生物多样性 ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (4): 449-456. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018341
收稿日期:
2018-12-26
接受日期:
2019-03-19
出版日期:
2019-04-20
发布日期:
2019-06-05
通讯作者:
白超
基金资助:
Lou Minghua1,Bai Chao2,*(),Hui Gangying3,Tang Mengping4
Received:
2018-12-26
Accepted:
2019-03-19
Online:
2019-04-20
Published:
2019-06-05
Contact:
Bai Chao
摘要:
林木大小多样性直接反映森林生态系统的健康与稳定, 客观恰当地表达大小多样性对于评价天然林或人工林的经济、生态、社会价值及其经营效果至关重要。本研究选用7个林木大小多样性指数, 其中4个与距离无关(Simpson大小多样性指数DN、Shannon大小多样性指数HN、断面积Gini系数GC和直径变异系数CVd), 3个与距离有关(Simpson大小分化度指数DT、Shannon大小分化度指数HT和大小分化度均值指数$\bar{T}$), 通过6组模拟林分和4块实测林分比较分析了它们的表达能力。结果表明: 不考虑极端情况(极端情况为对比林分林木大小混交不同但林木直径构成完全相同), GC、CVd、$\bar{T}$、DT和HT能客观恰当地表达不同径级分布林分的林木大小多样性差异, 其中CVd区分能力最强, GC次之。若考虑极端情况, 只有$\bar{T}$、DT和HT能区分出不同大小混交程度林分的林木大小多样性差异。本研究认为CVd和GC因计算简单, 易于实际应用, 在营林活动中可作为分析林木大小多样性的首选指数; $\bar{T}$因能识别不同大小混交程度林分的空间差异, 即对林分更新变化敏感, 适用于动态分析林分的结构特征。
娄明华,白超,惠刚盈,汤孟平 (2019) 7个林木大小多样性指数表达能力比较. 生物多样性, 27, 449-456. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018341.
Lou Minghua,Bai Chao,Hui Gangying,Tang Mengping (2019) Comparison of distinguish ability on seven tree size diversity indices. Biodiversity Science, 27, 449-456. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018341.
指数 Index | 公式 Formula | 指数值的理论范围 Theoretical index value range | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Simpson大小多样性指数 Simpson size diversity index | ${{D}_{N}}=1-\underset{j=1}{\overset{S}{\mathop \sum }}\,p_{j}^{2}$ | [0, 1] | Valbuena, 2012 |
Shannon大小多样性指数 Shannon size diversity index | ${{H}_{N}}=-\underset{j=1}{\overset{S}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{p}_{j}}\ln ({{p}_{j}})$ | [0, ln(S)] | Buongiorno, 2001 |
断面积Gini系数 Gini coefficient index of basal area | $GC=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{(2i-n-1)B{{A}_{i}}}}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{B{{A}_{i}}(n-1)}}$ | [0, 1] | Duduman, 2011 |
直径变异系数 Diameter coefficient of variation index | $C{{V}_{d}}={\sqrt{\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{{{({{d}_{i}}-\bar{d})}^{2}}}}{n-1}}}/{{\bar{d}}}\;$ | [0, 1] | Huang, 2000 |
表1 与距离无关的林木大小多样性指数
Table 1 Distance-free indices of tree size diversity
指数 Index | 公式 Formula | 指数值的理论范围 Theoretical index value range | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Simpson大小多样性指数 Simpson size diversity index | ${{D}_{N}}=1-\underset{j=1}{\overset{S}{\mathop \sum }}\,p_{j}^{2}$ | [0, 1] | Valbuena, 2012 |
Shannon大小多样性指数 Shannon size diversity index | ${{H}_{N}}=-\underset{j=1}{\overset{S}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{p}_{j}}\ln ({{p}_{j}})$ | [0, ln(S)] | Buongiorno, 2001 |
断面积Gini系数 Gini coefficient index of basal area | $GC=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{(2i-n-1)B{{A}_{i}}}}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{B{{A}_{i}}(n-1)}}$ | [0, 1] | Duduman, 2011 |
直径变异系数 Diameter coefficient of variation index | $C{{V}_{d}}={\sqrt{\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{{{({{d}_{i}}-\bar{d})}^{2}}}}{n-1}}}/{{\bar{d}}}\;$ | [0, 1] | Huang, 2000 |
