华南-西南区 South & Southwest China | 华中-华南- 西南区 Central & South & Southwest China | |||
| 湘西北山地区 Mountain area in northwestern Hunan Province | 22(20.4) | 1(0.9) | 2(1.9) | 22(20.4) | 8(7.4) | 0(0.0) | 21(19.4) | 32(29.6) | 108 |
| 湘西山地区 Mountain area in western Hunan Province | 10(11.5) | 1(1.1) | 2(2.3) | 27(31.0) | 2(2.3) | 1(1.1) | 15(17.2) | 29(33.3) | 87 |
| 湘南山地丘陵区 Mountainous and hilly areas in southern Hunan Province | 24(17.4) | 3(2.2) | 0(0.0) | 53(38.4) | 3(2.2) | 0(0.0) | 22(15.9) | 32(23.9) | 138 |
| 湘东山地丘陵区 Mountainous and hilly areas in eastern Hunan Province | 8(13.6) | 1(1.7) | 0(0.0) | 15(25.4) | 1(1.7) | 0(0.0) | 10(16.9) | 24(40.7) | 59 |
| 湘中丘陵区 Hilly area in central Hunan Province | 5(6.0) | 1(1.2) | 0(0.0) | 27(32.1) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 21(25.0) | 30(35.7) | 84 |
| 湘北洞庭湖平原区 Dongting Lake plain in northern Hunan Province | 3(7.5) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 9(22.5) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 6(15.0) | 22(55.0) | 40 |
| 合计 Total | 51(26.7) | 3(1.6) | 2(1.0) | 62(32.5) | 8(4.2) | 1(0.5) | 28(14.7) | 36(18.8) | 191 |
2.3.1 湘西北山地区(I)
本区已知两栖动物46种, 爬行动物62种, 从区系成分上看, 广布种占一定优势, 但华中区、华中-华南区、华中-华南-西南区的物种亦占较大比例。相较于其他动物地理区, 本区还包含较多的西南区成分, 这与本区属于西部山地高原亚区的地理位置相一致。本区特有种较多, 有黄斑拟小鲵(Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus)、宽脊疣螈(Tylototriton broadoridgus)、利川齿蟾(Oreolalax lichuanensis)等19种, 其中桑植臭蛙(Odorrana sangzhiensis)、桑植腹链蛇(Hebius sangzhiensis)是国内已知仅分布于本区的物种。
2.3.2 湘西山地区(II)
本区已知两栖动物36种, 爬行动物51种, 从区系成分上看, 本区广布种的种类较其他区系成分的种类更多, 同时与湘西北山地区相类似, 即在东洋界种类中也表现出一定西南区成分的特点。本区特有种较少, 但与周边地理区的共有种较多, 如与湘西北山地区共有红点齿蟾(Oreolalax rhodostigmatus)、棘疣角蟾(Megophrys tuberogranulatus)、经甫树蛙(Zhangixalus chenfui)、丽纹腹链蛇(Hebius optatum), 与湘南山地丘陵区共有瑶山肥螈(Pachytriton inexpectatus)、中国雨蛙(Hyla chinensis)、棘侧蛙(Quasipaa shini)、平胸龟(Platysternon megacephalum)等。
2.3.3 湘南山地丘陵区(III)
本区已知两栖动物58种, 爬行动物80种, 是湖南省两栖、爬行动物物种多样性最丰富的地区。从区系成分上看, 华中-华南区物种种类最多, 而广布种种类的占比为6个动物地理区中最低, 这说明由北往南, 古北界物种向东洋界的渗透力逐渐减弱。本区特有种最多, 共有36种, 其中属于国家重点保护野生动物的种类也较多, 有莽山原矛头蝮(Protobothrops mangshanensis)、莽山疣螈(Tylototri-ton lizhenchangi)、尾斑瘰螈(Paramesotriton caudopunctatus)、富钟瘰螈(P. fuzhongensis)、眼镜王蛇(Ophiophagus hannah)。
2.3.4 湘东山地丘陵区(IV)
本区已知两栖动物25种, 爬行动物34种, 记录到的区系成分种类较少, 从区系成分上看, 广布种占较大优势, 其次为华中-华南区成分, 而华中区成分、华中-华南-西南区成分占比均较少。本区特有种少, 仅有浏阳疣螈(Tylototriton liuyangensis)、九岭山林蛙(Rana jiulingensis)、幕阜山角蟾(Megophrys mufumontana)、台北纤蛙(Hylarana taipehensis)。其中浏阳疣螈和幕阜山角蟾的分布范围都比较狭窄, 前者只见于浏阳市大围山, 后者目前也仅在模式产地平江县幕阜山被采集到。
2.3.5 湘中丘陵区(V)
