邛崃山区山地生态系统抵御非本地物种入侵的机制

doi:10.17520/biods.2025085

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (10): 25085. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025085 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025085

• 研究报告: 植物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

邛崃山区山地生态系统抵御非本地物种入侵的机制

李红林¹^,^#(), 罗川³^,⁴^,^#, 罗鹏¹^,²^,^*()(), 杨浩¹(), 黄瑜¹^,²(), 倪铭¹^,²(), 吴素娟¹

1.中国科学院成都生物研究所山地生态恢复与生物多样性保护四川省重点实验室/茂县山地生态系统定位研究站, 成都 610213
2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.四川省林业勘察设计研究院有限公司, 成都 610081
4.四川省林业和草原调查规划院国家公园研究所, 成都 610081

收稿日期:2025-03-13 接受日期:2025-07-14 出版日期:2025-10-20 发布日期:2025-11-20
通讯作者: * E-mail: luopeng@cib.ac.cn
作者简介:# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(42401055);博士后面上基金(2025M770333);四川省林业和草原调查规划院自立课题(LGKT202306)

Mechanisms of mountain ecosystem resistance to non-native species invasion in the Qionglai Mountain Range

Honglin Li¹^,^#(), Chuan Luo³^,⁴^,^#, Peng Luo¹^,²^,^*()(), Hao Yang¹(), Yu Huang¹^,²(), Ming Ni¹^,²(), Sujuan Wu¹

1 Mountain Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province/Maoxian Mountain Ecosystem Research Station, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3 Sichuan Forestry Survey, Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610081, China
4 National Park Research Center of Sichuan Forestry and Grassland Investigation and Planning Institution, Chengdu 610081, China

Received:2025-03-13 Accepted:2025-07-14 Online:2025-10-20 Published:2025-11-20
Contact: * E-mail: luopeng@cib.ac.cn
About author:# Co-first authors
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42401055);China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2025M770333);Independent Research Project of Sichuan Institute of Forestry and Grassland Survey and Planning(LGKT202306)

1. 附录.pdf(212KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

气候变化和人为干扰背景下非本地物种的入侵问题日益加剧, 已成为全球生物多样性下降的重要驱动因素。尽管山区被视为全球变化下生物多样性的“避难所”, 但其抵御非本地物种入侵的生态机制仍不明确。为探讨山地生态系统对非本地植物入侵的抵御机制, 本研究基于中国邛崃山区134个植物群落的数据, 评估了系统发育距离与本地物种多样性对非本地物种入侵程度的影响; 通过广义线性混合模型、Bayesian结构方程模型与随机森林等方法, 系统分析了环境因子、生物因子及人为干扰在入侵中的作用及其相对重要性。结果表明, 非本地物种的出现概率和多度均随其与本地物种系统发育距离(尤其是平均最近类群距离(MNTD))的增加而显著下降, 支持预适应假说, 即系统发育邻近性可促进非本地物种入侵; 即使控制本地物种多样性的影响, 预适应效应仍然显著。相比之下, 本地物种丰富度、多度和系统发育多样性均表现出对非本地物种入侵的显著抑制作用, 验证了生物阻抗假说。多因素对入侵程度相对贡献的分析发现, MNTD是非本地物种入侵程度最重要的预测因子, 而本地植物群落特征的重要性相对较低。本研究支持邛崃山区山地生态系统非本地物种入侵的屏障效应主要源于环境过滤效应这一观点, 同时也发现本地植物群落特征对非本地物种也产生了一定阻抗能力, 但人为干扰和环境梯度(如海拔)将削弱环境过滤效应的有效性。本研究结果提示, 山区需重点防控与本地物种亲缘关系较近的非本地物种, 同时, 自然保护措施如维持本地植物群落物种多样性、限制人为干扰是维护山地生态系统入侵抗性的有效途径。

