Influence of ectomycorrhizal tree dominance on seedling recruitment in temperate forests at different successional stages

doi:10.17520/biods.2025268

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Seedling recruitment is a critical process for maintaining the health and sustainability of forest ecosystems. Numerous studies have demonstrated that compared to niche differentiation caused by resource competition, negative density-dependent effects driven by biological interactions among neighboring seedlings have a stronger impact on seedling survival. However, it remains elusive how the symbiotic networks formed by ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi and host trees regulate the seedling recruitment. Here we aim to investigate the effects of different succession stages and the proportion of EcM tree species on seedling recruitment. Additionally, the study identifies and examines the key factors affecting seedling recruitment across different successional stages.

Method: In this study, seedling surveys were conducted in an old-growth broad-leaved Korean pine forest and two secondary forests—a poplar and birch forest, and a coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest—which established following disturbances such as logging and wildfires on Changbai Mountains.

Results: The results showed that seedling growth rate and mortality rate varied significantly across forest successional stages, with both rates being lower in broad-leaved Korean pine forest than those in two secondary forests (P < 0.05). An increased proportion of EcM tree species significantly affected seedling growth rate and mortality rate in broad-leaved Korean pine forest (P < 0.05). Although a higher proportion of EcM tree species promoted seedling growth, it also exacerbated resource competition, resulting in enhanced seedling mortality. Furthermore, the critical factors affecting seedling recruitment were found to depend on forest successional stage. During the early and middle successional stages, environmental factors, such as total soil nitrogen and pH, were the primary drivers of seedling survival. In contrast, during the late successional stage, seedling survival appeared to be influenced by both conspecific density-dependent and heterospecific protective effects, with the density of conspecific and heterospecific seedling neighbours becoming the dominant factors affecting seedling survival.

Conclusions: The effects of proportion of EcM tree species on seedling recruitment exhibit significant stage-specific differences across succession stages, with dominant influencing factors undergoing substantial shifts throughout the process. These findings provide empirical support for advancing temperate forest tree recruitment strategies, guiding effective forest restoration efforts, and enhancing long-term ecosystem stability and productivity.

Key words: successional stages, ectomycorrhizal tree species, seedling recruitment, temperate forest ecosystem

Siyu Liu, Chunhuan Li, Yumei Pan, Xiuhai Zhao, Chunyu Zhang, Naili Zhang. Influence of ectomycorrhizal tree dominance on seedling recruitment in temperate forests at different successional stages[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(9): 25268.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2025268

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2025/V33/I9/25268

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1 Effects of successional stage, proportion of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree species, and their interaction on seedling growth rate and mortality rate

影响因子 Impact factors	生长率 Growth rate		死亡率 Mortality rate
影响因子 Impact factors	χ²	P	χ²	P
演替阶段 Successional stage	60.2015	< 0.001	182.2730	< 0.001
EcM树种比例 Proportion of EcM tree species	8.0167	0.0005	36.4910	< 0.001
演替阶段 × EcM树种比例 Successional stage × Proportion of EcM tree species	33.7788	< 0.001	85.8080	< 0.001

Fig. 1 Growth rate and mortality rate of woody plant seedlings across the secondary poplar birch forest (PBF), secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBF), and broad-leaved Korean pine forest (BKF) (mean ± SE). *** P < 0.001; ns, P > 0.05.

Fig. 2 Effect of the proportion of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree species on seedling growth rate and mortality rate in the secondary poplar birch forest (PBF), secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBF), and broad-leaved Korean pine forest (BKF)

Fig. 3 Multiple regression analysis of soil physicochemical indicators, density of conspecific and heterospecific seedling neighbours, dominant seedling density, and seedling growth rate and mortality rate in the secondary poplar birch forest (PBF), secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBF), and broad-leaved Korean pine forest (BKF). DSD, Dominant seedling density; CSD, Density of conspecific seedling neighbours; HSD, Density of heterospecific seedling neighbours; SWC, Soil water content; STN, Soil total nitrogen content; STP, Soil total phosphorous content; NO3--N, Nitrate nitrogen content; NH4+-N, Ammonium nitrogen content; AP, Available phosphorous content. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01.

Fig. 4 Correlation between seedling growth rate and mortality rate in the secondary poplar birch forest (PBF), secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBF), and broad-leaved Korean pine forest (BKF) and density of conspecific and heterospecific seedling neighbours, dominant seedling density, and soil physicochemical properties. DSD, Dominant seedling density; CSD, Density of conspecific seedling neighbours; HSD, Density of heterospecific seedling neighbours; SWC, Soil water content; STN, Soil total nitrogen content; STP, Soil total phosphorous content; NO3--N, Nitrate nitrogen content; NH4+-N, Ammonium nitrogen content; AP, Available phosphorous content. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

Fig. 5 Structural equation model of the effects of proportion of ectomycorrhizal tree species, succession stage, soil factors, and density of conspecific and heterospecific seedling neighbours on the growth rate and mortality rate of dominant seedlings. Red arrows represent negative effects, while green arrows represent positive effects. The solid lines represent significant relationships (P < 0.05), while dashed lines represent insignificant relationships (P > 0.05). The arrow indicates the direction of causality. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between groups. BKF, Broad-leaved Korean pine forest; CBF, Secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest; PBF, Secondary poplar birch forest; CSD, Density of conspecific seedling neighbours; HSD, Density of heterospecific seedling neighbours. ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

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