玉龙雪山森林火烧迹地恢复年限对滇牡丹土壤细菌群落的影响

doi:10.17520/biods.2025338

生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (4): 25338. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025338 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025338

• 研究报告: 微生物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

玉龙雪山森林火烧迹地恢复年限对滇牡丹土壤细菌群落的影响

杨文高(), 李兆光, 袁文珏, 和桂青, 王蕊, 和琼姬, 叶磊, 李燕, 侯志江^*()

云南省农业科学院高山经济植物研究所, 云南丽江 674199

收稿日期:2025-08-25 接受日期:2026-01-14 出版日期:2026-04-20 发布日期:2026-05-27
通讯作者: 侯志江
基金资助:
丽江市科技计划项目(2024LJSNK02);兴丽英才项目(2024XLRC-08);兴丽英才项目(2024XLYC-179);高山农业科技创新及成果展示转化专项经费项目(云财农〔2025〕7号);中央引导地方科技发展资金(202107AB110012)

The influence of restoration years on soil bacterial communities: A case study of Paeonia delavayi in post-fire forest sites of Yulong Snow Mountain, Yunnan, China

Wengao Yang(), Zhaoguang Li, Wenjue Yuan, Guiqing He, Rui Wang, Qiongji He, Lei Ye, Yan Li, Zhijiang Hou^*()

Institute of Alpine Economic Plant, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lijiang, Yunnan 674199, China

Received:2025-08-25 Accepted:2026-01-14 Online:2026-04-20 Published:2026-05-27
Contact: Zhijiang Hou
Supported by:
Science and Technology Planning Project of Lijiang(2024LJSNK02);the Xingli Talent Support Plan(2024XLRC-08);the Xingli Talent Support Plan(2024XLYC-179);the Special Fund Project for Alpine Agricultural Technology Innovation and Achievement Demonstration and Transformation(Yunnan Finance and Agriculture〔2025〕 7);the Fund for Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development(202107AB110012)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤细菌群落作为维系植物-土壤互作过程的关键纽带, 在参与调控土壤生物地球化学循环、促进植物群落演替和驱动土壤生态功能恢复方面具有重要作用。目前, 对高海拔退化森林生态系统植被恢复进程中土壤细菌群落组成、多样性及功能演变特征及其影响因素的认识尚不清晰。本研究选取滇西北玉龙雪山退化森林火烧迹地, 以乡土植物乔木长苞冷杉(Abies georgei)和亚灌木滇牡丹(Paeonia delavayi)构建植被恢复1年、恢复3年、恢复6年及火烧后自然演替的裸地为对象, 通过测定滇牡丹根系土壤理化性质, 采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析不同恢复年限土壤细菌群落组成、多样性和功能演替过程及其相关性。结果表明: (1)恢复3年土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、速效氮(AN)、全磷(TP)含量和含水量(SMC)均显著低于裸地, 而全钾(TK)含量和pH值则显著高于恢复1年、恢复6年和裸地; 恢复6年土壤速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量显著高于裸地。(2)恢复3年和6年土壤细菌群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均显著低于恢复1年和裸地, 但Chao1指数在不同恢复年限间无显著差异。土壤细菌群落β多样性在不同恢复年限间发生极显著变化。相比裸地而言, 恢复1年、恢复3年和恢复6年土壤细菌假单胞菌门、酸杆菌门和疣微菌门相对丰度显著降低, 而放线菌门和芽单胞菌门显著升高, 绿弯菌门则在恢复1年时显著最高。恢复3年参与N循环的慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)和参与P循环的芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)相对丰度显著高于裸地, 而恢复6年具有生物防治功能的雷氏菌属(Reyranella)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)显著低于裸地。(3)冗余分析结果显示, 土壤AN、AK、TK、TN、SOC、SMC和pH显著影响了土壤细菌群落组成。结构方程模型表明, 恢复年限越长土壤细菌群落多样性越低, 同时SOC通过调控土壤全量养分和pH间接影响土壤细菌群落组成, 而恢复年限可以通过积极影响土壤速效养分间接提升土壤细菌群落组成。综上所述, 退化森林火烧迹地恢复3年是滇牡丹根系土壤理化性质特征、土壤细菌群落多样性、优势菌丰度及功能菌组成格局演替的关键拐点。推测土壤速效养分随着恢复年限不断改善, 土壤细菌群落组成在植被恢复后期会得到明显提高。

