Biodiv Sci ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (3): 23307. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023307 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2023307
• Original Papers: Animal Diversity • Previous Articles Next Articles
Zhirong Feng1,2, Mingbo Chen1, Xiaofang Yang1,2, Gang Wang1, Yiyi Dong1, Yanqiong Peng1(), Huayan Chen3(), Bo Wang1,*()()
Received:
2023-08-30
Accepted:
2023-11-21
Online:
2024-03-20
Published:
2023-11-29
Contact:
*E-mail: wangbo@xtbg.ac.cn
Zhirong Feng, Mingbo Chen, Xiaofang Yang, Gang Wang, Yiyi Dong, Yanqiong Peng, Huayan Chen, Bo Wang. The Ficus breeding system and the resource utilization of fig wasps shape the fig wasp community[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2024, 32(3): 23307.
榕树亚属 Ficus subgenus | 榕树名 Ficus species (abbreviation) | 采集时间 Sampling time | 采集地点 Sampling site | 繁育系统 Breeding system | 传粉模式 Pollination type | 生活型 Life form |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
榕亚属 Urostigma | 高山榕 F. altissima (alt) | 2021.5-2022.4 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG) and its surroundings | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 主动 Active | 大乔木 Mega |
细叶榕 F. microcarpa (mic) | 2021.9-2022.4 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区和普洱市(22°48° N, 100°58° E) XTBG and its surroundings, Pu’er (22°48° N, 100°58° E) | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 主动 Active | 乔木 Macro | |
环纹榕 F. annulata (ann) | 2020.12-2022.2 | 西双版纳热带植物园内 XTBG | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 被动 Passive | 乔木 Macro | |
雅榕 F. concinna (con) | 2020.12-2023.3 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 主动 Active | 大乔木 Mega | |
大叶水榕 F. glaberrima (gla) | 2021.1-2022.6 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 主动 Active | 乔木 Macro | |
垂叶榕 F. benjamina (ben) | 2020.1-2021.8 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 主动 Active | 乔木 Macro | |
钝叶榕 F. curtipes (cur) | 2020.8-2021.9 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 被动 Passive | 乔木 Macro | |
聚果榕属 Sycomorns | 聚果榕 F. racemosa (rac) | 2020.1-2021.7 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 主动 Active | 大乔木 Mega |
肉托榕 F. squamosa (squ) | 2021.5-2022.5 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区和景洪市(22°04′- 22°17′ N, 100°32′-100°44′ E) XTBG and its surroundings, Jinghong (22°04′-22°17′ N, 100°32′-100°44′ E) | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 灌木 Shrub | |
鸡嗉子 F. semicordata (sem) | 2020.11-2022.4 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 小乔木 Micro | |
苹果榕 F. oligodon (oli) | 2021.3-2021.5 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 小乔木 Micro | |
木瓜榕 F. auriculata (aur) | 2021.3-2022.3 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 小乔木 Micro | |
异形花榕 F. heterostyla (het) | 2020.12-2022.5 | 西双版纳热带植物园内 XTBG | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 小乔木 Micro | |
对叶榕 F. hispada (his) | 2020.8-2021.7 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 小乔木 Micro | |
糙叶榕属 Sycidium | 斜叶榕 F. tinctoria (tin) | 2021.1-2022.1 | 西双版纳热带植物园内 XTBG | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 大乔木 Macro |
假斜叶榕 F. subulata (sub) | 2022.5 | 西双版纳热带植物园内 XTBG | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 灌木 Shrub | |
歪叶榕 F. cyrtophylla (cyr) | 2020.3-2022.3 | 西双版纳热带植物园内 XTBG | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 被动 Passive | 小乔木 Micro | |
白肉榕属 Pharmacosycea | 硬皮榕 F. callosa (cal) | 2020.10-2021.3 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 主动 Active | 大乔木 Mega |
Table 1 The 18 Ficus species sample selected for this study
榕树亚属 Ficus subgenus | 榕树名 Ficus species (abbreviation) | 采集时间 Sampling time | 采集地点 Sampling site | 繁育系统 Breeding system | 传粉模式 Pollination type | 生活型 Life form |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
榕亚属 Urostigma | 高山榕 F. altissima (alt) | 2021.5-2022.4 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG) and its surroundings | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 主动 Active | 大乔木 Mega |
细叶榕 F. microcarpa (mic) | 2021.9-2022.4 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区和普洱市(22°48° N, 100°58° E) XTBG and its surroundings, Pu’er (22°48° N, 100°58° E) | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 主动 Active | 乔木 Macro | |
