Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the great variation among regions in species richness. These were tested by first examining patterns of species richness of birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles in 336 quadrats covering North America. These patterns were then compared with the regional variation of 21 descriptors of the environment suggested by the hypotheses. I found that, in the four vertebrate classes studied, 80%-93% of the variability in species richness could be statistically explained by a monotonically increasing function of a single variable: annual potential evapotranspiration (PET). In contrast, tree richness is more closely related to actual evapotranspiration (AET). Both AET and PET appear to be measures of available environmental energy. The relationships between tree and vertebrate richness are strikingly poor. Species richness in particular orders and families of the Vertebrata is also closely related to PET, but not always monotonically, often resembling a replacement series along an environmental gradient. The present results are consistent with the hypothesis that environmentally available energy limits regional species richness. However, my observations are not completely consistent with earlier species-energy theory. The energy-richness relationship appears to depend on scale, and it is affected differently by variations in area and in areal energy flux.

对长青国家级自然保护区的兽类资源进行了为期三年多的调查。结果表明保护区内已知兽类52种，隶属于7目23科46属。其中，国家Ⅰ级保护动物5种，Ⅱ级保护动物9种。

对长青国家级自然保护区的兽类资源进行了为期三年多的调查。结果表明保护区内已知兽类52种，隶属于7目23科46属。其中，国家Ⅰ级保护动物5种，Ⅱ级保护动物9种。

野生动物多样性的有效保护与管理,需要大范围、长时间的系统监测网络支持。红外相机调查技术近年来已成为自然保护区鸟兽调查的最有效工具之一,为了解和掌握区域性乃至全国性的生物多样性现状,提供了最直接和最基础的数据。长青国家级自然保护区位于秦岭南坡,地处秦岭自然保护区群的核心地带。自2008年至2011年,使用被动式红外触发相机技术调查大中型兽类与鸟类的本底。共完成有效调查位点435个,相机工作日15 767 d。获得兽类有效拍摄3 282次,记录到分属5目12科的21种野生兽类和1种家畜,其中国家Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物各有5种,被IUCN物种红色名录评估为濒危（EN）、易危（VU）、近危（NT）的物种分别有2、3、4种。食肉目和偶蹄目是本次调查兽类记录中物种数量（分别有9种和7种）和有效拍摄数（分别占兽类有效拍摄数的13.5%和84.0%）最高的两个类群,食肉目中相对多度指数最高的物种是大熊猫（Ailuropoda melanoleuca,12.30）,偶蹄目中最高的物种是羚牛（Budorcas taxicolor,114.04）。保护区内大型兽类（食肉目和偶蹄目）物种多样性沿海拔梯度,大体呈现中部高、两侧低的单峰模式,海拔1 600-2 200 m的中等海拔段是大型兽类多样性最高的区域。鸟类有效拍摄191次,记录到分属4目8科的17种鸟类,其中国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物物种8种。鸡形目雉科鸟类是有效拍摄数最高的类群,占全部鸟类拍摄数的79.8%。调查中记录到的林猬（Mesechinus hughi）和鹰雕（Spizaetus nipalensis）为长青自然保护区的新记录种。调查结果提供了较为全面的区内大中型兽类和鸟类群落的本底信息,为后续的保护管理规划和长期监测提供了数据支持和指导。

野生动物多样性的有效保护与管理,需要大范围、长时间的系统监测网络支持。红外相机调查技术近年来已成为自然保护区鸟兽调查的最有效工具之一,为了解和掌握区域性乃至全国性的生物多样性现状,提供了最直接和最基础的数据。长青国家级自然保护区位于秦岭南坡,地处秦岭自然保护区群的核心地带。自2008年至2011年,使用被动式红外触发相机技术调查大中型兽类与鸟类的本底。共完成有效调查位点435个,相机工作日15 767 d。获得兽类有效拍摄3 282次,记录到分属5目12科的21种野生兽类和1种家畜,其中国家Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物各有5种,被IUCN物种红色名录评估为濒危（EN）、易危（VU）、近危（NT）的物种分别有2、3、4种。食肉目和偶蹄目是本次调查兽类记录中物种数量（分别有9种和7种）和有效拍摄数（分别占兽类有效拍摄数的13.5%和84.0%）最高的两个类群,食肉目中相对多度指数最高的物种是大熊猫（Ailuropoda melanoleuca,12.30）,偶蹄目中最高的物种是羚牛（Budorcas taxicolor,114.04）。保护区内大型兽类（食肉目和偶蹄目）物种多样性沿海拔梯度,大体呈现中部高、两侧低的单峰模式,海拔1 600-2 200 m的中等海拔段是大型兽类多样性最高的区域。鸟类有效拍摄191次,记录到分属4目8科的17种鸟类,其中国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物物种8种。鸡形目雉科鸟类是有效拍摄数最高的类群,占全部鸟类拍摄数的79.8%。调查中记录到的林猬（Mesechinus hughi）和鹰雕（Spizaetus nipalensis）为长青自然保护区的新记录种。调查结果提供了较为全面的区内大中型兽类和鸟类群落的本底信息,为后续的保护管理规划和长期监测提供了数据支持和指导。

react-text: 345 The species richness pattern along spatial scales (latitudinal or elevational) forms useful tools in understanding diversity gradients and their underlying mechanisms. Understanding elevational diversity patterns of biodiversity have strong conservation implications. Himalayas are unique systems in exploring such gradients as they harbor tallest mountains in the world. Here, we explored the... /react-text react-text: 346 /react-text [Show full abstract]