指数 Index | 公式 Formula | 指数值理论范围 Theoretical index value range | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Simpson大小分化度指数 Simpson size differentiation index | ${{D}_{T}}=1-\underset{i=1}{\overset{5}{\mathop \sum }}\,P_{i}^{2}$ | [0, 1] | Bai & Hui, 2016 |
Shannon大小分化度指数 Shannon size differentiation index | ${{H}_{T}}=-\underset{i=1}{\overset{5}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{P}_{i}}\ln ({{P}_{i}})$ | [0, ln(5)] | Bai & Hui, 2016 |
大小分化度均值指数 Mean size differentiation index | $\overline{T}=\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}{{{T}_{i}}}$ | [0, 1] | Gadow & Füldner, 1992 |
${{T}_{i}}=1-\frac{\min ({{d}_{i}},{{d}_{1}})}{\max ({{d}_{i}},{{d}_{1}})}$ | [0,1) | Gadow & Füldner, 1992 |
表2 与距离有关的林木大小多样性指数
Table 2 Distance-related indices of tree size diversity
指数 Index | 公式 Formula | 指数值理论范围 Theoretical index value range | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Simpson大小分化度指数 Simpson size differentiation index | ${{D}_{T}}=1-\underset{i=1}{\overset{5}{\mathop \sum }}\,P_{i}^{2}$ | [0, 1] | Bai & Hui, 2016 |
Shannon大小分化度指数 Shannon size differentiation index | ${{H}_{T}}=-\underset{i=1}{\overset{5}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{P}_{i}}\ln ({{P}_{i}})$ | [0, ln(5)] | Bai & Hui, 2016 |
大小分化度均值指数 Mean size differentiation index | $\overline{T}=\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}{{{T}_{i}}}$ | [0, 1] | Gadow & Füldner, 1992 |
${{T}_{i}}=1-\frac{\min ({{d}_{i}},{{d}_{1}})}{\max ({{d}_{i}},{{d}_{1}})}$ | [0,1) | Gadow & Füldner, 1992 |
指数 Indices | 正态径级分布 Normal-shaped diameter distribution | 倒J径级分布 Inverse J-shaped diameter distribution | 变异系数 CV (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
均匀 Uniform | 随机 Random | 聚集 Aggregation | 均匀 Uniform | 随机 Random | 聚集 Aggregation | ||
DN | 0.930-0.941 | 0.926-0.942 | 0.930-0.942 | 0.814-0.924 | 0.816-0.913 | 0.815-0.921 | 3.5 |
HN | 2.820-2.964 | 2.796-2.968 | 2.801-2.969 | 1.963-2.790 | 1.985-2.724 | 2.011-2.783 | 10.1 |
GC | 0.269-0.317 | 0.270-0.323 | 0.271-0.313 | 0.520-0.627 | 0.530-0.631 | 0.529-0.639 | 37.0 |
CVd | 0.259-0.305 | 0.255-0.308 | 0.253-0.298 | 0.532-0.684 | 0.547-0.691 | 0.543-0.704 | 42.2 |
DT | 0.617-0.696 | 0.624-0.696 | 0.616-0.694 | 0.727-0.773 | 0.731-0.775 | 0.733-0.779 | 7.8 |
HT | 1.070-1.267 | 1.092-1.279 | 1.049-1.274 | 1.361-1.524 | 1.366-1.533 | 1.373-1.548 | 12.1 |
$\bar{T}$ | 0.238-0.303 | 0.234-0.297 | 0.227-0.298 | 0.334-0.464 | 0.345-0.452 | 0.351-0.464 | 23.5 |
表3 模拟林分的7个林木大小多样性指数的范围及变异系数
Table 3 Range and coefficient of variation (CV) of seven tree size diversity indices for the simulated stands
指数 Indices | 正态径级分布 Normal-shaped diameter distribution | 倒J径级分布 Inverse J-shaped diameter distribution | 变异系数 CV (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
均匀 Uniform | 随机 Random | 聚集 Aggregation | 均匀 Uniform | 随机 Random | 聚集 Aggregation | ||
DN | 0.930-0.941 | 0.926-0.942 | 0.930-0.942 | 0.814-0.924 | 0.816-0.913 | 0.815-0.921 | 3.5 |
HN | 2.820-2.964 | 2.796-2.968 | 2.801-2.969 | 1.963-2.790 | 1.985-2.724 | 2.011-2.783 | 10.1 |
GC | 0.269-0.317 | 0.270-0.323 | 0.271-0.313 | 0.520-0.627 | 0.530-0.631 | 0.529-0.639 | 37.0 |
