海鸟种群的人工招引与恢复技术及其应用

doi:10.17520/biods.2016378

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球多数海鸟种群处于受胁状态。针对这一状况, 鸟类学家根据海鸟的繁殖习性, 借助于人工招引技术恢复海鸟的种群及营建适宜的栖息地。海鸟人工招引技术主要包括社群吸引技术和雏鸟转移技术两大类。社群吸引技术是在人为选择和改造的栖息地内利用假鸟模型和声音回放吸引附近海鸟前来栖息的方法; 雏鸟转移是将恢复种群的雏鸟转移到改造好的栖息地内, 利用海鸟的成长地依赖性, 促使其在繁殖期主动回到生长地繁殖。这两种方法已在全世界16个国家和地区的64种海鸟, 一共171多个招引项目中得到了应用。在具体应用中, 应该因地制宜, 针对不同的海鸟种类和繁殖习性选择合适的方法, 可单独或结合使用。不论采用何种方法, 都应开展充分的前期研究, 选择并营造适宜的繁殖栖息地, 严格控制天敌, 密切监测, 及时排除威胁因素, 确保繁殖成功。我国沿海繁殖海鸟正面临多种威胁, 海鸟种群缩小和栖息地丧失严重, 海鸟人工招引技术的应用为我国沿海繁殖海鸟种群及其栖息地的恢复带来了希望。

关键词: 海鸟, 繁殖栖息地, 种群恢复, 社群吸引技术, 雏鸟转移

Abstract

Most seabird species are threatened or endangered. To restore their populations and breeding habitats, ornithologists have developed two major active seabird restoration techniques: social attraction and chick translocation. With social attraction, decoys and acoustic vocalization playback are used to lure breeding seabirds to the restoration site. In chick translocation, the chicks of focal species are translocated and reared at the restoration site with the goal that they will return and breed at the release site. We conducted a worldwide search and found 171 projects conducted in 16 countries/regions to restore 64 seabird species. These techniques are used either independently or in combination, depending on the breeding biology of the target species. For both methods, managers are encouraged to understand the species’ breeding ecology and preferred nesting habitat. Habitat management, predator control and close monitoring are key steps to assure the success of the restoration. The breeding seabirds of China’s coast face many threats and their populations and habitats have decreased rapidly in recent decades. Active seabird restoration techniques can help to expand ranges and provide resilience to threats by starting new nesting colonies along the coast of China.

Key words: seabird, breeding habitat, population restoration, social attraction, chick translocation

周晓, 陈东东, StephenW.Kress, 陈水华 (2017) 海鸟种群的人工招引与恢复技术及其应用. 生物多样性, 25, 364-371. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2016378.

Xiao Zhou, Dongdong Chen, Stephen W. Kress, Shuihua Chen (2017) A review of the use of active seabird restoration techniques. Biodiversity Science, 25, 364-371. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2016378.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2016378

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2017/V25/I4/364

图/表 2

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	雏鸟转移技术 Chick translocation	社群吸引技术 Social attraction
原理 Overview	转移雏鸟至目标岛屿, 人工饲育直到飞行离开。利用海鸟对生长地的依恋倾向, 吸引这些雏鸟长大后回归目标岛屿繁殖 Transfer seabird nestlings to the target island, and rear them until they fledge. The released birds may return to the restoration site. This method is best for species that demonstrate strong natal site philopatry.	在目标岛屿上布置模型诱饵和声音回放设备, 利用集群海鸟的社群吸引行为吸引附近海鸟前来栖息繁殖 Decoys and audio playback systems are deployed at the restoration site to attract adult colonial seabirds, which select their breeding site by using social information.
技术要点 Key techniques	雏鸟人工抚育及野外放飞 Chick rearing and release	假鸟的布设及声音回放设备的安放 Decoys and audio playback system deployment
适用范围 Preferred species	具有恋家倾向的、易于人工饲养、穴居型海鸟, 如信天翁和海燕等 Species with strong natal site philopatry such as albatrosses and storm-petrels	集群性较强, 雏鸟需双亲后期抚育的海鸟, 如燕鸥和海鸥等 Colonial breeding species with weak natal site philopatry such as terns and gulls
局限性 Limitations	需投入较大人力物力用于雏鸟饲育; 不恰当的饲育和运输可能对雏鸟造成伤害; 取得成功周期相对较长 Labor intensive and expensive because of the need for chick tending stewards; great care during transport and chick rearing to reduce mortality to chicks; may take many years to achieve restoration because most species do not breed until they are five or more years old.	见效快, 繁殖群的形成有滚雪球效应, 但除了燕鸥和海鸥等集群性较强的海鸟, 其他海鸟招引成功率相对较低 Colonization around decoys and audio speakers may happen quickly as the first breeders help to advertise the location of the colony, but a relatively lower success rate for other species except for terns and gulls.
见效期 Establishment period	5-10年 5-10 years	1-5年 1-5 years