生物多样性的空间分布及其相关机制一直是生态学、生物地理学和保护生物学研究的热点问题。山地生态系统生境异质性和生物多样性高, 适合研究生物多样性空间分布及其相关机制。喜马拉雅山脉位于青藏高原南缘, 是全球生态热点区域。其地形复杂, 海拔落差大(100–8,844 m), 具有明显的垂直气候带。本研究通过整合野外调查和文献资料, 系统地分析了10目23科160属313种喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物物种多样性的垂直分布格局, 发现该区域哺乳动物总体及其子集的物种多样性垂直分布格局都为左偏倚的中峰格局, 物种多样性在海拔900–1,400 m 之间最高, 不同物种子集的物种多样性垂直分布格局的模式有所不同。UPGMA聚类分析表明, 喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物群落沿海拔梯度可以划分为5个聚类簇(海拔100–1,500 m、1,500–2,000 m、2,000–3,000 m、3,000–4,200 m以及4,200–6,000 m的地区), 大致与该地区植被的垂直带分布相吻合。喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物物种多样性在中低海拔最为丰富, 可能跟东洋界与古北界生物群扩散后的交汇地带相关。喜马拉雅山区贯通南北的沟谷是生物扩散和迁移的通道, 沟谷内水热资源较好, 气候稳定性高, 为高山生态系统内各种生物创造了栖息条件。综上, 喜马拉雅山沟谷地区是生物多样性热点地区, 也是生物扩散和交流关键的“生态走廊”, 应加强对喜马拉雅山沟谷地区的保护, 以维系该区域较高的生物多样性。

生物多样性的空间分布及其相关机制一直是生态学、生物地理学和保护生物学研究的热点问题。山地生态系统生境异质性和生物多样性高, 适合研究生物多样性空间分布及其相关机制。喜马拉雅山脉位于青藏高原南缘, 是全球生态热点区域。其地形复杂, 海拔落差大(100–8,844 m), 具有明显的垂直气候带。本研究通过整合野外调查和文献资料, 系统地分析了10目23科160属313种喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物物种多样性的垂直分布格局, 发现该区域哺乳动物总体及其子集的物种多样性垂直分布格局都为左偏倚的中峰格局, 物种多样性在海拔900–1,400 m 之间最高, 不同物种子集的物种多样性垂直分布格局的模式有所不同。UPGMA聚类分析表明, 喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物群落沿海拔梯度可以划分为5个聚类簇(海拔100–1,500 m、1,500–2,000 m、2,000–3,000 m、3,000–4,200 m以及4,200–6,000 m的地区), 大致与该地区植被的垂直带分布相吻合。喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物物种多样性在中低海拔最为丰富, 可能跟东洋界与古北界生物群扩散后的交汇地带相关。喜马拉雅山区贯通南北的沟谷是生物扩散和迁移的通道, 沟谷内水热资源较好, 气候稳定性高, 为高山生态系统内各种生物创造了栖息条件。综上, 喜马拉雅山沟谷地区是生物多样性热点地区, 也是生物扩散和交流关键的“生态走廊”, 应加强对喜马拉雅山沟谷地区的保护, 以维系该区域较高的生物多样性。

The elevational patterns of wildlife population and community attract broad interests in ecology research, wherever our knowledge on the patterns of large mammal fauna is poor. To determine the elevational pattern of ungulates in temperate mountainous forest of the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains, China, we conducted a camera-trapping survey on large terrestrial mammals in Changqing National Nature Reserve with systematic sampling. The reserve was divided into 500 m 500 m grids and one passive infrared-triggered camera was set in each sampling block for a survey duration of 4-6 weeks. We calculated the Relative Abundance Index (RAI) and species richness of detected forest ungulates at 300 m elevational intervals throughout the study area (elevation range 1 400-3 000 m). We surveyed 123 camera locations from March to December, 2008, and detected seven ungulate species with a sampling effort of 4 307 trap-days. Takin (Budorcas taxicolor) was the most abundant ungulate species (mean RAI = 110.66), followed by wild boar (Sus scrofa, RAI = 28.25) and Chinese goral (Naemorhedus goral, RAI = 25.10), whereas forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) was the least (RAI = 1.33). We detected a unimodal elevational pattern in the populations of takin and forest musk deer, a liner pattern for Chinese goral (R2 = 0.84), Reeve muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi, R2 = 0.94) and serow (Capricornis sumatraensis, R2 = 0.79), and a multiplex pattern for wild boar and tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus). The species richness of this ungulate community represented a unimodal pattern along an elevational gradient, with a mid-elevation peak at 1 700-2 300 m, which consisted with the prediction of mid-domain effect hypothesis.

The elevational patterns of wildlife population and community attract broad interests in ecology research, wherever our knowledge on the patterns of large mammal fauna is poor. To determine the elevational pattern of ungulates in temperate mountainous forest of the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains, China, we conducted a camera-trapping survey on large terrestrial mammals in Changqing National Nature Reserve with systematic sampling. The reserve was divided into 500 m 500 m grids and one passive infrared-triggered camera was set in each sampling block for a survey duration of 4-6 weeks. We calculated the Relative Abundance Index (RAI) and species richness of detected forest ungulates at 300 m elevational intervals throughout the study area (elevation range 1 400-3 000 m). We surveyed 123 camera locations from March to December, 2008, and detected seven ungulate species with a sampling effort of 4 307 trap-days. Takin (Budorcas taxicolor) was the most abundant ungulate species (mean RAI = 110.66), followed by wild boar (Sus scrofa, RAI = 28.25) and Chinese goral (Naemorhedus goral, RAI = 25.10), whereas forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) was the least (RAI = 1.33). We detected a unimodal elevational pattern in the populations of takin and forest musk deer, a liner pattern for Chinese goral (R2 = 0.84), Reeve muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi, R2 = 0.94) and serow (Capricornis sumatraensis, R2 = 0.79), and a multiplex pattern for wild boar and tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus). The species richness of this ungulate community represented a unimodal pattern along an elevational gradient, with a mid-elevation peak at 1 700-2 300 m, which consisted with the prediction of mid-domain effect hypothesis.