关键词: 土壤细菌群落, 滇牡丹, 植被恢复年限, 森林火烧迹地, 亚高山森林

Abstract

Aims: Soil bacterial communities serve as pivotal links sustaining plant-soil interaction processes. They play essential roles in regulating soil biogeochemical cycles, facilitating plant community succession, and driving the restoration of soil ecological functions. Currently, the compositional shifts, diversity patterns, functional succession, and underlying factors of soil bacterial communities during vegetation restoration in degraded high-altitude forest ecosystems remain poorly understood.
Methods: We investigated degraded post-fire forest sites of Yulong Snow Mountain in Northwest Yunnan, China. Vegetation was restored using the native tree species Abies georgei and sub-shrub Paeonia delavayi for 1-year, 3-year, and 6-year, with bare ground formed by post-fire forest undergoing natural succession as a control. The physicochemical properties of the rhizosphere soil of Paeonia delavayi were characterized, and Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze the composition, diversity, functional succession and their relations of soil bacterial communities across different restoration years.
Results: (1) The soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), total phosphorus (TP), and soil moisture content (SMC) in 3-year restoration sites were significantly lower than those in bare ground. Conversely, total potassium (TK) and pH were significantly higher than those in 1-year and 6-year restoration sites and bare ground. Available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) in 6-year restoration sites were significantly higher than those in bare ground. (2) Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, and Pielou evenness index of soil bacterial communities were significantly lower in 3-year and 6-year restoration than in 1-year restoration and bare ground, though Chao1 index showed no significant differences across restoration years. β-diversity showed significant alterations across restoration years. Compared with bare ground, the relative abundances of Pseudomonadota, Acidobacteriota, and Verrucomicrobiota decreased significantly, whereas Actinomycetota and Gemmatimonadota increased significantly. Chloroflexota peaked in 1-year restoration. The relative abundances of Bradyrhizobium and Mycobacterium (involved in nitrogen cycling) and Gemmatimonas (involved in phosphorus cycling) in 3-year restoration sites were significantly higher than those in bare ground, whereas the relative abundances of Reyranella and Bacillus (biocontrol-associated genera) in 6-year restoration sites were significantly lower than those in bare ground. (3) Redundancy analysis indicated that AN, AK, TK, TN, SOC, SMC, and pH significantly shaped bacterial community composition. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that: soil bacterial community diversity exhibited a significant negative correlation with restoration years, while SOC indirectly influenced the community composition by regulating total nutrient content and pH. Conversely, restoration years positively enhanced soil bacterial community composition through indirect effects on available nutrients.
Conclusion: A critical shift in the rhizosphere soil of Paeonia delavayi—encompassing physicochemical characteristics, bacterial diversity, abundance of dominant species, and the composition of functional groups—occurred at the 3-year mark of restoration in the degraded post-fire forest. We hypothesized that soil available nutrients continuously improved with restoration years, and the bacterial community composition improved significantly in the later stages of vegetation restoration.

Key words: soil bacterial community, Paeonia delavayi, vegetation restoration years, post-fire forest sites, subalpine forest

杨文高, 李兆光, 袁文珏, 和桂青, 王蕊, 和琼姬, 叶磊, 李燕, 侯志江 (2026) 玉龙雪山森林火烧迹地恢复年限对滇牡丹土壤细菌群落的影响. 生物多样性, 34, 25338. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025338.