本区已知两栖动物24种, 爬行动物60种, 从区系成分上看, 广布种与华中-华南区种的种数比较接近, 且华中-华南-西南区种的占比较其他地理区更大, 这表明各区物种都在此交汇, 互相渗透。本区特有种较少, 有挂榜山小鲵(Hynobius guabangshanensis)、钩盲蛇(Indotyphlops braminus)、白眉腹链蛇(Hebius boulengeri), 但与湘西山地区一样, 本区与周边地理区的共有种较多, 如与湘西山地区共有黄喉拟水龟(Mauremys mutica)、台湾钝头蛇(Pareas formosensis), 与湘南山地丘陵区共有黑眶蟾蜍(Duttaphrynus melanostictus)、小鳖(Pelodiscus parviformis)、棕黑腹链蛇(Hebius sauteri)等。
2.3.6 湘北洞庭湖平原区(VI)
本区已知两栖动物12种, 爬行动物28种, 从区系成分上看, 本区广布种的种类最多, 占绝对优势, 东洋界种类较少。从物种组成上看, 分布于此区的多为广布种中的常见物种, 如黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylax nigromaculatus)、中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)、沼水蛙(Hylarana guentheri)、中国石龙子(Plestiodon chinensis)、短尾蝮(Gloydius brevicaudus)等。本区无特有种, 两栖、爬行动物的栖息环境比较单一。
2.4 濒危等级和保护等级分析
参考《国家重点保护野生动物名录》(2021)、CITES附录(2019)、《国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆生野生动物名录》(2000), 以及《湖南省地方重点保护野生动物名录》(2002), 在86种两栖动物中, 分别有1种和10种被列为国家I级和II级重点保护野生动物; 有1种和5种被列入CITES附录I和附录II (表3); 有40种属于“国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆生野生动物”; 有38种为湖南省地方重点保护野生动物。而在105种爬行动物中, 分别有1种和9种被列为国家I级和II级重点保护野生动物; 有1种和9种被列入CITES附录I和附录II (表3); 有87种属于“国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆生野生动物”; 有68种为湖南省地方重点保护野生动物。
表3 湖南省两栖、爬行动物中列入《国家重点保护野生动物名录》或CITES附录I、II的物种
Table 3
| 种名 Species | 国家重点保护野生动物名录 List of National Key Protected Wild Animals | CITES附录 CITES Appendix | 濒危等级Endangerment categories |
|---|---|---|---|
| 两栖纲 Amphibia | |||
| 挂榜山小鲵 Hynobius guabangshanensis | I | CR | |
| 黄斑拟小鲵 Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus | II | VU | |
| 大鲵 Andrias davidianus | II | I | CR |
| 宽脊疣螈 Tylototriton broadoridgus | II | II | NT |
| 莽山疣螈 Tylototriton lizhenchangi | II | II | VU |
| 浏阳疣螈 Tylototriton liuyangensis | II | II | DD |
| 尾斑瘰螈 Paramesotriton caudopunctatus | II | II | VU |
| 富钟瘰螈 Paramesotriton fuzhongensis | II | II | VU |
| 峨眉髭蟾 Leptobrachium boringii | II | EN | |
| 雷山髭蟾 Leptobrachium leishanense | II | VU | |
| 虎纹蛙 Hoplobatrachus chinensis | II | EN | |
| 爬行纲 Reptilia | |||
| 砂鳖 Pelodiscus axenaria | II | EN | |
| 小鳖 Pelodiscus parviformis | II | EN | |
| 平胸龟 Platysternon megacephalum | II | I | CR |
| 黄缘闭壳龟 Cuora flavomarginata | II | II | CR |
| 黄喉拟水龟 Mauremys mutica | II | II | EN |
| 乌龟 Mauremys reevesii | II | EN | |
| 眼斑水龟 Sacalia bealei | II | II | EN |
| 脆蛇蜥 Dopasia harti | II | EN | |
| 细脆蛇蜥 Dopasia gracilis | II | EN | |
| 井冈山脊蛇 Achalinus jinggangensis | II | CR | |
| 莽山原矛头蝮 Protobothrops mangshanensis | I | II | CR |
| 舟山眼镜蛇 Naja atra | II | VU | |
| 眼镜王蛇 Ophiophagus hannah | II | II | EN |
| 滑鼠蛇 Ptyas mucosa | II | EN | |
CR: 极危; EN: 濒危; VU: 易危; NT: 近危; DD: 数据缺乏。
CR, Critically Endangered; EN, Endangered; VU, Vulnerable; NT, Near Threatened; DD, Data Deficient.