物种丰富度的大尺度地理格局及其成因是宏观生态学和生物地理学的中心议题之一。本文利用中国陆栖哺乳动物分布数据,结合高分辨率的气候、地形、植被等环境信息,探讨了中国陆栖哺乳动物及主要类群的物种丰富度格局及其影响因素。结果显示,中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度具有显著的纬度梯度格局,总体上呈现出由低纬度向高纬度逐渐减少的趋势,并与宏观地形具有良好的对应关系;其中,亚热带、热带西部山区的物种丰富度最高,而东部平原地区、西北干旱区和青藏高原腹地则是丰富度的低值区。各主要类群的物种丰富度格局既有相似性,又存在差异。最优线性模型的分析结果显示,由归一化植被指数(NDVI)、生态系统类型数和气温年较差构成的回归模型对哺乳动物物种丰富度格局的解释率最高,其中NDVI对模型解释率的贡献最大,这表明中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度的地理分异受多种环境因素的共同影响,其中植被生产力起主导作用。各主要类群的最优线性模型显示,影响物种丰富度格局的主要环境因子因类群而异,这可能反映了各类群进化历史及生理适应的差异。

物种丰富度的大尺度地理格局及其成因是宏观生态学和生物地理学的中心议题之一。本文利用中国陆栖哺乳动物分布数据,结合高分辨率的气候、地形、植被等环境信息,探讨了中国陆栖哺乳动物及主要类群的物种丰富度格局及其影响因素。结果显示,中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度具有显著的纬度梯度格局,总体上呈现出由低纬度向高纬度逐渐减少的趋势,并与宏观地形具有良好的对应关系;其中,亚热带、热带西部山区的物种丰富度最高,而东部平原地区、西北干旱区和青藏高原腹地则是丰富度的低值区。各主要类群的物种丰富度格局既有相似性,又存在差异。最优线性模型的分析结果显示,由归一化植被指数(NDVI)、生态系统类型数和气温年较差构成的回归模型对哺乳动物物种丰富度格局的解释率最高,其中NDVI对模型解释率的贡献最大,这表明中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度的地理分异受多种环境因素的共同影响,其中植被生产力起主导作用。各主要类群的最优线性模型显示,影响物种丰富度格局的主要环境因子因类群而异,这可能反映了各类群进化历史及生理适应的差异。

基于群落样地的物种重要值矩阵信息，运用双向聚类法对秦岭酉水河流域的主要天然针叶林群落进 行了数量分类，并采用物种丰富度、α-多样性和β-多样性等指数，进一步研究了该地区天然针叶林植物多样性随海拔梯度的变化。结果表明：酉水河流域14个 天然针叶林样地被划分为6个群系类型；随着海拔的升高，物种丰富度、Shannon—Wiener指数及Pielou均匀度指数呈现先上升后下降的分布格 局；6种天然针叶林群系类型的丰富度指数和α-多样性指数表现为铁杉林〉华山松林〉油松林〉太白红杉林〉巴山冷杉林〉巴山冷杉＋红桦林；β-多样性 （Cody指数）随海拔的升高逐渐降低。

基于群落样地的物种重要值矩阵信息，运用双向聚类法对秦岭酉水河流域的主要天然针叶林群落进 行了数量分类，并采用物种丰富度、α-多样性和β-多样性等指数，进一步研究了该地区天然针叶林植物多样性随海拔梯度的变化。结果表明：酉水河流域14个 天然针叶林样地被划分为6个群系类型；随着海拔的升高，物种丰富度、Shannon—Wiener指数及Pielou均匀度指数呈现先上升后下降的分布格 局；6种天然针叶林群系类型的丰富度指数和α-多样性指数表现为铁杉林〉华山松林〉油松林〉太白红杉林〉巴山冷杉林〉巴山冷杉＋红桦林；β-多样性 （Cody指数）随海拔的升高逐渐降低。

生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰα多样性的测度方法（上）马克平（中国科学院植物研究所，北京１０００４４）１引言生物群落是在一定地理区域内，生活在同一环境下的不同种群的集合体，其内部存在着极为复杂的相互联系。由于功能整合原理，即系统的加合性或突生性（ｅｍｅｒ...

生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰα多样性的测度方法（上）马克平（中国科学院植物研究所，北京１０００４４）１引言生物群落是在一定地理区域内，生活在同一环境下的不同种群的集合体，其内部存在着极为复杂的相互联系。由于功能整合原理，即系统的加合性或突生性（ｅｍｅｒ...

A global analysis of elevational diversity trends for nonvolant small mammals revealed a clear pattern of mid-elevational peaks in species richness. Fifty-six data sets were used to test the predictions of a null model (the mid-domain effect) and climatic hypotheses. Very few data sets fit entirely within the predictions of the null model, and the average predictive power of the null model was low. Regional (gamma) diversity fit the null model better than did local (alpha) diversity. Diversity peaked at higher elevations on taller mountains, consistent with climatic factors producing elevationally correlated habitat bands (Massenerhebung effect). This positive, linear relationship was documented for all data sets but was particularly pronounced for alpha diversity. Gamma diversity, which is generally highly influenced by area, exhibited a trend of highest diversity shifting toward lower elevations, and higher elevational peaks in species diversity at higher latitudes. The elevation of temperate diversity peaks exhibited a negative association with latitude. These results are evidence for the importance of a suite of interacting climatic, area, and geometric factors on elevational diversity patterns, apparent in spite of noise associated with different sampling techniques, localities, and historical pressures.