关键词: 非本地物种, 山地生态系统, 系统发育距离, 生物抵抗

Abstract

Aims: Under the dual pressures of climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, biological invasions by non-native species have intensified and become a major driver of global biodiversity loss. Mountain regions are considered biodiversity refugia under global change, yet the mechanisms by which mountain ecosystems resist non-native plant invasions are still poorly understood. Exploring the mechanisms underlying the “barrier effect” of mountain ecosystems against non-native species invasions is crucial for understanding how biodiversity refugia function under global change, informing conservation strategies, and enhancing the resilience of mountain ecosystems to biological invasions.
Methods: This study investigated the mechanisms underlying invasion resistance in mountain ecosystems using data from 134 plant communities in the Qionglai Mountain Range, China. By integrating phylogenetic metrics, native community attributes, and environmental variables such as elevation and anthropogenic disturbance, we evaluated the relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors in shaping the occurrence and abundance of non-native species. Analytical approaches included generalized linear mixed models, Bayesian structural equation modeling, and random forest analysis.
Results: The results showed that both the occurrence and abundance of non-native species significantly decreased with increasing phylogenetic distance between non-native species and native species, particularly mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD), supporting the pre-adaptation hypothesis. This indicates that phylogenetic proximity facilitates invasion and that environmental filtering plays a key role in limiting the establishment and expansion of non-native species in mountainous regions. Notably, pre-adaptation effects remained significant even after accounting for native community diversity. In contrast, native species richness, abundance, and phylogenetic diversity all significantly suppressed non-native invasions, supporting the biotic resistance hypothesis. The analysis revealed that MNTD was the most important predictor of invasion severity, followed by elevation and anthropogenic disturbance, with native community attributes showing lower importance.
Conclusion: These findings support the view that the resistance of mountain ecosystems to non-native plant invasions in the Qionglai Mountain Range is primarily driven by environmental filtering, with native community attributes showing comparatively lower importance. However, the effectiveness of environmental filtering can be weakened by human disturbance and elevational gradients. Our study highlights the need to prioritize the management of non-native species closely related to native flora and to implement conservation measures such as maintaining native community diversity and limiting anthropogenic disturbance, to safeguard the invasion resistance of mountain ecosystems.

Key words: non-native species, mountain ecosystem, phylogenetic distance, biotic resistance

李红林, 罗川, 罗鹏, 杨浩, 黄瑜, 倪铭, 吴素娟 (2025) 邛崃山区山地生态系统抵御非本地物种入侵的机制. 生物多样性, 33, 25085. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025085.

Honglin Li, Chuan Luo, Peng Luo, Hao Yang, Yu Huang, Ming Ni, Sujuan Wu (2025) Mechanisms of mountain ecosystem resistance to non-native species invasion in the Qionglai Mountain Range. Biodiversity Science, 33, 25085. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025085.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025085

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I10/25085

图/表 10

图1 邛崃山区采样点分布图

Fig. 1 Distribution map of sampling sites in the Qionglai Mountain Range

图2 非本地物种入侵程度与系统发育距离之间的关系。(a)非本地物种出现概率随平均成对距离(MPD)的变化; (b)非本地物种出现概率随平均最近类群距离(MNTD)的变化; (c)非本地物种多度随MPD的变化; (d)非本地物种多度随MNTD的变化。灰色区域表示95%置信区间。图中给出了每个模型的回归系数(β)、z值、P值、边际R2、条件R2以及样本量(n), 其中不显著的结果仅展示了模型的P和n。

Fig. 2 Relationships between invasion severity of non-native species and phylogenetic distance. (a) Variation in occurrence probability of non-native species with mean pairwise distance (MPD); (b) Variation in occurrence probability of non-native species with mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD); (c) Variation in abundance of non-native species with MPD; (d) Variation in abundance of non-native species with MNTD. Grey shaded areas indicate 95% confidence intervals. Regression coefficient (β), z-value, P-value, R2marginal, R2conditional, and sample size (n) for each model are provided in the figure. For non-significant results, only the P and n are shown.

图3 非本地物种入侵程度与本地物种多样性之间的关系。(a-c)非本地物种出现概率随本地物种丰富度、多度和系统发育多样性(PD)的变化; (d-f)非本地物种多度随本地物种丰富度、多度和系统发育多样性的变化。灰色区域表示95%置信区间。图中给出了每个模型的回归系数(β)、z值、P值、边际R2、条件R2以及样本量(n), 其中不显著的结果仅展示了P和n。

Fig. 3 Relationships between invasion severity of non-native species and native species diversity. (a-c) Variations in occurrence probability of non-native species with native species richness, abundance, and phylogenetic diversity (PD); (d-f) Variations in abundance of non-native species with native species richness, abundance, and phylogenetic diversity. Grey shaded areas indicate 95% confidence intervals. Regression coefficient (β), z-value, P-value, R2 marginal, R2 conditional, and sample size (n) for each model are provided in the figure. For non-significant results, only the P and n are shown.

