Discussion of existing protection for three waterbirds’ habitats in the Yellow River basin nature reserves, based on satellite tracking

doi:10.17520/biods.2020328

Abstract

Abstract:

Nature reserves represent an important form of biodiversity conservation, and their presence is particularly crucial for migratory waterbirds. From 2016‒2018, six Bar-headed Geese (Anser indicus), five Eurasian Spoonbills (Platalea leucorodia) and ten Oriental Storks (Ciconia Boyciana) were captured in China, Mongolia and Russia. During the tracking period, 844,592 pieces of high-frequency GPS tracking data were obtained, we analyzed the duration that these birds spent in the Yellow River basin and, the land cover types during their stay. Then we simulated the home range of the three species using kernel density estimation. The results showed that the Yellow River basin wetlands are used as a stopover site during the migration of these three waterbirds. Some juveniles of the Eurasian Spoonbills use the land as a summering area, and some of the Oriental Storks use it as a wintering area. There are differences in land cover of three waterfowl in the Yellow River basin. The Bar-headed Goose used the grassland (49.0%), bare land (26.2%) and water (22.5%). The Eurasian Spoonbill used the cropland (42.1%), grassland (19.8%) and wetland (19.6%). The Oriental Stork used the wetland (49.8%), cropland (34.5%) and water (4.6%). Our study found that 50% of the home range of the Bar-headed Goose overlaps with the existing nature reserves, while the homes range of the Eurasian Spoonbill and the Oriental Stork only overlap 1.6% and 0 with existing nature reserves, respectively. The habitats of these latter two species are in need of greater protection. At the same time, by analyzing the proportion of land types in the coverage area, we found that the birds’ utilization of bare land, grassland and cropland is more passive, while the utilization of wetland and water is active. The results detail the movement and living characteristics of three waterfowl in the Yellow River. Given the lack of overlap between their habitats and existing nature reserves, it will be important to establish comprehensive protected areas for Eurasian Spoonbills and Oriental Storks as part of further development of the Yellow River nature reserves.

Key words: Bar-headed Goose, Eurasian Spoonbill, Oriental Stork, satellite telemetry, Yellow River nature reserve, protection status

Yuxi Wang, Yanbo Xie, Nyambayar Batbayar, Baoguang Zhu, Shubin Dong, Anna Barma, Anton Sasin, Lei Cao. Discussion of existing protection for three waterbirds’ habitats in the Yellow River basin nature reserves, based on satellite tracking[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(12): 1483-1495.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2020328

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2020/V28/I12/1483

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 The map of the migration route of three waterbirds by tracking their life history. (A) The spring and autumn migration routes of 6 Bar-headed Geese. The breeding area is Mongolia, and the wintering areas are Shigatse of Tibet of China and India/Bangladesh. The Species mainly stops in the Yellow River basin. (B) The spring and autumn migration routes of 5 Eurasian Spoonbills. The breeding area is Mongolia, the wintering area is the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and it stops or spends summer in the Yellow River basin during migration. (C) The spring and autumn migration routes of 10 Oriental Storks, overwintering in the Yellow River basin. The red line represents the autumn migration route, the yellow line represents the spring migration route, the inverted triangle represents the summering sites, the forward triangle represents the wintering sites, the green circle represents the location and period of the stopover in the Yellow River basin, the blue line represents the Yellow River and the Yangtze River and the light blue shadow represents the Yellow River basin (Jiang, 2015).

Table 1 Activities and utilization types of three migratory waterbirds in the Yellow River basin (YRB)

物种 Species	种群 Population	季节 Season	黄河流域内时长 Staging in YRB (d)	迁徙时长 Migration duration (d)	时间占比 Percentage	利用类型 Utilization type
斑头雁 Bar-headed Goose	蒙古国-中国日喀则 MtoT	秋季 Autumn	111.2	149	75.3%	停歇地 Stopover site
	蒙古国-中国日喀则 MtoT	春季 Spring	25.3	62.2	40.7%	停歇地 Stopover site
	蒙古国-印度/孟加拉国 MtoA	秋季 Autumn	109.8	401.9	27.3%	停歇地 Stopover site
	蒙古国-印度/孟加拉国 MtoA	春季 Spring	0	40.7	0.0%	停歇地 Stopover site
白琵鹭 Eurasian Spoonbill	蒙古国-长江 Mongolia-Yangtze River	秋季 Autumn	172.9	466.2	37.1%	停歇地 Stopover site
		春季 Spring	32.9	39.1	84.1%	停歇地 Stopover site
		-	321.4	-	100.0%	度夏地 Summering site
东方白鹳 Oriental Stork	黑龙江繁殖种群 Heilongjiang breeding population	-	1351.7	-	100.0%	越冬地 Wintering site