Ecologists need not despair ot discovering the mechanisms that lead to large scale patterns. The search for process at higher scales has already led to enhanced confidence in the patterns and to improvements in their description. For example, species-area relationships turn out to form not one. but three patterns. Each is controlled by gain-loss dynamics at its own scale. At the macroscale, origination and global extinction reign. At the archipelagic scale, immigration and island extinction determine the results. At the local scale, metapopulation processes do. The three scales exhibit species-area curves with systematically different slopes in logarithmic space. We use the three scales of species-area to illuminate the relationship between local and regional diversity. Algebra shows that the latter pattern is an echo of species-area curves, and that those echoes ought to be nearly linear. So. we call the relationship of local and regional diversity, the Echo pattern. Ecology has long known that species-area curves within a region reflect the accumulation of habitat variety. Thus, their connection to Echo patterns argues against concluding that local diversity has little or nothing to do with population interactions. To obtain a pure Echo pattern, one should draw data from independent regions rather than separate islands. The independence allows natural selection to adjust the fundamental niches of species to diversity. Theory suggests that higher diversity should shrink niches, allowing the coexistence of more species locally. Hence, independence should tend to produce the straightest Echoes. However, archipelagic species-area curves predict that even when different islands are used as the regions, the Echoes should show only very gentle curvatures. Flouting theory, some archipelagic Echoes approach an asymptote as regional diversity increases. These must have logarithmic slopes that increase with regional pool size. We do not understand why.

Abstract Aim Evaluation of the generality of the diversity levation relationship has highlighted effects of scale (spatial extent and grain size) on pattern perception. In contrast, the effects of scale on the attribution of drivers of diversity along elevational gradients remain largely unexplored. This is important because many causal factors have been proposed, and remotely sensed data about abiotic factors are available at increasingly fine grain sizes. Here, we evaluate the effects both of the resolution of the species diversity estimate on the pattern perceived, and of environmental predictor grain size on the potential contribution to each pattern. Location Ruby Mountains, Nevada, western North America. Methods For the small mammal fauna along one local elevational gradient, we compared patterns among estimates of richness derived from site-based occurrences rarefied by survey effort and those inferred from interpolation across species elevational ranges. Using an information-theoretic approach, we evaluated the relative importance of spatial and environmental factors in structuring each richness distribution. Climate and habitat were assessed at coarse and fine grain sizes. Comparisons were based on model fit and relative variable importance. Results We find general congruence in the diversity levation relationship, with peak diversity near the midpoint of the sampled gradient. Despite this commonality in pattern, we find the attribution of underlying drivers is substantially influenced by the type of richness estimate and by the grain size of the predictor variables. Main conclusions Our results illustrate that the factors identified as predictors of diversity can be sensitive to grain size, and that this sensitivity is not equally apparent under different measures of richness obtained from the same survey data. We call for broader discussion of scale effects and resolution appropriateness for elevational diversity gradients. This is particularly important because mismatches in scale may result in misguided conservation or management initiatives.

Studies on elevational gradients in biodiversity have accumulated in recent decades. However, few studies have compared the elevational patterns of diversity between the different slopes of a single mountain. We investigated the elevational distribution of rodent diversity (alpha and beta diversity) and its underlying mechanisms along the southern and northern slopes of Mt. Taibai, the highest mountain in the Qinling Mountains, China. The species richness of rodents on the two slopes showed distinct distribution patterns, with a monotonically decreasing pattern found along the southern slope and a hump-shaped elevational pattern evident along the northern slope. Multi-model inference suggested that temperature was an important explanatory factor for the richness pattern along the southern slope, and the mid-domain effect (MDE) was important in explaining the richness pattern along the northern slope. The two slopes also greatly differed in the elevational patterns of species turnover, with the southern slope demonstrating a U-shaped curve and the northern slope possessing a roughly hump-shaped pattern. Our results suggest that even within the same mountain, organisms inhabiting different slopes may possess distinct diversity patterns, and the underlying mechanisms may also differ. The potential role of the factors associated with slope aspect in shaping diversity, therefore, cannot be ignored.

The latitudinal gradient in species richness is paralleled by a latitudinal gradient in geographical-range size called Rapoport''s rule. It is suggested that the greater annual range of climatic conditions to which individuals in high-latitude environments are exposed relative to what low-latitude organisms face has favored the evolution of broad climatic tolerances in high-latitude species. This broad tolerance of individuals from high latitudes has led to wider latitudinal extent in the geographical range of high-latitude species than of lower-latitude species. The existence of Rapoport''s rule suggests yet another way of looking at the latitudinal gradient in species richness. If low-latitude species typically have narrower environmental tolerances than high-latitude species, then equal dispersal abilities in the two groups would place more tropical organisms out of their preferred habitat than higher-latitude species out of their preferred habitat. It is hypothesized that a larger number of "accidentals" (i.e., species that are poorly suited for the habitat) occur in tropical assemblages. The constant input of these accidentals artificially inflates species numbers and inhibits competitive exclusion.

物种多样性沿环境梯度的分布格局是生物多样性研究的重要议题 ,而海拔梯度包含了各种环境因子的综合影响 ,因此对于探讨物种多样性沿环境梯度的分布格局具有重要意义。秦岭山脉地处我国暖温带向亚热带的过渡带 ,其植被垂直带和物种多样性分布格局对于研究我国南北部植被分异特征具有重要意义。基于对秦岭山脉太白山南北坡海拔 12 0 0 - 375 0m之间的垂直样带调查的 83个样方 ,本文利用植被数量分析方法 (DCA和TWINSPAN)和Shannon Wiener多样性指数、Pielou指数以及Jaccard相异性系数对太白山木本植物物种多样性在南北坡沿海拔梯度分布格局进行了初步研究。结果表明 :太白山的木本植物群落具有明显的环境梯度格局 ,海拔是决定太白山植物群落分布的主要因素 ,而坡向起到次要作用。植物群落类型与坡向的关系不大 ,当考虑群落的环境梯度格局时 ,DCA第一轴主要与年均温密切相关 ,而第二轴则取决于年平均相对湿度。乔木层和灌木层的物种具有相似的海拔梯度格局 ,植物群落中木本植物物种丰富度和多样性随着海拔的升高单调下降 ;群落均匀度随着海拔变化的规律不明显 ;灌木层的物种多样性比乔木层更为丰富 ,而南坡具有比北坡更多的物种数和更高的多样性。相邻海拔之间群落的相异性在南北坡具有不同的分布格局 ,在