Wengao Yang, Zhaoguang Li, Wenjue Yuan, Guiqing He, Rui Wang, Qiongji He, Lei Ye, Yan Li, Zhijiang Hou (2026) The influence of restoration years on soil bacterial communities: A case study of Paeonia delavayi in post-fire forest sites of Yulong Snow Mountain, Yunnan, China. Biodiversity Science, 34, 25338. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025338.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025338

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2026/V34/I4/25338

图/表 9

表1 退化森林火烧迹地不同恢复年限的土壤理化性质

Table 1 Soil physicochemical properties in different restoration years of degraded post-fire forest sites

指标 Indicators	裸地 Bare ground	恢复1年 1-year restoration	恢复3年 3-year restoration	恢复6年 6-year restoration
土壤有机碳 SOC (g/kg)	44.77±5.22^a	32.90±2.80^b	28.28±3.32^b	34.70±1.94^b
全氮 TN (g/kg)	3.07±0.06^a	2.09±0.02^b	1.62±0.16^c	2.27±0.12^b
全磷 TP (g/kg)	1.65±0.04^b	1.36±0.02^c	1.02±0.02^d	1.87±0.01^a
全钾 TK (g/kg)	6.40±0.40^c	10.13±0.16^b	11.52±0.46^a	9.54±0.23^b
速效氮 AN (mg/kg)	0.35±0.01^a	0.24±0.01^b	0.18±0.01^c	0.25±0.01^b
速效磷 AP (mg/kg)	8.02±0.45^c	14.80±3.22^b	4.55±0.54^c	27.23±3.86^a
速效钾 AK (mg/kg)	144.62±4.21^c	189.68±5.76^b	137.32±9.95^c	244.65±22.48^a
土壤含水量 SMC (%)	32.75±0.48^a	29.06±0.51^b	26.25±0.79^b	34.88±3.40^a
pH	6.12±0.12^b	6.06±0.06^b	6.67±0.12^a	6.04±0.03^b

图1 退化森林火烧迹地不同恢复年限的土壤细菌群落α多样性。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。CK: 裸地; 1Y: 恢复1年; 3Y: 恢复3年; 6Y: 恢复6年。

Fig. 1 α diversity of soil bacterial community in different restoration years of degraded post-fire forest sites. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05). CK, Bare ground; 1Y, 1-year restoration; 3Y, 3-year restoration; 6Y, 6-year restoration.

图2 退化森林火烧迹地不同恢复年限的土壤细菌群落β多样性。CK: 裸地; 1Y: 恢复1年; 3Y: 恢复3年; 6Y: 恢复6年。

Fig. 2 Soil bacterial community β-diversity in different restoration years in degraded post-fire forest sites. CK, Bare ground; 1Y, 1-year restoration; 3Y, 3-year restoration; 6Y, 6-year restoration.

图3 退化森林火烧迹地不同恢复年限土壤细菌群落中门水平的相对丰度。CK: 裸地; 1Y: 恢复1年; 3Y: 恢复3年; 6Y: 恢复6年。

Fig. 3 Relative abundance of soil bacterial communities at the phylum in different restoration years in degraded post-fire forest sites. CK, Bare ground; 1Y, 1-year restoration; 3Y, 3-year restoration; 6Y, 6-year restoration.

表2 退化森林火烧迹地不同恢复年限土壤细菌群落中属水平的相对丰度及功能预测

Table 2 The relative abundance and functional prediction of soil bacterial genera in different restoration years of degraded post-fire forest sites