Fig. 2 Density diagram of the sites of three waterbirds in the Yellow River basin. (A) and (B) showed the important habitats of the MtoT population and the MtoA population of the Bar-headed Goose; (C) showed the important habitat of the Eurasian Spoonbill; (D) showed the important habitat of the Oriental Stork. The blue line is the Yellow River, the white line is the boundary of the Yellow River basin, and the area shaded by the green grid is the Yellow River basin nature reserves. The site density of the Yellow River basin is marked with 3% (blue), 3%?10% (green), 10%?20% (yellow), 20%?50% (orange) and 50%?100% (red) (Jiang, 2015).

Fig. 3 The home range of three waterbirds in the Zhaling-Eling lake (A), Muli Town (B), Hetao Plain (C), and the Yellow River Delta (D). The black shade, the yellow shade and the red shade are 90%, 75%, and 50% of the home range fitted. The blue line is the Yellow River, the green grid shaded area is the Yellow River basin nature reserves, the white line area is the boundary of the Yellow River basin, and the blue area is the lakes.

Table 2 Three important habitats of waterbirds in the Yellow River basin and land use in their home ranges

物种 Species	栖息地 Habitat	农田 Cropland	森林 Forest	草地 Grassland	灌丛 Shrubland	湿地 Wetland	水体 Water	人工地表 Artificial surface	裸地 Bare land
斑头雁 Bar-headed Goose	木里镇 Muli Town	0.0%	0.0%	49.0%	0.0%	2.3%	22.5%	0.0%	26.2%
	扎陵湖-鄂陵湖 Zhaling-Eling lake	0.0%	0.0%	50.9%	0.0%	6.4%	14.7%	0.0%	28.0%
	50%家域 Home range-50%	0.0%	0.0%	84.9%	0.0%	0.5%	1.2%	0.0%	13.4%
	75%家域 Home range-75%	0.0%	0.0%	74.4%	0.0%	0.3%	5.7%	0.0%	19.6%
	90%家域 Home range-90%	0.0%	0.0%	66.8%	0.0%	0.6%	7.7%	0.0%	24.9%
白琵鹭 Eurasian Spoonbill	河套平原 Hetao Plain	42.1%	0.7%	19.8%	0.0%	19.6%	11.1%	3.3%	3.4%
	50%家域 Home range-50%	55.2%	0.1%	7.4%	2.2%	1.1%	1.6%	3.9%	28.5%
	75%家域 Home range-75%	34.5%	1.5%	13.9%	1.3%	0.8%	1.5%	2.5%	44.0%
	90%家域 Home range-90%	31.7%	2.7%	27.7%	0.4%	0.5%	0.9%	3.8%	32.3%
东方白鹳 Oriental Stork	黄河三角洲 Yellow River Delta	34.5%	0.0%	4.5%	0.0%	49.8%	4.60%	6.6%	0.0%
	50%家域 Home range-50%	69.8%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.1%	14.3%	15.7%	0.0%
	75%家域 Home range-75%	61.0%	0.0%	0.6%	0.0%	0.6%	24.0%	13.7%	0.1%
	90%家域 Home range-90%	64.5%	0.0%	3.3%	0.0%	2.7%	19.1%	8.1%	2.3%

Table 3 Overlapping in the Yellow River basin nature reserves and home ranges of three waterfowl

	家域范围 Home range	面积 Area (km²)	重叠面积 Overlapping area (km²)	重叠率 Overlapping rate
斑头雁 Bar-headed Goose	50%	370.9	370.9	100.0%
	75%	1,427.1	1,427.1	100.0%
	90%	3,394.6	3,386.1	99.8%
白琵鹭 Eurasian Spoonbill	50%	6,428.4	105.2	1.6%
	75%	31,660.7	951.6	3.0%
	90%	63,064.6	3,090.4	4.9%
东方白鹳 Oriental Stork	50%	8.1	0.0	0.0%
	75%	91.7	27.2	29.6%
	90%	330.6	76.6	23.2%

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