3 讨论和建议
3.1 湖南省两栖、爬行动物地理区系特征
湖南省在中国动物地理区划中属于东洋界华中区, 这一区系特征使得东洋界种类占绝对优势, 但同时也具有相当数量的广布种, 且广布种的比例由北向南逐渐降低, 无古北界物种(表2)。整个湖南省两栖、爬行动物区系组成表现出以东洋界的华中-华南区共有种为主, 华中区种类次之的区系特征, 并且还有一定数量的广布种和华中-华南-西南区共有种, 这是因为湖南省恰好处于华中区东部丘陵平原亚区和西部山地高原亚区的过渡地带, 且在湖南南部地区华中区和华南区之间没有明显的地理屏障, 使得各区的物种得以在此交汇, 区系成分混杂。
3.2 湖南省两栖、爬行动物物种多样性特点
不同动物地理区物种多样性存在差异的原因主要与地形地貌和生境类型有关, 但同时也与该地区的受关注程度有重要关系。从两栖、爬行动物物种多样性来看, 湘南山地丘陵区物种数最多(138种), 湘西北山地区次之(108种), 湘北洞庭湖平原区最少(40种) (表2)。这是由于湘南山地丘陵区地处南岭山地, 气温偏高, 森林类型具有湖南省少有的雨林特征, 覆盖率高, 多样化的植被类型和湿热的气候为两栖、爬行动物提供了优越的栖息条件。而湘西北山地区被武陵山脉斜贯, 阻挡了西北寒流侵袭, 冬夏季气温变化相对较小, 加之该区域海拔落差大, 坡陡、谷深, 在垂直地带上具多层次的植被类型。因而这两个地区两栖、爬行动物物种多样性丰富, 特有种也更多。但值得一提的是, 由于这两个地区所属的南岭、武陵山均为中国生物多样性保护优先区域, 因此受到的关注程度较其他动物地理区更高, 从沈猷慧等(2014a)所记载的针对湖南省不同地区两栖动物的系统调查来看, 在湘西北山地区和湘南山地丘陵区开展调查的次数明显较多。而其他4个动物地理区中, 除湘西山地区的海拔相对较高外, 湘东山地丘陵区、湘中丘陵区和湘北洞庭湖平原区的大部分地区海拔均较低, 地势也较缓, 并且这些地区人口密集, 农业生产发达, 人为活动对自然环境的影响十分深刻, 也一定程度上制约了两栖、爬行动物的生存和繁衍。而从近几年在湖南省发表的新种和新记录种来看, 湘西、湘东等地区仍有许多未知的物种等待着科学工作者去探寻, 诸如弹琴蛙、华南湍蛙等原记录广泛分布于湖南的物种, 也需要采集更多地点的标本来进行分子系统地理学的研究, 以了解这些物种准确的地理分布。
3.3 保护建议
湖南省现已记录两栖、爬行动物191种, 其中中国特有种分别有62种和30种, 湖南省特有种分别有10种和4种, 物种总数与2014年出版的《湖南动物志: 两栖纲》和《湖南动物志: 爬行纲》中所记载的163种相比, 移除了3种, 新增了37种, 列为存疑6种, 且近几年在湖南仍不断有两栖、爬行动物新种和新记录种的报道, 这充分说明了湖南省两栖、爬行动物资源的丰富程度。而在湖南省分布的191种两栖、爬行动物中, 有50种为受威胁物种, 受威胁率达到26.2%, 且有许多濒危(EN)、易危(VU)的物种仍未被列入国家或地方重点保护物种名录, 如桑植角蟾、瑶山肥螈等。为此, 针对湖南省目前两栖、爬行动物的研究与保护现状, 提出以下建议:
(1)参考最新发布的《国家重点保护野生动物名录》, 以及《中国生物多样性红色名录》中对每一物种最新评估的濒危等级, 重新梳理制定《湖南省地方重点保护野生动物名录》, 将暂未受到有效保护的受威胁物种及时列入新的名录, 并开展有计划的保护行动。而其中的濒危(EN)物种如尾突角蟾(Megophrys caudoprocta)、砂鳖(Pelodiscus axenaria)、王锦蛇(Elaphe carinata)、尖吻蝮(Deinagkistrodon acutus)等或分布区狭窄、野外种群数量稀少, 或长期受到人为过度利用, 若得不到科学保护, 它们的种群规模可能将持续下降, 因此建议在未来的名录修订时, 应考虑将这些物种列为国家II级重点保护野生动物, 并针对其栖息地质量和种群数量开展全面的评估, 从而制定行之有效的保护措施。此外, 诸如瑶山肥螈、棘疣角蟾等易危(VU)物种, 因栖息地质量下降, 也应当考虑提升其保护等级或加大保护力度。
(2)加强对资源可持续利用的管理。在近几年实地与走访调查的过程中发现, 在一些偏远山区, 捕捉和食用两栖、爬行动物的现象仍然存在, 尽管自2020年起国家就出台了《关于全面禁止非法野生动物交易、革除滥食野生动物陋习、切实保障人民群众生命健康安全的决定》, 但因许多两栖、爬行动物仍未被列入国家或地方性的保护名录, 导致违法成本低, 处罚力度小, 使得这些地区的两栖、爬行动物持续受到人为过度利用的威胁。建议加大执法力度, 严厉打击非法捕捉、交易、运输、食用野生动物的现象, 同时对野生动物经营实行标识制度, 严格管理野生动物驯养、繁殖、贸易等各个环节, 让正确的商业化养殖在未来可以满足人们对这些动物的食用需求。
(3)注重对两栖、爬行动物栖息地的科学保护。《中国生物多样性红色名录•脊椎动物(第三卷): 爬行动物》(王跃招等, 2021)和《中国生物多样性红色名录•脊椎动物(第四卷): 两栖动物》(江建平等, 2021)中对全国两栖、爬行动物受威胁因素进行了分析, 结果表明人类干扰是致危因子之首, 而人类干扰所带来的栖息地质量退化及生境破碎化是导致两栖、爬行动物濒危的主要原因。城市化、土地利用方式改变以及道路、水电工程建设等使一些珍稀濒危物种如莽山原矛头蝮、桑植角蟾的种群持续受到干扰(陈远辉等, 2012; 未发表数据)。因此建议保护部门积极加大对受威胁物种原始生态环境的保护, 减少或避免在相关保护区开展重大的工程建设, 对一些极危、濒危但又没有保护区覆盖的物种, 应及时就地建立保护小区或开展迁地保护。
(4)加强分子生物学等更多新技术在物种鉴别上的运用。在坚持野外生态学调查的同时, 将形态学鉴定与分子生物学、鸣声特征比较等方法结合起来, 主动寻找湖南省两栖、爬行动物中可能存在的隐存种和新物种。同时积极宣传和普及两栖、爬行动物的有关知识, 发动民众随时用手机拍摄这些动物, 上传至公众平台, 让科学家及时获得最新的两栖、爬行动物分布信息, 发挥公民科学在物种多样性保护与研究方面的重要作用。
