生物多样性, 2024, 32(5): 23497 doi: 10.17520/biods.2023497

综述

基于传感器标记的野生动物追踪技术在中国的应用现状与展望

鲁彬悦,1,#, 李坤,1,#, 王晨溪,2, 李晟,,1,*

1.北京大学生命科学学院, 北京 100871

2.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所, 北京 100101

The application and outlook of wildlife tracking using sensor-based tags in China

Binyue Lu,1,#, Kun Li,1,#, Chenxi Wang,2, Sheng Li,,1,*

1 School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871

2 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101

通讯作者: E-mail:shengli@pku.edu.cn

第一联系人:

#共同第一作者

编委: 丁平

责任编辑: 李会丽

收稿日期: 2023-12-27   接受日期: 2024-03-10  

基金资助: 科技部重点研发项目(2022YFF1301500)

Corresponding authors: E-mail:shengli@pku.edu.cn

First author contact:

#Co-first authors

Received: 2023-12-27   Accepted: 2024-03-10  

摘要

对动物的标记、定位与追踪是研究其空间运动的重要途径。自20世纪80年代起, 以动物个体佩戴的传感器为核心的野生动物追踪技术被引入我国, 广泛用于野生动物行为与生态研究。为全面地了解中国野生动物追踪技术的应用现状, 本研究系统检索了1970-2022年间在中国开展的野生动物追踪研究论文, 统计并汇总了基于传感器的追踪技术类别、应用动物类群、研究领域及研究地点等信息。本研究共收集到论文519篇, 涵盖了分属7纲32目的共计185个物种。动物追踪研究地点覆盖我国34个省(直辖市、自治区、特别行政区), 其中最为集中的区域主要包括青藏高原东缘及周边山地、长江中下游区域、华东至华南沿海以及东北地区。所使用的技术类别包括5类: 无线电遥测(RT)技术(占总研究数量的47.7%)、无线射频识别(RFID)技术(3.2%)、光敏全球定位传感器(GLS)技术(0.6%)、基于Argos系统(ASS)的卫星追踪技术(9.3%)、基于全球定位导航系统(GNSS)的卫星追踪技术(39.3%)。在各类技术中, 甚高频(VHF) RT技术是我国使用历史较长、数量较大的技术; ASS和GNSS技术引入较晚, 但增长迅速, 其中GNSS技术在近5年来已经成为应用最多的技术。RT技术在大中型哺乳动物、小型哺乳动物、陆禽鸟类以及两栖、爬行动物追踪中应用最多, 游禽与涉禽鸟类的追踪以GNSS技术为主, 鱼类追踪研究中ASS技术应用较多, 而无脊椎动物的追踪研究则主要使用RFID技术。不同的研究领域中所使用的技术类别存在差异, 其中迁徙研究主要应用GNSS和ASS卫星追踪技术。本研究的结果表明, 基于传感器的野生动物标记、定位与追踪技术在我国的应用规模正在快速扩大, 标记动物数量、累积数据量快速增加。今后, 中国的野生动物追踪研究应进一步扩展研究深度和广度, 加强多学科合作与技术创新, 倡导并推动数据共享与合作, 并进一步推动国产追踪设备及技术的研发与完善, 从而为我国野生动物生态研究与资源保护管理提供可靠的科学支持。

关键词: 动物追踪; 无线电遥测; 卫星追踪; 野生动物监测; 运动生态学

Abstract

Aims: The tagging, positioning, and tracking of animals are crucial approaches to the study of their spatial movements. In China, the application of sensor-based wildlife tracking technologies for free-ranging animals has gained significant traction since the 1980s. These technologies have been widely employed in studies related to wildlife behavior and ecology. To provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of wildlife tracking technologies in China and offer insights into the future, we conducted this review based on comprehensive literature research.

Methods: We systematically searched academic articles on wildlife tracking studies conducted in China from 1970 to 2022. We compiled information of each study, including the type of sensor and tracking technologies used, the taxonomic group of tracked animals, the research field, and the location of study sites.