CVd | 0.259-0.305 | 0.255-0.308 | 0.253-0.298 | 0.532-0.684 | 0.547-0.691 | 0.543-0.704 | 42.2 |
DT | 0.617-0.696 | 0.624-0.696 | 0.616-0.694 | 0.727-0.773 | 0.731-0.775 | 0.733-0.779 | 7.8 |
HT | 1.070-1.267 | 1.092-1.279 | 1.049-1.274 | 1.361-1.524 | 1.366-1.533 | 1.373-1.548 | 12.1 |
$\bar{T}$ | 0.238-0.303 | 0.234-0.297 | 0.227-0.298 | 0.334-0.464 | 0.345-0.452 | 0.351-0.464 | 23.5 |
指数 Indices | 正态径级分布 Normal-shaped diameter distribution | 倒J径级分布 Inverse J-shaped diameter distribution | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
均匀 Uniform | 随机 Random | 聚集 Aggregation | 均匀 Uniform | 随机 Random | 聚集 Aggregation | |
DN | 0.936 (0.002)a | 0.936 (0.003)a | 0.935 (0.002)a | 0.877 (0.022)b | 0.877 (0.022)b | 0.881 (0.023)b |
HN | 2.890 (0.033)a | 2.892 (0.039)a | 2.884 (0.032)a | 2.394 (0.169)bc | 2.388 (0.166)c | 2.426 (0.176)b |
GC | 0.292 (0.010)a | 0.291 (0.011)a | 0.290 (0.010)a | 0.588 (0.023)b | 0.585 (0.022)b | 0.589 (0.023)b |
CVd | 0.278 (0.010)a | 0.278 (0.011)a | 0.276 (0.010)a | 0.625 (0.034)b | 0.621 (0.032)b | 0.627 (0.033)b |
DT | 0.657 (0.016)a | 0.659 (0.017)a | 0.656 (0.016)a | 0.757 (0.010)b | 0.757 (0.009)b | 0.759 (0.010)b |
HT | 1.173 (0.041)a | 1.180 (0.043)a | 1.171 (0.042)a | 1.463 (0.037)b | 1.462 (0.035)b | 1.470 (0.038)b |
$\bar{T}$ | 0.262 (0.013)a | 0.262 (0.014)a | 0.261 (0.013)a | 0.404 (0.025)b | 0.403 (0.025)b | 0.406 (0.026)b |
表4 模拟林分的7个林木大小多样性指数均值(标准差)
Table 4 Mean (standard deviation) of seven tree size diversity indices for the simulated stands
指数 Indices | 正态径级分布 Normal-shaped diameter distribution | 倒J径级分布 Inverse J-shaped diameter distribution | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
均匀 Uniform | 随机 Random | 聚集 Aggregation | 均匀 Uniform | 随机 Random | 聚集 Aggregation | |
DN | 0.936 (0.002)a | 0.936 (0.003)a | 0.935 (0.002)a | 0.877 (0.022)b | 0.877 (0.022)b | 0.881 (0.023)b |
HN | 2.890 (0.033)a | 2.892 (0.039)a | 2.884 (0.032)a | 2.394 (0.169)bc | 2.388 (0.166)c | 2.426 (0.176)b |
GC | 0.292 (0.010)a | 0.291 (0.011)a | 0.290 (0.010)a | 0.588 (0.023)b | 0.585 (0.022)b | 0.589 (0.023)b |
CVd | 0.278 (0.010)a | 0.278 (0.011)a | 0.276 (0.010)a | 0.625 (0.034)b | 0.621 (0.032)b | 0.627 (0.033)b |
DT | 0.657 (0.016)a | 0.659 (0.017)a | 0.656 (0.016)a | 0.757 (0.010)b | 0.757 (0.009)b | 0.759 (0.010)b |
HT | 1.173 (0.041)a | 1.180 (0.043)a | 1.171 (0.042)a | 1.463 (0.037)b | 1.462 (0.035)b | 1.470 (0.038)b |
$\bar{T}$ | 0.262 (0.013)a | 0.262 (0.014)a | 0.261 (0.013)a | 0.404 (0.025)b | 0.403 (0.025)b | 0.406 (0.026)b |
林分类型 Stand type | DN | HN | GC | CVd | DT | HT | $\bar{T}$ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
倒J均匀混交 Inverse J-shaped uniform mingling type | 0.897 | 2.610 | 0.633 | 0.692 | 0.770 | 1.512 | 0.437 |
倒J均匀隔离 Inverse J-shaped uniform segregation type | 0.897 | 2.610 | 0.633 | 0.692 | 0.054 | 0.154 | 0.067 |
倒J随机混交 Inverse J-shaped random mingling type | 0.897 | 2.610 | 0.633 | 0.692 | 0.769 | 1.510 | 0.421 |
倒J随机隔离 Inverse J-shaped random segregation type | 0.897 | 2.610 | 0.633 | 0.692 | 0.049 | 0.140 | 0.050 |