细菌属 Bacterial genus	CK	1Y	3Y	6Y	功能 Function	参考文献 References
慢生根瘤菌属 Bradyrhizobium	2.29±0.05^b	2.20±0.08^b	2.61±0.04^a	2.15±0.12^b	共生固氮 Symbiotic nitrogen fixation	侯馨博等, 2025
芽单胞菌属 Gemmatimonas	2.00±0.04^b	3.13±0.13^a	3.72±0.41^a	3.67±0.51^a	磷吸收 Phosphorus uptake	Mujakić et al., 2022
分枝杆菌属 Mycobacterium	1.07±0.05^b	1.13±0.05^b	1.65±0.13^a	1.35±0.09^b	纤维素分解和固氮 Cellulose decomposition and nitrogen fixation	Rilling et al., 2018
雷氏菌属 Reyranella	1.10±0.07^a	0.83±0.06^bc	0.91±0.06^ab	0.65±0.03^c	生物防治 Biocontrol	Lee & Kim, 2024
苔藓杆菌属 Bryobacter	0.97±0.09^ab	1.13±0.09^a	0.73±0.03^b	1.04±0.15^ab	有机质分解 Organic matter decomposition	Pertile et al., 2021
芽孢杆菌属 Bacillus	0.96±0.09^a	1.08±0.08^a	0.15±0.05^c	0.65±0.08^b	生物防治 Biocontrol	崔冬晴等, 2025
厌氧黏杆菌属 Anaeromyxobacter	0.92±0.04^a	0.44±0.02^b	0.81±0.14^ab	0.46±0.17^b	铁氨氧化 Feammox	丁帮璟等, 2018
酸热菌属 Acidothermus	0.90±0.07^a	0.48±0.03^b	0.53±0.14^b	0.40±0.06^b	纤维素分解 Cellulose decomposition	Shen et al., 2024
连接杆菌属 Conexibacter	0.69±0.05^a	0.65±0.03^ab	0.47±0.02^c	0.52±0.07^bc	有机污染物降解 Organic pollutant degradation	Lei et al., 2023

图4 退化森林火烧迹地不同恢复年限土壤细菌群落组成差异的线性判别分析(LEfSe)。CK: 裸地; 1Y: 恢复1年; 3Y: 恢复3年; 6Y: 恢复6年。

Fig. 4 Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) showing soil bacterial community differences in different restoration years in degraded post-fire forest sites. CK, Bare ground; 1Y, 1-year restoration; 3Y, 3-year restoration; 6Y, 6-year restoration.

图5 退化森林火烧迹地不同恢复年限土壤理化性质与土壤细菌群落多样性的Mantel分析(A)及与细菌门组成的冗余分析(B)。Pearson’s r, Pearson相关性系数; Mantel’s r, Mantel检验的相关性系数; Mantel’s P, Mantel检验的差异显著性。CK: 裸地; 1Y: 恢复1年; 3Y: 恢复3年; 6Y: 恢复6年; SOC: 土壤有机碳; TN: 总氮; TP: 总磷; TK: 总钾; AN: 速效氮; AP: 速效磷; AK: 速效钾; SMC: 土壤含水量; pH: 土壤pH。Simpson: Simpson多样性指数; Shannon: Shannon-Wiener多样性指数; Pielou: Pielou均匀度指数。Actinomycetota: 放线菌门; Pseudomonadota: 假单胞菌门; Acidobacteriota: 酸杆菌门; Gemmatimonadota: 芽单胞菌门; Verrucomicrobiota: 疣微菌门; Chloroflexota: 绿弯菌门; Planctomycetota: 浮霉菌门; Rokubacteria: 罗库菌门; Bacillota: 芽孢杆菌门; Bacteroidota: 拟杆菌门; other: 其他。

Fig. 5 Relationships between soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community diversity in restoration years of degraded post-fire forest sites: (A) Mantel test for community diversity; (B) Redundancy analysis (RDA) for phylum-level composition. Pearson’s R, Pearson correlation coefficient; Mantel’s R, Mantel test correlation coefficient; Mantel’s P, The Mantel test statistical significance. CK, Bare ground; 1Y, 1-year restoration; 3Y, 3-year restoration; 6Y, 6-year restoration; SOC, Soil organic carbon; TN, Total nitrogen; TP, Total phosphorus; TK, Total potassium; AN, Available nitrogen; AP, Available phosphorus; AK, Available potassium; SMC, Soil moisture content; pH, Soil pH. Simpson, Simpson diversity index; Shannon, Shannon-Wiener diversity index; Pielou, Pielou evenness index.