附录 Supplementary Material
附录1 湖南省两栖、爬行动物属级和种级分类变动
Appendix 1 Taxonomic changes for genera and species of amphibians and reptiles in Hunan Province
附录2 布氏泛树蛙的基因序列信息
Appendix 2 Information for gene sequences of Polypedates braueri
附录3 湖南省两栖、爬行动物分类与分布名录
Appendix 3 A classification and distribution checklist of amphibians and reptiles in Hunan Province
致谢
感谢中国科学院成都生物研究所蔡波博士,以及匿名审稿人和责任编委对本文修改提出的宝贵意见。感谢中南林业科技大学博士研究生邓泽帅,硕士研究生曹越、李媛、刘均林、唐佳敏等在文章撰写过程中提供的帮助。感谢湖南省林业局对本研究给予的大力支持。此外,中南林业科技大学野生动植物保护研究所历届研究生和湖南省相关单位人员参与、协助了两栖、爬行动物资源调查;中国生物多样性监测与研究网络两爬专网China Biodiversity Observation and Research Network (Sino BON or Sino BON-Amphibian & Reptile)对本研究给予了支持,在此谨致衷心感谢。
参考文献
Lycodon liuchengchaoi found in Hupingshan, Hunan, China
湖南壶瓶山发现刘氏链蛇
New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)
DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4878.1 URL [本文引用: 1]
An annotated list of lizards (Sauria: Squamata) recorded from the People’s Republic of China
The distributional list of amphibians and reptiles in Sichuan Province, China
四川省两栖爬行动物分布名录
A revised taxonomy for Chinese reptiles
DOI:10.17520/biods.2015037
[本文引用: 4]
Based on taxonomic and phylogenetic studies, we presented a comprehensive reassessment of the classification systems, updated corresponding Chinese scientific names and concluded the Checklist of Chinese Reptilia. Our analysis suggested that in China there are a total of 3 orders, 30 families, 132 genera, and 462 reptile species. The order Crocodylia includes one family, one genus, and one species. The order, Testudines includes 6 families, 18 genera, and 33 species. The order Squamata includes the suborder Lacertilia and Serpentes. Lacertilia includes 10 families, 41 genera, and 189 species and Serpentes includes 13 families, 72 genera, and 239 species. Compared to Fauna Sinica (Reptilia 1): General Accounts of Reptilia,Testudoformes and Crocodiliformes, Fauna Sinica (Reptilia 2): Squamata (Lacertilia) and Snakes of China, we added 81 species, revised 2 species and excluded 12 synonymous, 6 hybrid, and 7 undistributed reptile species. At the genus level, there are 23 additional, 6 revised, 15 synonymous genera. At the family level, there are 5 additional and 2 revised families. There is no change at the order or suborder levels. Studies of morphology and molecular phylogeny on taxonomic categories of reptiles reflects several divergences. We discusssed these controversies and explained choices of the Checklist of Chinese Reptilia in this article.