物种多样性沿环境梯度的分布格局是生物多样性研究的重要议题 ,而海拔梯度包含了各种环境因子的综合影响 ,因此对于探讨物种多样性沿环境梯度的分布格局具有重要意义。秦岭山脉地处我国暖温带向亚热带的过渡带 ,其植被垂直带和物种多样性分布格局对于研究我国南北部植被分异特征具有重要意义。基于对秦岭山脉太白山南北坡海拔 12 0 0 - 375 0m之间的垂直样带调查的 83个样方 ,本文利用植被数量分析方法 (DCA和TWINSPAN)和Shannon Wiener多样性指数、Pielou指数以及Jaccard相异性系数对太白山木本植物物种多样性在南北坡沿海拔梯度分布格局进行了初步研究。结果表明 :太白山的木本植物群落具有明显的环境梯度格局 ,海拔是决定太白山植物群落分布的主要因素 ,而坡向起到次要作用。植物群落类型与坡向的关系不大 ,当考虑群落的环境梯度格局时 ,DCA第一轴主要与年均温密切相关 ,而第二轴则取决于年平均相对湿度。乔木层和灌木层的物种具有相似的海拔梯度格局 ,植物群落中木本植物物种丰富度和多样性随着海拔的升高单调下降 ;群落均匀度随着海拔变化的规律不明显 ;灌木层的物种多样性比乔木层更为丰富 ,而南坡具有比北坡更多的物种数和更高的多样性。相邻海拔之间群落的相异性在南北坡具有不同的分布格局 ,在

Using quantitative analysis (DCA and TWINSPAN), the vegetation and plant species diversity patterns along the elevation gradient in Mt. Niubeiliang, Qinling Mountains were studied based on 51 plots along two altitudinal transects between 1500 m and 2800 m on northern and southern slopes. Plant communities varied continuously along the elevation gradient. From low to high elevation, mountain oak forest, mountain birch forest, subalpine fir forests and subalpine shrub occurred on both slopes. Relationship between communities and topographic variables were analyzed by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). Elevation was the primary determinant of floristic composition in Mt. Niubeiliang, and followed by exposure. In terms of species diversity, different patterns existed among total number of species, woody species richness and herbaceous species richness, and also between southern and northern slopes. The total number of species changed unimodally with elevation on the southern slope, peaking at middle elevations. No significant relationship between total number of species and elevation was detected on the northern slope. Woody species richness changed similarly on both southern and northern slopes, keeping stable at low elevations and decreasing monotonically with the increasing elevation at high elevations. In contrast, no significant pattern of herbaceous plant richness existed along the elevation gradient. diversity was higher at lower and higher elevations than in the mid-altitudinal zone, indicating a more homogeneous habitat at middle elevation than upper and lower elevations. Human disturbance at lower elevation and the timberline ecotone at higher elevations may contribute to the increase of diversity in these areas.

Using quantitative analysis (DCA and TWINSPAN), the vegetation and plant species diversity patterns along the elevation gradient in Mt. Niubeiliang, Qinling Mountains were studied based on 51 plots along two altitudinal transects between 1500 m and 2800 m on northern and southern slopes. Plant communities varied continuously along the elevation gradient. From low to high elevation, mountain oak forest, mountain birch forest, subalpine fir forests and subalpine shrub occurred on both slopes. Relationship between communities and topographic variables were analyzed by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). Elevation was the primary determinant of floristic composition in Mt. Niubeiliang, and followed by exposure. In terms of species diversity, different patterns existed among total number of species, woody species richness and herbaceous species richness, and also between southern and northern slopes. The total number of species changed unimodally with elevation on the southern slope, peaking at middle elevations. No significant relationship between total number of species and elevation was detected on the northern slope. Woody species richness changed similarly on both southern and northern slopes, keeping stable at low elevations and decreasing monotonically with the increasing elevation at high elevations. In contrast, no significant pattern of herbaceous plant richness existed along the elevation gradient. diversity was higher at lower and higher elevations than in the mid-altitudinal zone, indicating a more homogeneous habitat at middle elevation than upper and lower elevations. Human disturbance at lower elevation and the timberline ecotone at higher elevations may contribute to the increase of diversity in these areas.

Geographical distribution patterns of mammal species in Anhui Province were studied using cluster analysis in this paper 425 equal-area quadrangle grids that each had an area of 404. 685 km were used as geographical units to collect the distribution data,and based on species range and range types of mammals,all geographical units were designated into groups by hierarchical cluster analysis according to Jaccard similarity and Chi-square. The results of species richness patterns showed that there was higher species richness of mammals in the mountainous regions than plain regions,that is species richness in the mountainous region of southern Anhui was higher than in Dabieshan,western Anhui,and species richness in the hilly region between Yangtze River and Huaihe River is higher than the plain region of northern Huaihe River. Cluster analysis of distribution units by species showed that the 425 units could be designated into 9,5,3 and 2 groups,where Jaccard similarity was 0.647,0.570,0.461 and 0.399. The result indicated the distribution of mammal species were relative to human activities and landform. Cluster analysis of distribution units by range types showed that the 425 units could be designated into 9,5,3 and 2 groups,when Chisquare was 1.561,1.759,2.521 and 3.509. In order to study the boundary between the Palearctic and Indomalayan (or Oriental) Regions in Anhui,we sorted all mammals species into 4 range types according to their ranges and origin. These range types were identified as: (1) Palearctic (species with ranges or major ranges in Palearctic),(2) Indomalayan (species with ranges or major ranges in Indomalayan),(3) Southeast-Asian (species with ranges extending to both sides of the boundary between the Palearctic and Indomalayan regions and that only in Southeast China,Korea,and Japan),and (4)Widely Distributed (species with wild ranges both in Palearctic and Indomalayan). All species of the 4 range types were analyzed into 9 groups. The approximate fauna boundary could be drawn along Yangtze River,and there was an evid nt tr nsit onal one, ith t e nor hern orde alon the orth rn sl pe of Dabieshan Mountain - Lu'an City - Shucheng County - Hefei City - Dingyuan County - Lai'an County, and southern border along the north of Dongzhi County - Guichi City - Qingyang County -Nanling County - the northern of Xuanzhou City - Guangde County.