表3 土壤细菌群落组成与土壤理化性质的相关性

Table 3 Pearson correlation analyses between the soil bacterial community composition and soil physicochemical properties

	相关性系数 Correlation coefficient	土壤有机碳 SOC	全氮 TN	全磷 TP	全钾 TK	速效氮 AN	速效磷 AP	速效钾 AK	土壤含水量 SMC	pH
门Phylum	放线菌门 Actinomycetota	-0.70^*	-0.73^**	-0.14	0.75^**	-0.77^**	0.38	0.42	-0.79^**	0.39
	假单胞菌门 Pseudomonadota	0.81^**	0.82^**	0.35	-0.81^**	0.84^**	-0.17	-0.23	0.72^**	-0.45
	酸杆菌门 Acidobacteriota	0.68^*	0.67^*	0.06	-0.70^*	0.69^*	-0.40	-0.45	0.89^**	-0.37
	芽单胞菌门 Gemmatimonadota	-0.58^*	-0.54	0.21	0.59^*	-0.56	0.76^**	0.79^**	-0.72^**	-0.15
	疣微菌门 Verrucomicrobiota	0.50	0.52	-0.10	-0.58^*	0.52	-0.69^*	-0.73^**	0.38	0.25
	绿弯菌门 Chloroflexota	0.09	0.20	0.33	-0.14	0.24	0.46	0.45	0.25	-0.74^**
	浮霉菌门 Planctomycetota	-0.12	-0.14	-0.47	0.16	-0.13	-0.43	-0.38	0.15	0.31
	罗库菌门 Rokubacteria	0.12	0.15	-0.50	-0.23	0.16	-0.89^**	-0.95^**	0.53	0.50
	芽孢杆菌门 Bacillota	0.39	0.43	0.55	-0.38	0.45	0.44	0.46	0.24	-0.88^**
	拟杆菌门 Bacteroidota	-0.15	-0.22	0.07	0.26	-0.17	0.35	0.44	-0.08	-0.40
属 Genus	慢生根瘤菌属 Bradyrhizobium	-0.37	-0.39	-0.70^*	0.38	-0.41	-0.54	-0.55	0.14	0.80^**
	芽单胞菌属 Gemmatimonas	-0.65^*	-0.71^*	-0.23	0.76^**	-0.73^**	0.36	0.44	-0.54	0.29
	分枝杆菌属 Mycobacterium	-0.73^**	-0.71^*	-0.48	0.69^*	-0.75^**	-0.16	-0.14	-0.50	0.69^*
	雷氏菌属 Reyranella	0.52	0.40	-0.29	-0.46	0.42	-0.74^**	-0.79^**	0.76^**	0.14
	厌氧黏杆菌属 Anaeromyxobacter	0.20	0.20	-0.24	-0.30	0.22	-0.70^*	-0.78^**	0.28	0.34
	芽孢杆菌属 Bacillus	0.54	0.61^*	0.47	-0.58^*	0.62^*	0.20	0.19	0.57	-0.81^**
	酸热菌属 Acidothermus	0.73^**	0.68^*	0.06	-0.70^*	0.67^*	-0.44	-0.48	0.73^**	-0.01
	连接杆菌属 Conexibacter	0.56	0.59^*	0.24	-0.64^*	0.63^*	-0.17	-0.23	0.70^*	-0.55
	苔藓杆菌属 Bryobacter	0.45	0.32	0.43	-0.24	0.34	0.49	0.53	0.22	-0.67^*

表3 土壤细菌群落组成与土壤理化性质的相关性

Table 3 Pearson correlation analyses between the soil bacterial community composition and soil physicochemical properties