中国爬行纲动物分类厘定
DOI:10.17520/biods.2015037
[本文引用: 4]
本文对中国爬行纲动物的分类体系和物种进行了系统的评估, 规范了中文学名, 给出了《中国爬行纲校正名录》, 结果表明: 中国现存爬行纲动物3目30科132属462种, 其中鳄形目(Crocodylia)1科1属1种, 龟鳖目(Testudines)6科18属33种, 有鳞目(Squamata)蜥蜴亚目(Lacertilia)10科41属189种, 有鳞目蛇亚目(Serpentes)13科72属239种。与《中国动物志 爬行纲 第一卷(总论、龟鳖目、鳄形目)》、《中国动物志 爬行纲 第二卷(有鳞目: 蜥蜴亚目)》和《中国蛇类》相比, 目和亚目无变化; 科级水平新增5科, 变更2科; 属级水平新增23属, 合并15属, 变更6属; 种级水平新增81种, 变动2种; 未收录同物异名12种、杂交6种、中国无分布7种。形态和分子系统发育研究结果在爬行动物不同分类阶元均有一定差异, 文章对这些争议进行了讨论, 并对名录的选择做了说明。
Large-scale phylogenetic analyses provide insights into unrecognized diversity and historical biogeography of Asian leaf-litter frogs, genus Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae)
DOI:S1055-7903(17)30699-1
PMID:29530499
[本文引用: 1]
Southeast Asia and southern China (SEA-SC) harbor a highly diverse and endemic flora and fauna that is under increasing threat. An understanding of the biogeographical history and drivers of this diversity is lacking, especially in some of the most diverse and threatened groups. The Asian leaf-litter frog genus Leptolalax Dubois 1980 is a forest-dependent genus distributed throughout SEA-SC, making it an ideal study group to examine specific biogeographic hypotheses. In addition, the diversity of this genus remains poorly understood, and the phylogenetic relationships among species of Leptolalax and closely related Leptobrachella Smith 1928 remain unclear. Herein, we evaluate species-level diversity based on 48 of the 53 described species from throughout the distribution of Leptolalax. Molecular analyses reveal many undescribed species, mostly in southern China and Indochina. Our well-resolved phylogeny based on multiple nuclear DNA markers shows that Leptolalax is not monophyletic with respect to Leptobrachella and, thus, we assign the former to being a junior synonym of the latter. Similarly, analyses reject monophyly of the two subgenera of Leptolalax. The diversification pattern of the group is complex, involving a high degree of sympatry and prevalence of microendemic species. Northern Sundaland (Borneo) and eastern Indochina (Vietnam) appear to have played pivotal roles as geographical centers of diversification, and paleoclimatic changes and tectonic movements seem to have driven the major divergence of clades. Analyses fail to reject an "upstream" colonization hypothesis, and, thus, the genus appears to have originated in Sundaland and then colonized mainland Asia. Our results reveal that both vicariance and dispersal are responsible for current distribution patterns in the genus.Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Ophidian diversity in National Mt. Mang Nature Reserve, Hunan
湖南莽山国家级自然保护区蛇类的多样性
Endangered status and conservation strategies of Protobothrops mangshanensis in China
莽山烙铁头蛇的濒危现状与保护对策
On the need to follow rigorously the rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: The case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae)
DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.2992.1 URL [本文引用: 1]
Study on biodiversity and human disturbances of amphibians in the Xuefengshan Natural Reserve, Hunan Province
湖南雪峰山自然保护区两栖动物多样性调查及人为干扰研究
Eight new records of saurian in Hunan Province
湖南蜥蜴类动物新纪录八种
Reptile fauna and zoogeographic division in Hunan Province
湖南爬行动物区系与地理区划
A new species of the Fejervarya limnocharis complex from Japan (Anura, Dicroglossidae)
DOI:10.2108/zsj.28.922 URL [本文引用: 1]
Comments on the taxonomy of pelobatid toads of genus Leptolalax (Carpophrys) with description of a new species
中国锄足蟾科掌突蟾属的分类探讨暨一新种描述(Amphibia: Pelobatidae)
Amphibian Species of the World
Neotype designation and redescription of Tropidophorus guangxiensis Wen, 1992 (Squamata: Sauria: Scincidae), with description of a new subspecies from central South China
A new genus and species of cryptic Asian green pitviper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from Southwest China
DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.2918.1 URL [本文引用: 1]
A new record of amphibian in Hunan Province: Theloderma rhododiscus
湖南省两栖类新纪录--红吸盘棱皮树蛙
A new species of the genus Leptolalax (Anura, Megophryidae) from Hunan, China
DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4444.3 URL [本文引用: 2]
Two new records of snakes in Hunan Province, Lycodon fasciatus and Rhabdophis nuchalis, collected in Hunan Hupingshan National Nature Reserve
壶瓶山发现湖南蛇类新纪录二种--双全白环蛇和颈槽蛇
A revised species list of amphibians in Guizhou Province
贵州省两栖动物名录修订
A revised species list of amphibians and reptiles in the Anhui Province
DOI:10.17520/biods.2019036 URL [本文引用: 1]
安徽省两栖爬行动物名录修订
DOI:10.17520/biods.2019036
[本文引用: 1]
参考两栖爬行动物分类学和分子系统学的最新研究成果, 收集了近年来安徽省两栖爬行类相关的研究资料, 整理成安徽省两栖爬行类物种与分布名录。截止到2018年11月30日, 安徽省共记录两栖动物2目9科26属44种, 其中安徽特有种3种; 爬行动物3目11科48属72种, 其中安徽特有种1种。与《安徽两栖爬行动物志》(1991)相比, 共增加了12种, 删除1个物种, 更改了29个物种的名称。区系分析表明, 东洋界种类91种(78.4%), 古北界种类10种(8.7%), 广布型15种(12.9%)。列入《国家重点保护野生动物名录》的有4种, 列入《中国脊椎动物红色名录》的有112种。
Investigation and analysis on amphibian and reptile resources in Nanyue Hengshan National Nature Reserve
南岳衡山国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源调查与分析
New record of snakes in Hunan Province
湖南省蛇类的新记录
Notes on reptiles of Ling County, Hunan, China
湖南酃县的爬行类调查报告
Morphological identification and diversity of Polypedates species (Rhacophoridae, Anura, Amphibia) on Hainan Island
海南岛泛树蛙属(两栖纲: 无尾目: 树蛙科)物种的形态特征鉴定及其多样性研究
A new species of Diploderma (Squamata: Sauria: Agamidae) from Yunnan Province, China
DOI:10.30906/1026-2296-2020-27-3-127-148 URL [本文引用: 1]
A new record of amphibian in Hunan Province
湖南省两栖类新纪录--龙胜臭蛙
Three newsletters on snake research
蛇类研究简讯三则
Comprehensive approaches reveal three cryptic species of genus Nidirana (Anura, Ranidae) from China
DOI:10.3897/zookeys.914.36604 URL [本文引用: 4]
Description of two cryptic species of the Amolops ricketti group (Anura, Ranidae) from southeastern China
DOI:10.3897/zookeys.812.29956 URL [本文引用: 2]
A new species of music frog (Anura, Ranidae, Nidirana) from Mt. Daming, Guangxi, China