图4 基于Bayesian结构方程模型评估系统发育距离和本地物种多样性对非本地物种入侵程度的直接和间接影响。(a)平均成对距离(MPD)、平均最近类群距离(MNTD)、本地物种丰富度, 多度, 系统发育多样性(PD)与非本地物种出现概率之间的关系; (b) MPD、MNTD、本地物种多度、系统发育多样性与非本地物种多度之间的关系。黑色路径线表示正相关关系, 红色路径线表示负相关关系; 实线表示关系显著(P < 0.05), 虚线表示关系不显著(P ≥ 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Bayesian structural equation model for assessing the direct and indirect effects of phylogenetic distance and native species diversity on invasion severity of non-native species. (a) Relationship among mean pairwise distance (MPD) and mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD), native species richness, abundance, phylogenetic diversity (PD), and occurrence probability of non-native species; (b) Relationship among MPD, MNTD, native species abundance, phylogenetic diversity, and abundance of non-native species. Black arrows denote positive effects and red arrows denote negative effects. Solid lines indicate significant relationships (P < 0.05), while dashed lines indicate non-significant relationships (P ≥ 0.05).

表1 系统发育距离、道路等级及其相互作用对非本地物种入侵程度影响的混合效应模型分析结果

Table 1 Results of mixed-effects models testing the effects of phylogenetic distance, road level, and their interaction on invasion severity of non-native species

	估计值 Estimate	标准误 SE	z	P
非本地物种出现概率 Occurrence probability of non-native species
平均成对距离 Mean pairwise distance (MPD)	-18.79	6.76	-2.78	< 0.001
道路等级1 Road level 1	-0.17	2.42	-0.07	0.94
道路等级2 Road level 2	-5.57	2.40	-2.32	< 0.05
MPD × Road level 1	4.49	7.46	0.60	0.55
MPD × Road level 2	21.00	7.55	2.78	< 0.05
非本地物种出现概率 Occurrence probability of non-native species
平均最近类群距离 Mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD)	-7.34	3.32	-2.21	< 0.05
道路等级1 Road level 1	1.18	0.37	3.24	< 0.01
道路等级2 Road level 2	0.90	0.33	2.76	< 0.01
MNTD × Road level 1	2.30	3.67	0.63	0.53
MNTD × Road level 2	4.93	3.63	1.36	0.17
非本地物种多度 Abundance of non-native species
平均成对距离 MPD	-41.32	13.80	-3.00	< 0.01
道路等级1 Road level 1	-4.19	5.56	-0.75	0.45
道路等级2 Road level 2	-12.85	5.58	-2.31	< 0.05
MPD × Road level 1	21.72	17.04	1.27	0.20
MPD × Road level 2	49.47	17.44	2.84	< 0.01
非本地物种多度 Abundance of non-native species
平均最近类群距离 MNTD	-23.26	5.85	-3.97	< 0.001
道路等级1 Road level 1	2.36	0.97	2.44	< 0.05
道路等级2 Road level 2	2.06	0.77	2.68	< 0.01
MNTD × Road level 1	11.34	6.68	1.70	0.08
MNTD × Road level 2	17.11	6.55	2.61	< 0.01

图5 不同人为干扰强度下非本地物种入侵程度与系统发育距离之间的关系。(a, b, g, h)、(c, d, i, j)和(e, f, k, l)分别表示道路等级0 (远离道路)、道路等级1 (次要道路)和道路等级2 (主要道路)下非本地物种出现概率与多度随平均成对距离(MPD)和平均最近类群距离(MNTD)的变化趋势。灰色区域表示95%置信区间。图中给出了每个模型的回归系数(β)、z值、P值、边际R2、条件R2以及样本量(n), 其中不显著的结果仅展示了P和n。

Fig. 5 Relationships between invasion severity of non-native species and phylogenetic distance under different anthropogenic disturbance intensities. (a, b, g, h), (c, d, i, j), and (e, f, k, l) mean trends in occurrence probability and abundance of non-native species with mean pairwise distance (MPD) and mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) at road level 0 (far from roads), road level 1 (secondary roadside), and road level 2 (major roadside), respectively. Grey shaded areas indicate 95% confidence intervals. The regression coefficient (β), z, P, marginal R2, conditional R2, and sample size (n) for each model are provided in the figure. For non-significant results, only the P and n are shown.

表2 系统发育距离、海拔及其相互作用对非本地物种入侵程度影响的混合效应模型分析结果

Table 2 Results of mixed-effects models testing the effects of phylogenetic distance, elevation, and their interaction on invasion severity of non-native species