倒J聚集混交 Inverse J-shaped aggregated mingling type | 0.897 | 2.610 | 0.633 | 0.692 | 0.772 | 1.521 | 0.421 |
倒J聚集隔离 Inverse J-shaped aggregated segregation type | 0.897 | 2.610 | 0.633 | 0.692 | 0.035 | 0.107 | 0.041 |
正态均匀混交 Normal-shaped uniform mingling type | 0.937 | 2.906 | 0.299 | 0.282 | 0.673 | 1.208 | 0.275 |
正态均匀隔离 Normal-shaped uniform segregation type | 0.937 | 2.906 | 0.299 | 0.282 | 0.078 | 0.196 | 0.040 |
正态随机混交 Normal-shaped random mingling type | 0.937 | 2.906 | 0.299 | 0.282 | 0.665 | 1.184 | 0.269 |
正态随机隔离 Normal-shaped random segregation type | 0.937 | 2.906 | 0.299 | 0.282 | 0.044 | 0.123 | 0.032 |
正态聚集混交 Normal-shaped aggregated mingling type | 0.937 | 2.906 | 0.299 | 0.282 | 0.660 | 1.177 | 0.268 |
正态聚集隔离 Normal-shaped aggregated segregation type | 0.937 | 2.906 | 0.299 | 0.282 | 0.030 | 0.085 | 0.024 |
表5 12块不同林木大小混交与大小隔离的模拟林分林木大小多样性指数值
Table 5 Tree size diversity indices of different size mingling and size segregation for twelve different simulated stands
林分类型 Stand type | DN | HN | GC | CVd | DT | HT | $\bar{T}$ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
倒J均匀混交 Inverse J-shaped uniform mingling type | 0.897 | 2.610 | 0.633 | 0.692 | 0.770 | 1.512 | 0.437 |
倒J均匀隔离 Inverse J-shaped uniform segregation type | 0.897 | 2.610 | 0.633 | 0.692 | 0.054 | 0.154 | 0.067 |
倒J随机混交 Inverse J-shaped random mingling type | 0.897 | 2.610 | 0.633 | 0.692 | 0.769 | 1.510 | 0.421 |
倒J随机隔离 Inverse J-shaped random segregation type | 0.897 | 2.610 | 0.633 | 0.692 | 0.049 | 0.140 | 0.050 |
倒J聚集混交 Inverse J-shaped aggregated mingling type | 0.897 | 2.610 | 0.633 | 0.692 | 0.772 | 1.521 | 0.421 |
倒J聚集隔离 Inverse J-shaped aggregated segregation type | 0.897 | 2.610 | 0.633 | 0.692 | 0.035 | 0.107 | 0.041 |
正态均匀混交 Normal-shaped uniform mingling type | 0.937 | 2.906 | 0.299 | 0.282 | 0.673 | 1.208 | 0.275 |
正态均匀隔离 Normal-shaped uniform segregation type | 0.937 | 2.906 | 0.299 | 0.282 | 0.078 | 0.196 | 0.040 |
正态随机混交 Normal-shaped random mingling type | 0.937 | 2.906 | 0.299 | 0.282 | 0.665 | 1.184 | 0.269 |
正态随机隔离 Normal-shaped random segregation type | 0.937 | 2.906 | 0.299 | 0.282 | 0.044 | 0.123 | 0.032 |
正态聚集混交 Normal-shaped aggregated mingling type | 0.937 | 2.906 | 0.299 | 0.282 | 0.660 | 1.177 | 0.268 |
正态聚集隔离 Normal-shaped aggregated segregation type | 0.937 | 2.906 | 0.299 | 0.282 | 0.030 | 0.085 | 0.024 |
指数 Index | HZ | NB | BJ | GS | CV (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GC | 0.16 | 0.543 | 0.204 | 0.553 | 0.581 |
CVd | 0.146 | 0.554 | 0.186 | 0.566 | 0.628 |
DT | 0.330 | 0.726 | 0.489 | 0.750 | 0.350 |
HT | 0.557 | 1.368 | 0.792 | 1.421 | 0.413 |
$\bar{T}$ | 0.126 | 0.324 | 0.169 | 0.396 | 0.502 |
表6 4块实测样地的林木大小多样性指数值
Table 6 Tree size diversity indices for four measured plots
指数 Index | HZ | NB | BJ | GS | CV (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GC | 0.16 | 0.543 | 0.204 | 0.553 | 0.581 |
CVd | 0.146 | 0.554 | 0.186 | 0.566 | 0.628 |
DT | 0.330 | 0.726 | 0.489 | 0.750 | 0.350 |
HT | 0.557 | 1.368 | 0.792 | 1.421 | 0.413 |
$\bar{T}$ | 0.126 | 0.324 | 0.169 | 0.396 | 0.502 |
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