DOI:10.3897/zookeys.1059.68140 URL [本文引用: 1]
Four new species of Asian horned toads (Anura, Megophryidae, Megophrys) from Southern China
DOI:10.3897/zookeys.942.47983 URL [本文引用: 2]
A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers
(Trimeresurus and Ovophis).We present a phylogeny of the Asian pitvipers, based on 2403 bp of four mitochondrial gene regions. All but six known species of Trimeresurus sensu stricto (s.s.) as currently defined, as well as multiple populations of widespread species, which may yet be described as full species, and representatives of all other Asian pitviper genera, are included. Both the greater sampling and larger dataset provide improved resolution over previous studies and support the existence of distinct species groups within Trimeresurus s.s. Although all but two species currently referred to this genus form a monophyletic group, morphological and molecular analyses identify four subgroups that warrant recognition at the generic level. We propose a new generic arrangement to reflect these findings. We also highlight the non-monophyly of Ovophis, and propose a new genus to accommodate a species formerly assigned to Ovophis.Copyright 2004 Elsevier Inc.
Japalura szechwanensis, a junior synonym of J. fasciata
DOI:10.2307/1565281 URL [本文引用: 2]
White-striped treefrog Rhacophorus leucofasciatus found in Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province
湖南省张家界发现白线树蛙
A new species of Leptobrachella (Anura: Megophryidae) Smith, 1925 from Wuling Mountains in Hunan Province, China
DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4816.4 URL [本文引用: 3]
A new species of the Southeast Asian genus Opisthotropis (Serpentes: Colubridae: Natricinae) from western Hunan, China
The Vietnamese population of Megophrys kuatunensis (Amphibia: Megophryidae) represents a new species of Asian horned frog from Vietnam and southern China
DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4344.3 URL [本文引用: 1]
The Reptile Database
.http://reptile-database.org/. (accessed on 2021-11-27)
A new species of the Rana japonica group (Anura, Ranidae, Rana) from China, with a taxonomic proposal for the R. johnsi group
DOI:10.3897/zookeys.942.46928 URL [本文引用: 1]
Description of six new species of the subgenus Panophrys within the genus Megophrys (Anura, Megophryidae) from southeastern China based on molecular and morphological data
DOI:10.3897/zookeys.851.29107 URL [本文引用: 3]
A new species of the genus Takydromus (Squamata, Lacertidae) from southwestern Guangdong, China
DOI:10.3897/zookeys.871.35947 URL [本文引用: 1]
Description of a new species of Gracixalus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Guangdong Province, southeastern China
DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4420.2 URL [本文引用: 2]
The updated checklists of amphibians and reptiles of China
DOI:10.17520/biods.2019238
[本文引用: 7]
We updated the checklists of extant, native amphibians and reptiles of China based on the previously published checklist of reptiles in 2015, the online checklist of amphibians on the database AmphibiaChina, newly published data as of December 2019, and previously uncollected literature prior to 2015. In total, the amphibian fauna of China consists of 515 species in 62 genera, 13 families, and three orders (Anura: 431 species in 47 genera and nine families; Caudata: 82 species in 14 genera and four families; Gymnophiona: one species in one genus and one family), while the reptilian fauna of China consists of 511 species in 135 genera, 35 families, and three orders (Crocodylia: one species in one genus and one family; Testudines: 34 species in 18 genera and six families; Squamata 466 species in 116 genera and 28 families [Serpentes: 256 species in 73 genera, 18 families; Lacertilia: 211 species in 43 genera and 10 families]). Specifically, for amphibians between 2015 and 2019, one family was recorded from China for the first time, two new genera were described, a genus was resurrected, a genus was recorded from China for the first time, 74 new, valid species were either described or resurrected, 18 recognized species were recorded from China for the first time, and six genera and eight species were considered as junior synonyms. For reptiles between 2015 and 2019, five subfamilies were elevated to the full family status, one new subfamily and a new genus were described, three genera were resurrected, three recognized genera were recorded from China for the first time, 35 new species were described, two species were resurrected from synonyms, six subspecies were elevated to the full species status, 10 recognized species were recorded from China for the first time, four genera and four species were considered as junior synonyms, and distribution records of one genus and four recognized species were removed from China. Furthermore, by reviewing literature before 2015, we make additional changes on the previous reptile checklist, including adding new records of three genera, elevating three subspecies to full species status, adding new records of three recognized species, synonymizing three genera and two species as junior synonyms, and removing the distribution record of a single recognized species from China. Lastly, we revise the Chinese common names of some reptilian groups with recomandations to maintain the stability of the Chinese common names. The number of new species and new national records for amphibians and reptiles between 2015 and 2019 in China accounts for 17.1% and 10.2% of the total number of species in each group, respectively. Because new species are described at considerable speed and given the constant changes in the taxonomy of China’s herpetofuna, it is crucial to update the checklists regularly and discuss the existing taxonomic problems, so that such information reflects the most current state of knowledge and are available for taxonomic researchers and conservation biologists alike.