	估计值 Estimate	标准误 SE	z	P
非本地物种出现概率 Occurrence probability of non-native species
平均成对距离 Mean pairwise distance (MPD)	-11.84	3.33	-3.56	< 0.001
海拔 Elevation	-5.08	1.09	-4.64	< 0.001
MPD × Elevation	13.00	3.38	3.85	< 0.001
非本地物种出现概率 Occurrence probability of non-native species
平均最近类群距离 Mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD)	-3.80	1.44	-2.65	< 0.01
海拔 Elevation	-1.03	0.14	-7.61	< 0.001
MNTD × Elevation	3.85	1.14	3.36	< 0.001
非本地物种多度 Abundance of non-native species
平均成对距离 MPD	-30.71	9.18	-3.35	< 0.01
海拔 Elevation	-8.88	2.82	-3.15	< 0.001
MPD × Elevation	21.26	8.66	2.46	< 0.05
非本地物种多度 Abundance of non-native species
平均最近类群距离 MNTD	-9.53	2.91	-3.28	< 0.01
海拔 Elevation	-2.42	0.42	-5.82	< 0.001
MNTD × Elevation	10.25	2.55	4.02	< 0.001

表3 本地物种多样性、道路等级及其相互作用对非本地物种入侵程度影响的混合效应模型分析结果

Table 3 Results of mixed-effects models testing the effects of native species diversity, road level, and their interaction on invasion severity of non-native species

		估计值 Estimate	标准误 SE	z	P
非本地植物出现概率 Occurrence probability of non-native species
本地物种丰富度 Native species richness (SR)		-0.17	0.23	-0.71	0.475
道路等级1 Road level 1		1.39	0.31	4.45	< 0.001
道路等级2 Road level 2		0.99	0.32	3.09	< 0.01
SR × Road level 1		0.23	0.27	0.86	0.387
SR × Road level 2		-0.23	0.33	-0.67	0.501
非本地物种出现概率 Occurrence probability of non-native species
本地物种多度 Native species abundance (NAB)		-0.43	0.22	-1.97	< 0.05
道路等级1 Road level 1		1.60	0.30	5.26	< 0.001
道路等级2 Road level 2		1.20	0.26	4.57	< 0.001
NAB × Road level 1		0.43	0.25	1.74	0.08
NAB × Road level 2		-0.38	0.31	-1.22	0.22
非本地物种出现概率 Occurrence probability of non-native species
本地物种系统发育多样性 Native species phylogenetic diversity (PD)		-0.32	0.26	-1.24	0.22
道路等级1 Road level 1		1.33	0.32	4.09	< 0.001
道路等级2 Road level 2		1.05	0.33	3.15	< 0.01
Native species PD × Road level 1		0.31	0.28	1.10	0.27
Native species PD × Road level 2		0.10	0.37	0.27	0.79
非本地物种多度 Abundance of non-native species
本地物种丰富度 SR		-0.01	0.56	-0.02	0.99
道路等级1 Road level 1		3.19	0.93	3.45	< 0.001
道路等级2 Road level 2		3.03	0.76	3.99	< 0.001
SR × Road level 1		0.18	0.67	0.27	0.79
SR × Road level 2		-0.40	0.80	-0.50	0.62
非本地物种多度 Abundance of non-native species
本地物种多度 NAB	-0.29		0.45	-0.65	0.52
道路等级1 Road level 1	3.68		0.75	4.90	< 0.001
道路等级2 Road level 2	3.38		0.65	5.19	< 0.001
NAB × Road level 1	1.45		0.63	2.30	< 0.05
NAB × Road level 2	-1.55		0.73	-2.11	< 0.05
非本地物种多度 Abundance of non-native species
本地物种系统发育多样性 Native species PD	-1.22		0.46	-2.66	< 0.01
道路等级1 Road level 1	1.86		0.71	2.61	< 0.01
道路等级2 Road level 2	2.33		0.53	4.41	< 0.001
Native species PD × Road level 1	1.18		0.53	2.24	< 0.05
Native species PD × Road level 2	1.25		0.63	1.97	< 0.05

表3 本地物种多样性、道路等级及其相互作用对非本地物种入侵程度影响的混合效应模型分析结果

Table 3 Results of mixed-effects models testing the effects of native species diversity, road level, and their interaction on invasion severity of non-native species