环纹榕 F. annulata (ann) | 2020.12-2022.2 | 西双版纳热带植物园内 XTBG | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 被动 Passive | 乔木 Macro | |
雅榕 F. concinna (con) | 2020.12-2023.3 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 主动 Active | 大乔木 Mega | |
大叶水榕 F. glaberrima (gla) | 2021.1-2022.6 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 主动 Active | 乔木 Macro | |
垂叶榕 F. benjamina (ben) | 2020.1-2021.8 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 主动 Active | 乔木 Macro | |
钝叶榕 F. curtipes (cur) | 2020.8-2021.9 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 被动 Passive | 乔木 Macro | |
聚果榕属 Sycomorns | 聚果榕 F. racemosa (rac) | 2020.1-2021.7 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 主动 Active | 大乔木 Mega |
肉托榕 F. squamosa (squ) | 2021.5-2022.5 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区和景洪市(22°04′- 22°17′ N, 100°32′-100°44′ E) XTBG and its surroundings, Jinghong (22°04′-22°17′ N, 100°32′-100°44′ E) | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 灌木 Shrub | |
鸡嗉子 F. semicordata (sem) | 2020.11-2022.4 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 小乔木 Micro | |
苹果榕 F. oligodon (oli) | 2021.3-2021.5 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 小乔木 Micro | |
木瓜榕 F. auriculata (aur) | 2021.3-2022.3 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 小乔木 Micro | |
异形花榕 F. heterostyla (het) | 2020.12-2022.5 | 西双版纳热带植物园内 XTBG | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 小乔木 Micro | |
对叶榕 F. hispada (his) | 2020.8-2021.7 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 小乔木 Micro | |
糙叶榕属 Sycidium | 斜叶榕 F. tinctoria (tin) | 2021.1-2022.1 | 西双版纳热带植物园内 XTBG | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 大乔木 Macro |
假斜叶榕 F. subulata (sub) | 2022.5 | 西双版纳热带植物园内 XTBG | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 主动 Active | 灌木 Shrub | |
歪叶榕 F. cyrtophylla (cyr) | 2020.3-2022.3 | 西双版纳热带植物园内 XTBG | 雌雄异株Dioecious | 被动 Passive | 小乔木 Micro | |
白肉榕属 Pharmacosycea | 硬皮榕 F. callosa (cal) | 2020.10-2021.3 | 西双版纳热带植物园及其周边地区 XTBG and its surroundings | 雌雄同株Monoecious | 主动 Active | 大乔木 Mega |
Fig. 1 Sampling thoroughness and species diversity of fig wasps community from 18 Ficus species. Hill number: q = 0, 1, 2 represents species richness (i.e., number of species), Shannon diversity (i.e. number of typical or common species in a community), Simpson index (i.e. number of dominant species in the community), respectively.
Fig. 2 Trends of fig wasp-fig resource network metrics in response to changes in sampling efforts across the 18 fig wasp communities. H2’, Specialization; WNODF, Weighted nestedness metric based on overlap and decreasing fill; S, Fig wasp species richness.
Fig. 3 Correlation and significance level of fig wasp-fig resource utility network metrics. In the lower left corner of the figure is the pairwise scatter plot corresponding to network metrics, the horizontal and vertical numbers respectively represent coordinate scale value in the scatter plot, the small circles represent the corresponding points of each Ficus tree on the scatter plot, the curves in the small circles represent the linear regression curve fitted by the scatter points, and the histogram on the diagonal represents the frequency distribution of network metrics. The line on the bar graph represents the fitted distribution curve; The value of the correlation coefficient between the network metrics (Pearson correlation r) and the level of statistical significance are listed in the box in the upper right corner in red. Abbreviations of network indecies: C, Connectance; WNODF, Weighted nestedness metric based on overlap and decreasing fill; Shannon, Shannon diversity for interactions; H2’, Specialization; R, Robustness; CS, C Score; S, Number of fig wasps; DO, Distribution overlap.
Fig. 4 Comparison of fig wasp-fig resource utility network metrics in different breeding systems of Ficus tree. C, Connectance; WNODF, Weighted nestedness metric based on overlap and decreasing fill; Shannon, Shannon diversity for interactions; H2’, Specialization; R, Robustness; CS, C score; S, Number of fig wasps; DO, Distribution overlap.
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