Geographical distribution patterns of mammal species in Anhui Province were studied using cluster analysis in this paper 425 equal-area quadrangle grids that each had an area of 404. 685 km were used as geographical units to collect the distribution data,and based on species range and range types of mammals,all geographical units were designated into groups by hierarchical cluster analysis according to Jaccard similarity and Chi-square. The results of species richness patterns showed that there was higher species richness of mammals in the mountainous regions than plain regions,that is species richness in the mountainous region of southern Anhui was higher than in Dabieshan,western Anhui,and species richness in the hilly region between Yangtze River and Huaihe River is higher than the plain region of northern Huaihe River. Cluster analysis of distribution units by species showed that the 425 units could be designated into 9,5,3 and 2 groups,where Jaccard similarity was 0.647,0.570,0.461 and 0.399. The result indicated the distribution of mammal species were relative to human activities and landform. Cluster analysis of distribution units by range types showed that the 425 units could be designated into 9,5,3 and 2 groups,when Chisquare was 1.561,1.759,2.521 and 3.509. In order to study the boundary between the Palearctic and Indomalayan (or Oriental) Regions in Anhui,we sorted all mammals species into 4 range types according to their ranges and origin. These range types were identified as: (1) Palearctic (species with ranges or major ranges in Palearctic),(2) Indomalayan (species with ranges or major ranges in Indomalayan),(3) Southeast-Asian (species with ranges extending to both sides of the boundary between the Palearctic and Indomalayan regions and that only in Southeast China,Korea,and Japan),and (4)Widely Distributed (species with wild ranges both in Palearctic and Indomalayan). All species of the 4 range types were analyzed into 9 groups. The approximate fauna boundary could be drawn along Yangtze River,and there was an evid nt tr nsit onal one, ith t e nor hern orde alon the orth rn sl pe of Dabieshan Mountain - Lu'an City - Shucheng County - Hefei City - Dingyuan County - Lai'an County, and southern border along the north of Dongzhi County - Guichi City - Qingyang County -Nanling County - the northern of Xuanzhou City - Guangde County.

The plant communities in Foping Natural Reserve were explored in this study.The diversity index and Huffman coding were used to examine the diversity and complexity of plant communities,as well as the relationship between complexity and species diversity.The results showed that:(1)The species diversity and complexity of plant communities presented a “low-high-low” pattern of skewed normal distribution as the altitude increased.The largest region of total complexity and diversity of plant community was concentrated from 1 300 to 1 500 m.The change pattern of total complexity and disorder complexity with altitude was similar to species diversity of communities (“low-high-low” pattern).However,the structure complexity had no regularity while the altitude increased.(2)Plant species diversity in the natural reserve was not only related with the altitude change,but also had close relationship with density of Bashania fargesii and Fargesia qinlingensis.The species diversity and species number significantly increased in the intersection of two bamboo groves.(3)The total complexity and disorder complexity of plant community had significant linear relations with the each index of species diversity,respectively.The variation of species diversity can totally express the changes of plant community complexity but can not be used to measure the structure complexity,because there is no significant correlation between species diversity and structure complexity.

The plant communities in Foping Natural Reserve were explored in this study.The diversity index and Huffman coding were used to examine the diversity and complexity of plant communities,as well as the relationship between complexity and species diversity.The results showed that:(1)The species diversity and complexity of plant communities presented a “low-high-low” pattern of skewed normal distribution as the altitude increased.The largest region of total complexity and diversity of plant community was concentrated from 1 300 to 1 500 m.The change pattern of total complexity and disorder complexity with altitude was similar to species diversity of communities (“low-high-low” pattern).However,the structure complexity had no regularity while the altitude increased.(2)Plant species diversity in the natural reserve was not only related with the altitude change,but also had close relationship with density of Bashania fargesii and Fargesia qinlingensis.The species diversity and species number significantly increased in the intersection of two bamboo groves.(3)The total complexity and disorder complexity of plant community had significant linear relations with the each index of species diversity,respectively.The variation of species diversity can totally express the changes of plant community complexity but can not be used to measure the structure complexity,because there is no significant correlation between species diversity and structure complexity.

The biodiversity of non-volant small mammals along an extensive subtropical elevational gradient was studied for the first time on Gongga Mountain, the highest mountain in Hengduan Mountain ranges in China, located in one of the 25 global biodiversity hotspots. Non-volant small mammals were replicate sampled in two seasons at eight sampling sites between 1000 and 4200 m elevation on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain. In all, 726 individual small mammals representing 25 species were documented in 28 800 trap nights. The species richness pattern for non-volant small mammals along the elevational gradients was hump-shaped with highest richness at mid-elevations. However, different richness patterns emerged between endemic and non-endemic species, between larger-ranged and smaller-ranged species and between rodents and insectivores. Temperature, precipitation, plant species richness and geometric constraints (mid- domain effect) were most significant in explaining species richness patterns. Based on the analysis of simple ordinary least squares (OLS) and stepwise multiple regressions, the overall richness pattern, as well as the pattern of insectivores, endemic species and larger-ranged species showed strong correlation with geometric constraint predictions. However, non-endemic species richness was more strongly correlated with temperature, while rodent richness was correlated with plant species richness. Our study shows that no single key factor can explain all richness patterns of non-volant small mammals. We need to be cautious in summarizing a general richness pattern of large species groups (e.g. small mammals or mammals) from species in smaller groups having different ecological distributions and life histories. Elevational richness patterns and their driving factors for small mammals are more likely dependent on what kind of species we study.