中国两栖、爬行动物更新名录
DOI:10.17520/biods.2019238
[本文引用: 7]
本文在2015年发表的爬行动物名录及同年《中国两栖类信息系统》发布的两栖动物名录的基础上, 通过整理新发表的分类学研究及先前名录遗漏的部分早期文献, 更新了截至2019年底中国现生本土两栖、爬行动物物种名录。2015-2019年间, 中国两栖动物新记录1科, 新描述2属, 恢复1属有效性, 新记录1属, 新描述或恢复有效种74种, 新增国家纪录18种; 另6属、8种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持(在此视为次定同物异名而未做收录, 后同)。同期, 中国爬行动物新恢复5科, 新描述1亚科, 新描述1属, 恢复3属有效性, 新记录3属, 新描述、恢复或提升有效种43个, 新增国家纪录10种; 另有5属、4种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持, 并移除1属、4种在我国的分布纪录。此外, 通过整理2015年前文献, 爬行动物增补3属, 提升3亚种至种级地位, 增补国家新纪录3种, 另有3属、2种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持, 同时移除1种在我国的分布纪录。综上, 截至2019年底, 我国共记录现生本土两栖动物3目13科62属515种(蚓螈目1科1属1种, 有尾目3科14属82种, 无尾目9科47属431种), 爬行动物3目35科135属511种(鳄形目1科1属1种, 龟鳖目6科18属34种, 有鳞目蛇亚目18科73属265种、蜥蜴亚目10科43属211种)。此外, 本文还对先前名录中部分爬行动物的中文名提出了修改建议, 建议恢复部分物种的惯用中文名。2015-2019年, 新物种及新纪录已知物种数量占现两栖、爬行动物物种总数的17.1%和10.2%。近年来, 我国发表的两栖、爬行动物新物种和已知物种的新纪录数量持续增加, 分类体系也在研究中不断完善, 建议今后及时地进行阶段性总结, 同时对存在的问题提出讨论, 以推动中国两栖、爬行动物分类学研究工作的进一步开展。
Contribution to the taxonomy of the genus Lycodon H. Boie in Fitzinger, 1827 (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae) in China, with description of two new species and resurrection and elevation of Dinodon septentrionale chapaense Angel, Bourret, 1933
DOI:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.286
PMID:33377333
[本文引用: 1]
While considerable progress has been made in the taxonomic studies of the genus in Asia, questions remain to be clarified regarding the taxonomy of certain groups, particularly those containing species in China. Not only do many regions in China remain overlooked by herpetologists, resulting in the possibility of undiscovered new species, but the surveyed areas also have suspicious records of recognized congeners that require taxonomic confirmations. Combining both morphological and genetic data, we tackle these outstanding issues in the taxonomy of in China. In particular, we discover two new species of : one from the previously neglected hot-dry valley in the northern Hengduan Mountain Region close to Tibet, and another recluse and cryptic species from the complex in the downtown park of a major city in southern Sichuan Province. Additionally, we clarify the distribution of in China and resurrect and elevate its junior synonym subspecies, chapaense, as a full, valid species, and we synonymize the recently described to the resurrected... thus represents a new national record of reptilian fauna of China. Lastly, based on literature review, we also correct some of the erroneous records of and in China, point out remaining taxonomic issues of the genus for future research, and update the dichotomous key and distribution of the 20 species of currently recorded from China.
A new species of the genus Megophrys (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) from Hunan, China
DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4695.4.1
[本文引用: 1]
We describe a new species of Megophryidae frog, Megophrys shunhuangensis sp. nov., from Hunan Province, Southern China. It can be distinguished from other known species in the subgenus Panophrys by morphological characters, bioacoustic data and a molecular divergence in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene similar to that found among other species of Panophrys. M. shunhuangensis sp. nov. is characterized by a relatively small body size, with adult females measuring 37.6 mm and adult males measuring 30.3-33.6 mm in snout to vent length; maxillary teeth present, vomerine teeth absent, tongue smooth, not notched behind; hindlimb slender, heels overlapping, tibio-tarsal articulation reaches forward between the nasal and tip of snout. Molecular phylogenetic analyses also show that M. sp. 6 from (Mao'er Shan, China) from Chen et al. (2017) and M. sp. 24 (Anjiangping and Mao'er Shan, China) from Liu et al. (2018) may be the same species as M. shunhuangensis sp. nov., we consequently speculate that the new species also distributed in Anjiangping and Mao'er Shan, China. At present, the genus.Megophrys contains 85 species of which 48 species are distributed in China, and 30 belong to the subgenus Panophrys.
