生物多样性 ›› 2011, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (1): 24-33. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.10167 cstr: 32101.14.SP.J.1003.2011.10167
收稿日期:
2010-06-30
接受日期:
2010-10-14
出版日期:
2011-01-20
发布日期:
2011-04-01
通讯作者:
谭敦炎
作者简介:
*E-mail: tandunyan@163.com基金资助:
Received:
2010-06-30
Accepted:
2010-10-14
Online:
2011-01-20
Published:
2011-04-01
Contact:
Dunyan Tan
摘要:
次级花粉呈现是植物提高花粉输出和接受的效率与准确性以及促进异交的一种繁殖策略。新疆党参(Codonopsis clematidea)具有典型的次级花粉呈现特性。本文采用野外观测、授粉实验与室内显微观测等方法, 对该物种的花部综合征及其次级花粉呈现过程进行了详细观测, 并对这些特征的适应意义进行了探讨。结果表明: 新疆党参钟状下垂的蓝色花冠及黑黄色蜜腺, 不仅避免了雨水冲刷雌雄蕊、稀释花蜜以及风移出花粉等不利影响, 还增加了对传粉者的吸引, 延长了花粉活力及柱头可授性持续时间。次级花粉呈现属于亚顶端花柱呈现者, 呈现机制为沉积机制。该特性限制了单个传粉者带走的花粉量, 延长了花粉呈现时间, 使更多传粉者参与传粉过程, 增加了雄性适合度。其雄性先熟及雌雄蕊空间位置变化, 避免了雌雄功能干扰, 为传粉者取食花蜜、输出花粉以及柱头接受异源花粉提供了通道和机会。其泛化传粉系统的主要传粉昆虫为林野熊蜂(Bombus silvarum)、草地熊蜂(B. paradoxus)和树长黄胡蜂(Dolichovespula sylvestris), 其较长的单花花期(6 d左右), 昆虫访花高峰期与花粉活力最高时期及柱头最佳授粉期相吻合, 以及较大的泌蜜量、较高的花蜜糖浓度和较长的泌蜜时间等特征, 可提高传粉者的访花频率, 增加成功传粉的机会和传粉效率。在气候多变的天山山区,该物种特殊的花部综合征和次级花粉呈现机制对提高其传粉效率并促进异交繁殖成功具有重要意义。
王丽, 谭敦炎 (2011) 新疆党参的花部综合征与次级花粉呈现. 生物多样性, 19, 24-33. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.10167.
Li Wang, Dunyan Tan (2011) Floral syndrome and secondary pollen presentation in Codonopsis clematidea(Campanulaceae). Biodiversity Science, 19, 24-33. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.10167.
图1 新疆党参单花开放进程。(A)花苞中与花柱靠合且尚未开裂的花药; (B)花药在柱头裂片背面散粉; (C)花药与花柱分离, 花粉沉积在花柱毛上; (D)花粉释放完毕; (E)柱头裂片展开; (F)柱头和花冠萎蔫, 开花结束。An: 花药; Es: 尚未展开的柱头外表面; Fi: 花丝; Ne: 蜜腺; Po: 花粉; Sti: 柱头; Sty: 花柱。标尺 = 1 mm。
Fig. 1 Codonopsis clematidea flowering stages. (A) Anthers are closed around the style within the unopened bud; (B) Anthers disperse pollen onto the back of stigma lobes; (C) Pollens are deposited onto the stylar hairs via anthers and style separation; (D) End of pollen release; (E) Stigma lobes spreading; (F) Withered stigma and corolla showing end of anthesis. An, Anther; Es, External surface of still unexpanded stigma; Fi, Filament; Ne, Nectary; Po, Pollen; Sti, Stigma; Sty, Style. Scale bar = 1 mm.
图2 新疆党参花柱毛的动态变化。(A)花苞内花柱上的单细胞毛; (B)花柱毛回缩, 花柱毛间的花粉暴露并释放; (C)花柱毛完全回缩形成的点状窝。Dw: 点状窝; Hi: 正在回缩的花柱毛; Sh: 花柱毛; Po: 花粉。标尺 = 0.5 mm。
Fig. 2 The course of successive stylar hairs invaginated in Codonopsis clematidea. (A) Unicellular hairs of the style within the unopened bud; (B) Pollens between hairs are exposed and released by successive invagination of hairs; (C) Dotted with pits formed by withdrawal of stylar hairs. Dw, Dotted with pits; Hi, Hair invaginating; Sh, Stylar hairs; Po, Pollen. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
图3 新疆党参的花粉活力(Mean±SE, n = 10)。A: 花药刚散粉; B: 花药散粉完毕并开始释放; C-E: 花粉释放24 h (C)、48 h (D)和72 h (E)。
Fig. 3 Pollen viability in Codonopsis clematidea(Mean±SE,n = 10). A, Beginning of dehiscence of anthers; B, End of dehiscence and beginning of pollen release; C-E, Pollen is released for 24 h (C), 48 h (D), and 72 h (E).
图4 新疆党参的传粉昆虫。A-C: 雄性阶段花; D-F: 雌性阶段花。A和D: 林野熊蜂; B和E: 树长黄胡蜂; C和F: 草地熊蜂。标尺 = 1 mm。
Fig. 4 The pollinators ofCodonopsis clematidea. A-C, Flowers in male phase; D-F, Flowers in female phase. A and D,Bombus silvarum; B and E,Dolichovespula sylvestris; C and F,B. paradoxus. Scale bar = 1 mm.
授粉处理 Pollination treatment | n | 座果率 Fruit-set (%) | 结籽率 Seed-set (%) |
---|---|---|---|
(1) 不去雄套袋 Bagged without emasculation | 30 | 0a | 0a |
(2) 去雄套网袋 Emasculated and bagged with nylon net | 30 | 0a | 0a |
(3) 人工自花授粉 Artificial autogamy | 30 | 0a | 0a |
(4) 人工异株异花授粉 Artificial xenogamy | 30 | 73.3b | 83.7 ± 4.4 b |
(5) 自然授粉 Natural pollination | 30 | 66.7b | 80.6 ± 2.4 b |
表1 新疆党参不同授粉处理下的座果率和结籽率(Mean± SE)
Table 1 Effect of different pollination treatments on fruit set and seed set in Codonopsis clematidea(Mean ± SE)
授粉处理 Pollination treatment | n | 座果率 Fruit-set (%) | 结籽率 Seed-set (%) |
---|---|---|---|
(1) 不去雄套袋 Bagged without emasculation | 30 | 0a | 0a |
(2) 去雄套网袋 Emasculated and bagged with nylon net | 30 | 0a | 0a |
(3) 人工自花授粉 Artificial autogamy | 30 | 0a | 0a |
(4) 人工异株异花授粉 Artificial xenogamy | 30 | 73.3b | 83.7 ± 4.4 b |
(5) 自然授粉 Natural pollination | 30 | 66.7b | 80.6 ± 2.4 b |
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