于2000年10月底至11月初,对都江堰地区中亚热带常绿阔叶林带不同生境类型中小型哺乳动物群落的多 样性变化进行了初步研究.共捕获小型哺乳动物12种,其中啮齿目(Rodentia)鼠科(Muridae)10种,食虫目(Insectivora)鼩 鼱科(Soricidae)2种.总捕获率为10.67%.在所调查的7个生境中,以干扰较轻的次生林中小型哺乳动物物种多样性指数(1.8438)和均 匀度(0.9475)最高,灌丛、次生林1、原生林和弃耕地均有较高的多样性指数;农田受人类的干扰最严重,物种单一,优势度(0.5703)明显;柳杉 林中的多样性指数(1.3380)和均匀度(0.8313)均较低.但原生林的物种多样性指数(1.4305)略低于次生林(1.8475和 1.4610)、灌丛(1.6398)和弃耕地(1.6566).根据不同生境内群落相似性指数进行系统聚类,7个生境在相似性指数0.0952处全部聚 合在一起.灌丛、原生林和次生林中主要分布有森林型小型哺乳动物,聚为一类,为森林群落型;柳杉林和农田以大足鼠(Rattus nitidus)为优势种,聚为一类,为农田群落型;弃耕地一方面由于群落多样性指数较高(1.6566),另一方面其农田型小型哺乳动物仍占较高比例 (46.67%),所以在聚类图中另成一类,为农林交错型.结果表明,人类活动过度干扰的生境(如农田、柳杉林)多样性指数最低;适度干扰的生境(如次生 林、灌丛、弃耕地)多样性指数最高;干扰较少的生境(如原生林)多样性指数略低.

于2000年10月底至11月初,对都江堰地区中亚热带常绿阔叶林带不同生境类型中小型哺乳动物群落的多 样性变化进行了初步研究.共捕获小型哺乳动物12种,其中啮齿目(Rodentia)鼠科(Muridae)10种,食虫目(Insectivora)鼩 鼱科(Soricidae)2种.总捕获率为10.67%.在所调查的7个生境中,以干扰较轻的次生林中小型哺乳动物物种多样性指数(1.8438)和均 匀度(0.9475)最高,灌丛、次生林1、原生林和弃耕地均有较高的多样性指数;农田受人类的干扰最严重,物种单一,优势度(0.5703)明显;柳杉 林中的多样性指数(1.3380)和均匀度(0.8313)均较低.但原生林的物种多样性指数(1.4305)略低于次生林(1.8475和 1.4610)、灌丛(1.6398)和弃耕地(1.6566).根据不同生境内群落相似性指数进行系统聚类,7个生境在相似性指数0.0952处全部聚 合在一起.灌丛、原生林和次生林中主要分布有森林型小型哺乳动物,聚为一类,为森林群落型;柳杉林和农田以大足鼠(Rattus nitidus)为优势种,聚为一类,为农田群落型;弃耕地一方面由于群落多样性指数较高(1.6566),另一方面其农田型小型哺乳动物仍占较高比例 (46.67%),所以在聚类图中另成一类,为农林交错型.结果表明,人类活动过度干扰的生境(如农田、柳杉林)多样性指数最低;适度干扰的生境(如次生 林、灌丛、弃耕地)多样性指数最高;干扰较少的生境(如原生林)多样性指数略低.

马家山自然保护区(105°28′~105°40′E,32°50′~32°56′N)属秦岭西段的南坡山地。采用样线调查法和访问调查法,于2004年10~11月,对该保护区大中型兽类(包括灵长类、食肉动物和偶蹄动物)的资源、区系和生态分布进行了研究。该保护区共有23种大中型兽类,其中属我国Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级重点保护动物的兽类分别有5种和9种。它是秦岭物种多样性保护的关键地区之一。金丝猴和猕猴在此同域分布,大熊猫和羚牛四川亚种也分布于此地,该保护区是这4个珍稀濒危物种的一个新分布区。区内的23种兽类中没有古北界的区系成分,而属于东洋界成分的兽类有17种,占73.9%;其余6种为广布种,占26.1%。分析该区域23种兽类的生态分布发现,常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林和针阔叶混交林中分别有16种、20种和12种动物活动。这些物种的垂直分布幅度有很大的差异。垂直分布幅度在海拔高差1000 m以上、500~1000 m、500 m以下的物种分别有5种、13种和5种。区内不同海拔带的兽类物种数随海拔升高的变化比较平稳,没有表现出明显上升或下降的规律性变化。

马家山自然保护区(105°28′~105°40′E,32°50′~32°56′N)属秦岭西段的南坡山地。采用样线调查法和访问调查法,于2004年10~11月,对该保护区大中型兽类(包括灵长类、食肉动物和偶蹄动物)的资源、区系和生态分布进行了研究。该保护区共有23种大中型兽类,其中属我国Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级重点保护动物的兽类分别有5种和9种。它是秦岭物种多样性保护的关键地区之一。金丝猴和猕猴在此同域分布,大熊猫和羚牛四川亚种也分布于此地,该保护区是这4个珍稀濒危物种的一个新分布区。区内的23种兽类中没有古北界的区系成分,而属于东洋界成分的兽类有17种,占73.9%;其余6种为广布种,占26.1%。分析该区域23种兽类的生态分布发现,常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林和针阔叶混交林中分别有16种、20种和12种动物活动。这些物种的垂直分布幅度有很大的差异。垂直分布幅度在海拔高差1000 m以上、500~1000 m、500 m以下的物种分别有5种、13种和5种。区内不同海拔带的兽类物种数随海拔升高的变化比较平稳,没有表现出明显上升或下降的规律性变化。