Description of a new species of the genus Xenophrys Günther, 1864 (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) from Mount Jinggang, China, based on molecular and morphological data
DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.3546.1 URL [本文引用: 1]
Morphology, molecular genetics, and bioacoustics support two new sympatric Xenophrys toads (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) in southeast China
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0093075 URL [本文引用: 4]
The research into the resources of classification of snakes and their ecology in the Nanyue Mountains (I)
南岳衡山蛇类资源及生态研究(I)
Preliminary report on the investigation of snakes in Nanyue Hengshan
南岳衡山蛇类调查初报
Species diversity and faunal characteristics of amphibians and reptiles in the Xiaoxi National Nature Reserve, Hunan
湖南小溪国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物多样性与区系特征
New species of Pachytriton (Caudata: Salamandridae) from the Nanling Mountain Range, southeastern China
DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.3388.1 URL [本文引用: 1]
A new record of amphibian in Hunan Province: Leptolalax oshanensis
湖南省两栖动物新纪录--峨山掌突蟾
Matrilineal history of the Rana longicrus species group (Rana, Ranidae, Anura) and the description of a new species from Hunan, southern China
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1245.2011.00061 URL [本文引用: 1]
A survey on the herpetological resources and species diversity in western Wuling Mountains
武陵山西部两栖爬行动物资源调查及多样性研究
A new species of the genus Pachytriton (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Hunan and Guangxi, southeastern China
DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4085.2 URL [本文引用: 1]
A new species of Odorrana (Anura, Ranidae) from Hunan Province, China
DOI:10.3897/zookeys.1024.56399
PMID:33776522
[本文引用: 2]
A new species,, is described, based on five specimens from Sangzhi County, Zhangjiajie City, Hunan Province, China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on mitochondrial 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene sequences, strongly support the new species as a monophyletic group nested into the species complex. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: (1) body size medium (SVL: 42.1-45.1 mm in males, 83.3-92.7 mm in females); (2) dorsolateral folds absent; (3) tympanum diameter 1.53 times as long as the width of the disc of finger III in females; 2.3 times in males; (4) dorsal skin green with dense granules and sparse irregular brown spots; males with several large warts on dorsum; (5) two metacarpal tubercles; (6) relative finger lengths: I ≤ II < IV < III; (7) tibiotarsal articulation beyond the tip of the snout; (8) ventral surface smooth in females; throat and chest having pale spinules in adult males; (9) dorsal limbs green or yellow green with brown transverse bands; and (10) paired external vocal sacs located at corners of the throat, finger I with light yellow nuptial pad in males. This discovery increases the number of species to 59 and those known from China to 37.Bing Zhang, Yuan Li, Ke Hu, Pipeng Li, Zhirong Gu, Nengwen Xiao, Daode Yang.
A new species of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Reptilia: Squamata) from Hunan Province, China
Rhacophorus minimus found in Yizhang, Hunan
湖南宜章发现两栖动物侏树蛙
Species status and faunal analysis of amphibian in Zhejiang Province
浙江省两栖动物物种现状及区系分析
Species checklist and faunal characteristics of reptiles in Zhejiang Province, China
浙江省爬行动物物种现状及区系特征
Species diversity and fauna of amphibians and reptiles in Gansu Province
甘肃两栖爬行动物多样性及区系分析
Diagnoses of a new frog and a new snake from China
中国一新种蛙及一新种蛇的鉴别特征
Description of a new species of the genus Brachytarsophrys Tian and Hu, 1983 (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) from southern China based on molecular and morphological data
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1245.2014.00150 URL [本文引用: 2]
Phylogeography of the rice frog, Fejervarya multistriata (Anura: Ranidae), from China based on mtDNA D-loop sequences
DOI:10.2108/zsj.25.811
PMID:18795815
[本文引用: 1]
The rice frog, Fejervarya multistriata, is an amphibian widely distributed in China. In this study, we sampled the species across its distributional area in China and sequenced the mtDNA D-loop to investigate the genetic diversity and geographical pattern of the frog population. The results revealed 38 haplotypes in the population, with K2P values varying from 0.19% to 4.22%. Both a phylogenetic analysis and a nested clade analysis (NCA) detected two geographically isolated lineages respectively distributed around the Yangtze drainage (Yangtze lineage) and the south of China (southern lineage). NCA inferred a contiguous range expansion within the Yangtze lineage and allopatric fragmentation within the southern lineage, which might be partly due to the limited samples from this lineage. Accordingly, Fu's Fs test also indicated a population expansion after glacial movement. Therefore, we assumed that the species history responding to glacial events shaped the present population pattern of F. multistriata on the Chinese mainland.
A new species of the genus Hebius (Squamata: Colubridae: Natricinae) from Hunan Province, China
DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4674.1 URL [本文引用: 1]