		估计值 Estimate	标准误 SE	z	P
非本地植物出现概率 Occurrence probability of non-native species
本地物种丰富度 Native species richness (SR)		-0.17	0.23	-0.71	0.475
道路等级1 Road level 1		1.39	0.31	4.45	< 0.001
道路等级2 Road level 2		0.99	0.32	3.09	< 0.01
SR × Road level 1		0.23	0.27	0.86	0.387
SR × Road level 2		-0.23	0.33	-0.67	0.501
非本地物种出现概率 Occurrence probability of non-native species
本地物种多度 Native species abundance (NAB)		-0.43	0.22	-1.97	< 0.05
道路等级1 Road level 1		1.60	0.30	5.26	< 0.001
道路等级2 Road level 2		1.20	0.26	4.57	< 0.001
NAB × Road level 1		0.43	0.25	1.74	0.08
NAB × Road level 2		-0.38	0.31	-1.22	0.22
非本地物种出现概率 Occurrence probability of non-native species
本地物种系统发育多样性 Native species phylogenetic diversity (PD)		-0.32	0.26	-1.24	0.22
道路等级1 Road level 1		1.33	0.32	4.09	< 0.001
道路等级2 Road level 2		1.05	0.33	3.15	< 0.01
Native species PD × Road level 1		0.31	0.28	1.10	0.27
Native species PD × Road level 2		0.10	0.37	0.27	0.79
非本地物种多度 Abundance of non-native species
本地物种丰富度 SR		-0.01	0.56	-0.02	0.99
道路等级1 Road level 1		3.19	0.93	3.45	< 0.001
道路等级2 Road level 2		3.03	0.76	3.99	< 0.001
SR × Road level 1		0.18	0.67	0.27	0.79
SR × Road level 2		-0.40	0.80	-0.50	0.62
非本地物种多度 Abundance of non-native species
本地物种多度 NAB	-0.29		0.45	-0.65	0.52
道路等级1 Road level 1	3.68		0.75	4.90	< 0.001
道路等级2 Road level 2	3.38		0.65	5.19	< 0.001
NAB × Road level 1	1.45		0.63	2.30	< 0.05
NAB × Road level 2	-1.55		0.73	-2.11	< 0.05
非本地物种多度 Abundance of non-native species
本地物种系统发育多样性 Native species PD	-1.22		0.46	-2.66	< 0.01
道路等级1 Road level 1	1.86		0.71	2.61	< 0.01
道路等级2 Road level 2	2.33		0.53	4.41	< 0.001
Native species PD × Road level 1	1.18		0.53	2.24	< 0.05
Native species PD × Road level 2	1.25		0.63	1.97	< 0.05

表4 本地物种多样性、海拔及其相互作用对非本地物种入侵程度影响的混合效应模型分析结果

Table 4 Results of mixed-effects models testing the effects of native species diversity, elevation, and their interaction on invasion severity of non-native species

	估计值 Estimate	标准误 SE	z	P
非本地物种出现概率 Occurrence probability of non-native species
本地物种丰富度 Native species richness (SR)	0.09	0.12	0.69	0.49
海拔 Elevation	-0.78	0.11	-7.13	< 0.001
SR × Elevation	0.00	0.12	0.03	0.98
非本地物种出现概率 Occurrence probability of non-native species
本地物种多度 Native species abundance (NAB)	0.04	0.12	0.36	0.72
海拔 Elevation	-0.77	0.15	-5.04	< 0.001
NAB × Elevation	-0.05	0.12	-0.41	0.68
非本地物种出现概率 Occurrence probability of non-native species
本地物种系统发育多样性 Native species phylogenetic diversity (PD)	-0.31	0.13	-2.38	< 0.05
海拔 Elevation	-0.79	0.14	-5.50	< 0.001
Native species PD × Elevation	-0.08	0.14	-0.56	0.58
非本地物种多度 Abundance of non-native species
本地物种丰富度 SR	0.20	0.31	0.65	0.52
海拔 Elevation	-1.57	0.34	-4.68	< 0.001
SR× Elevation	0.30	0.31	0.99	0.32
非本地物种多度 Abundance of non-native species
本地物种多度 NAB	1.03	0.35	2.97	< 0.01
海拔 Elevation	-2.20	0.39	-5.70	< 0.001
NAB × Elevation	-0.11	0.30	-0.36	0.72
非本地物种多度 Abundance of non-native species
本地物种系统发育多样性 Native species PD	-0.61	0.20	-3.04	< 0.01
海拔 Elevation	-1.63	0.25	-6.45	< 0.001
Native species PD × Elevation	-0.06	0.20	-0.32	0.75

图6 在随机森林模型中, 非本地物种与本地物种之间的系统发育距离(平均成对距离和平均最近类群距离)、本地物种多样性、海拔和人类干扰对非本地物种入侵程度的相对作用大小。图中百分比表示每个特征对模型预测的影响程度, 百分比越高, 重要性越大。

Fig. 6 Relative contribution of phylogenetic distance (mean pairwise distance, MPD; mean nearest taxon distance, MNTD) between non-native species and native species, native species diversity, elevation, and human disturbance to the invasion severity of non-native species in the random forest models. PD, Phylogenetic diversity. Percentage in the figure represents the degree of influence each feature has on the model’s prediction. A higher percentage indicates greater importance.

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邛崃山区山地生态系统抵御非本地物种入侵的机制

Mechanisms of mountain ecosystem resistance to non-native species invasion in the Qionglai Mountain Range

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