	雏鸟转移技术 Chick translocation	社群吸引技术 Social attraction
原理 Overview	转移雏鸟至目标岛屿, 人工饲育直到飞行离开。利用海鸟对生长地的依恋倾向, 吸引这些雏鸟长大后回归目标岛屿繁殖 Transfer seabird nestlings to the target island, and rear them until they fledge. The released birds may return to the restoration site. This method is best for species that demonstrate strong natal site philopatry.	在目标岛屿上布置模型诱饵和声音回放设备, 利用集群海鸟的社群吸引行为吸引附近海鸟前来栖息繁殖 Decoys and audio playback systems are deployed at the restoration site to attract adult colonial seabirds, which select their breeding site by using social information.
技术要点 Key techniques	雏鸟人工抚育及野外放飞 Chick rearing and release	假鸟的布设及声音回放设备的安放 Decoys and audio playback system deployment
适用范围 Preferred species	具有恋家倾向的、易于人工饲养、穴居型海鸟, 如信天翁和海燕等 Species with strong natal site philopatry such as albatrosses and storm-petrels	集群性较强, 雏鸟需双亲后期抚育的海鸟, 如燕鸥和海鸥等 Colonial breeding species with weak natal site philopatry such as terns and gulls
局限性 Limitations	需投入较大人力物力用于雏鸟饲育; 不恰当的饲育和运输可能对雏鸟造成伤害; 取得成功周期相对较长 Labor intensive and expensive because of the need for chick tending stewards; great care during transport and chick rearing to reduce mortality to chicks; may take many years to achieve restoration because most species do not breed until they are five or more years old.	见效快, 繁殖群的形成有滚雪球效应, 但除了燕鸥和海鸥等集群性较强的海鸟, 其他海鸟招引成功率相对较低 Colonization around decoys and audio speakers may happen quickly as the first breeders help to advertise the location of the colony, but a relatively lower success rate for other species except for terns and gulls.
见效期 Establishment period	5-10年 5-10 years	1-5年 1-5 years

国家/地区 Country/region	项目数 Number of projects	国家/地区 Country/region	项目数 Number of projects
加拿大 Canada	6	威尔士 Wales	1
美国 United States	91	法国 France	1
墨西哥 Mexico	24	南极洲 Antarctica	3
厄瓜多尔 Ecuador	1	日本 Japan	2
百慕大群岛 Bermuda	3	中国大陆 China mainland	4
英属维尔京群岛 British Virgin Islands	3	中国台湾 Taiwan, China	2
苏格兰 Scotland	1	澳大利亚 Australia	2
爱尔兰 Ireland	4	新西兰 New Zealand	23

国家/地区 Country/region	项目数 Number of projects	国家/地区 Country/region	项目数 Number of projects
加拿大 Canada	6	威尔士 Wales	1
美国 United States	91	法国 France	1
墨西哥 Mexico	24	南极洲 Antarctica	3
厄瓜多尔 Ecuador	1	日本 Japan	2
百慕大群岛 Bermuda	3	中国大陆 China mainland	4
英属维尔京群岛 British Virgin Islands	3	中国台湾 Taiwan, China	2
苏格兰 Scotland	1	澳大利亚 Australia	2
爱尔兰 Ireland	4	新西兰 New Zealand	23