	相关性系数 Correlation coefficient	土壤有机碳 SOC	全氮 TN	全磷 TP	全钾 TK	速效氮 AN	速效磷 AP	速效钾 AK	土壤含水量 SMC	pH
门Phylum	放线菌门 Actinomycetota	-0.70^*	-0.73^**	-0.14	0.75^**	-0.77^**	0.38	0.42	-0.79^**	0.39
	假单胞菌门 Pseudomonadota	0.81^**	0.82^**	0.35	-0.81^**	0.84^**	-0.17	-0.23	0.72^**	-0.45
	酸杆菌门 Acidobacteriota	0.68^*	0.67^*	0.06	-0.70^*	0.69^*	-0.40	-0.45	0.89^**	-0.37
	芽单胞菌门 Gemmatimonadota	-0.58^*	-0.54	0.21	0.59^*	-0.56	0.76^**	0.79^**	-0.72^**	-0.15
	疣微菌门 Verrucomicrobiota	0.50	0.52	-0.10	-0.58^*	0.52	-0.69^*	-0.73^**	0.38	0.25
	绿弯菌门 Chloroflexota	0.09	0.20	0.33	-0.14	0.24	0.46	0.45	0.25	-0.74^**
	浮霉菌门 Planctomycetota	-0.12	-0.14	-0.47	0.16	-0.13	-0.43	-0.38	0.15	0.31
	罗库菌门 Rokubacteria	0.12	0.15	-0.50	-0.23	0.16	-0.89^**	-0.95^**	0.53	0.50
	芽孢杆菌门 Bacillota	0.39	0.43	0.55	-0.38	0.45	0.44	0.46	0.24	-0.88^**
	拟杆菌门 Bacteroidota	-0.15	-0.22	0.07	0.26	-0.17	0.35	0.44	-0.08	-0.40
属 Genus	慢生根瘤菌属 Bradyrhizobium	-0.37	-0.39	-0.70^*	0.38	-0.41	-0.54	-0.55	0.14	0.80^**
	芽单胞菌属 Gemmatimonas	-0.65^*	-0.71^*	-0.23	0.76^**	-0.73^**	0.36	0.44	-0.54	0.29
	分枝杆菌属 Mycobacterium	-0.73^**	-0.71^*	-0.48	0.69^*	-0.75^**	-0.16	-0.14	-0.50	0.69^*
	雷氏菌属 Reyranella	0.52	0.40	-0.29	-0.46	0.42	-0.74^**	-0.79^**	0.76^**	0.14
	厌氧黏杆菌属 Anaeromyxobacter	0.20	0.20	-0.24	-0.30	0.22	-0.70^*	-0.78^**	0.28	0.34
	芽孢杆菌属 Bacillus	0.54	0.61^*	0.47	-0.58^*	0.62^*	0.20	0.19	0.57	-0.81^**
	酸热菌属 Acidothermus	0.73^**	0.68^*	0.06	-0.70^*	0.67^*	-0.44	-0.48	0.73^**	-0.01
	连接杆菌属 Conexibacter	0.56	0.59^*	0.24	-0.64^*	0.63^*	-0.17	-0.23	0.70^*	-0.55
	苔藓杆菌属 Bryobacter	0.45	0.32	0.43	-0.24	0.34	0.49	0.53	0.22	-0.67^*

图6 退化森林火烧迹地不同恢复年限土壤细菌群落特征的结构方程模型。蓝色实线为显著正影响; 红色实线为显著负影响; 黑色虚线为不显著影响; 实线上数字代表路径系数。Chi/DF: 卡方/自由度; GFI: 适配度指数; RMSEA: 近似均方根误差; SOC: 土壤有机碳; SMC: 土壤含水量。*P<0.05; ***P<0.001。

Fig. 6 Structural equation modes of causal relationships among soil bacterial community diversity and composition with environmental variables in different restoration years of degraded post-fire forest sites. Blue full lines represent significant positive affect paths; Red full lines represent significant negative affect paths; black dotted lines represent non-significant affect paths; the number on solid lines represent path coefficient; *P<0.05; ***P<0.001. Chi/DF, Chi-square/degree of freedom; GFI, Goodness of fit index; RMSEA, Root mean square error of approximation; SOC, Soil organic carbon; SMC, Soil moisture content.

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玉龙雪山森林火烧迹地恢复年限对滇牡丹土壤细菌群落的影响

The influence of restoration years on soil bacterial communities: A case study of Paeonia delavayi in post-fire forest sites of Yulong Snow Mountain, Yunnan, China

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