物种丰富度和种域宽度沿海拔梯度分布格局及其形成机制一直是生物 地理学和生物多样性讨论的重要议题之一.海拔Rapoport法则认为,物种丰富度随海拔升高而逐渐变低,种域宽度逐渐变宽.本文基于白水江保护区两栖爬 行动物物种的海拔分布数据,分析了白水江保护区两栖爬行动物物种丰富度及其种域宽度的海拔梯度格局;采用常用的4种验证方法,验证了不同类群、不同区系物 种丰富度和不同阶元丰富度与其分布中点间的关系,并检验了Rapoport法则的适应性.结果表明:(1)白水江保护区两栖爬行动物物种丰富度随海拔升高 呈逐渐下降趋势,大体符合单调递减模式,水分可能是决定两栖动物物种分布格局的主要环境因子,而决定爬行动物物种分布的环境因子主要是温度,这可能由这两 种类群动物不同的生理需求所致.(2)两栖爬行动物物种(特别是狭域种)主要分布在低海拔,因此保护两栖爬行动物应该把重点放在低海拔段.(3) Stevens方法、Pagel法和逐中法验证结果支持海拔Rapoport法则,中点法由于受中域效应的影响,物种种域与海拔梯度呈先升后降的单峰分布 模型.因此,验证方法对Rapopon法则的验证结果具有重要的影响.Rapoport法则验证的研究方法亟待改进,物种丰富度和种域的海拔梯度格局及其 形成机理需要更多的案例比较研究,以形成普遍性的认识.

物种丰富度和种域宽度沿海拔梯度分布格局及其形成机制一直是生物 地理学和生物多样性讨论的重要议题之一.海拔Rapoport法则认为,物种丰富度随海拔升高而逐渐变低,种域宽度逐渐变宽.本文基于白水江保护区两栖爬 行动物物种的海拔分布数据,分析了白水江保护区两栖爬行动物物种丰富度及其种域宽度的海拔梯度格局;采用常用的4种验证方法,验证了不同类群、不同区系物 种丰富度和不同阶元丰富度与其分布中点间的关系,并检验了Rapoport法则的适应性.结果表明:(1)白水江保护区两栖爬行动物物种丰富度随海拔升高 呈逐渐下降趋势,大体符合单调递减模式,水分可能是决定两栖动物物种分布格局的主要环境因子,而决定爬行动物物种分布的环境因子主要是温度,这可能由这两 种类群动物不同的生理需求所致.(2)两栖爬行动物物种(特别是狭域种)主要分布在低海拔,因此保护两栖爬行动物应该把重点放在低海拔段.(3) Stevens方法、Pagel法和逐中法验证结果支持海拔Rapoport法则,中点法由于受中域效应的影响,物种种域与海拔梯度呈先升后降的单峰分布 模型.因此,验证方法对Rapopon法则的验证结果具有重要的影响.Rapoport法则验证的研究方法亟待改进,物种丰富度和种域的海拔梯度格局及其 形成机理需要更多的案例比较研究,以形成普遍性的认识.

物种多样性和种域宽度沿环境梯度的分布格局及其成因机制一直是生物地理学和生态学讨论的重要议题。本研究采用多元回归模型和方差分离的方法判断面积、水分和能量、边界限制对秦岭两栖、爬行动物及其不同区系成分的物种丰富度海拔梯度分布格局的影响。结果表明,秦岭两栖爬行动物及其不同区系成分的物种丰富度均呈单峰分布格局,但峰值分布的海拔段有所差异。形成这种格局是各种因素相互作用的结果,3种假设的独立解释力较低。水分能量动态假设对两栖、爬行动物物种的丰富度格局有很强的解释能力,但水分和能量的解释力中有很大一部分属于边界限制、面积的协同作用,在解释两栖动物的海拔分布格局时,边界限制与水分和能量之间存在较强的共线性,而在解释爬行动物的海拔分布格局时,面积与水分和能量之间存在较强的共线性。同时,本研究采用Stevens法和逐种法对Rapoport法则进行了验证。结果表明,爬行动物物种种域的海拔梯度格局基本上支持Rapoport法则,两栖动物很难判断是否支持Rapoport法则。

物种多样性和种域宽度沿环境梯度的分布格局及其成因机制一直是生物地理学和生态学讨论的重要议题。本研究采用多元回归模型和方差分离的方法判断面积、水分和能量、边界限制对秦岭两栖、爬行动物及其不同区系成分的物种丰富度海拔梯度分布格局的影响。结果表明,秦岭两栖爬行动物及其不同区系成分的物种丰富度均呈单峰分布格局,但峰值分布的海拔段有所差异。形成这种格局是各种因素相互作用的结果,3种假设的独立解释力较低。水分能量动态假设对两栖、爬行动物物种的丰富度格局有很强的解释能力,但水分和能量的解释力中有很大一部分属于边界限制、面积的协同作用,在解释两栖动物的海拔分布格局时,边界限制与水分和能量之间存在较强的共线性,而在解释爬行动物的海拔分布格局时,面积与水分和能量之间存在较强的共线性。同时,本研究采用Stevens法和逐种法对Rapoport法则进行了验证。结果表明,爬行动物物种种域的海拔梯度格局基本上支持Rapoport法则,两栖动物很难判断是否支持Rapoport法则。