Results: We collected 519 relevant articles published between 1970 and 2022, encompassing 185 species belonging to 7 classes and 32 orders. The study sites encompassed 34 provinces (including municipalities, autonomous regions, and special administrative regions) in China. We identified four hotspots of tracking studies within the country: the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding mountainous areas, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the coastal areas from East to South China, and the Northeast China region. Five senor-based tracking technologies were identified in these studies: radio telemetry (RT) (accounting for 47.7% of the total researches), radio frequency identification (RFID) (3.2%), light-level global geolocator sensor (GLS) (0.6%), satellite tracking based on the Argos Satellite System (ASS) (9.3%) or Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) (39.3%). Among these technologies, VHF radio telemetry has had a longer history and more applications in China; ASS and GNSS technologies have been introduced late but have undergone rapid growth, with GNSS emerging as the most widely applied technology in the past 5 years. Radio telemetry is predominantly employed for large- and medium-sized mammals, small mammals, terrestrial birds, amphibians and reptiles. GNSS technology is mainly applied in tracking swimming and wading birds. ASS technology is primarily used in fish studies, while RFID technology is prevalent in tracking invertebrate. The choice of technology varies across different research fields, with GNSS and ASS satellite tracking being the primary technology used in migration studies.

Conclusions: The application scale of sensor-based wildlife tracking technologies in China is experiencing rapid expansion, resulting in a rapid increase of numbers of tagged animals and accumulated data. In the future, wildlife tracking studies in China should put emphases on: (1) deepening the research to examine the underlying ecological mechanisms and broadening the research scales, (2) facilitating interdisciplinary collaboration and fostering technological innovation, (3) advocating for and promoting data sharing and fostering multilateral cooperation, and (4) continuing to advance the development and improvement of domestic tracking equipment and technologies. This will provide reliable scientific supports for wildlife ecology research and resource conservation and management in China.

Keywords: animal tracking; radio telemetry; satellite tracking; wildlife monitoring; movement ecology

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本文引用格式

鲁彬悦, 李坤, 王晨溪, 李晟 (2024) 基于传感器标记的野生动物追踪技术在中国的应用现状与展望. 生物多样性, 32, 23497. doi:10.17520/biods.2023497.

Binyue Lu, Kun Li, Chenxi Wang, Sheng Li (2024) The application and outlook of wildlife tracking using sensor-based tags in China. Biodiversity Science, 32, 23497. doi:10.17520/biods.2023497.

动物的运动(movement)被定义为个体的空间位置随时间的变化, 是动物个体完成其生活史的基础(Nathan et al, 2008)。动物运动的模式与规律是其栖息地选择、个体扩散与领域建立、个体间与种间相互作用等生态过程的外在体现, 受到个体生理状态、个体间关系、种间关系、环境因子等诸多因素的影响。标记、定位与追踪动物个体, 是动物生态学研究的重要途径, 可以帮助我们获得动物空间移动的基础数据, 为进一步理解动物个体与环境交互的生态过程、种群动态、种群间基因交流、景观生态网络等多层次的问题提供了基础(Cooke et al, 2004; Jeltsch et al, 2013; 李月辉和胡远满, 2021)。

动物的标记、定位与追踪历史悠久。传统上主要使用带有编号或独特标志的物理标记, 依赖于对动物个体的重捕或重新观察从而进行空间定位和追踪, 早期可以追溯到19世纪晚期至20世纪初期对鸟类和鱼类使用彩带、脚环等进行的系统的物理标记(Whitney, 2022)。脚环、脚旗、颈环等物理标记至今仍是鸟类环志(bird banding/ringing)的主要形式(Anderson & Green, 2009), 耳标、颈圈等物理标记在哺乳类动物的研究中被广泛使用(Powell & Proulx, 2003), 通过在翅上书写或粘贴标记编号的方式在蝴蝶等昆虫的迁飞、扩散研究中也被长期使用(Knight et al, 2008; Kanazawa et al, 2015) (图1 a-c)。进入20世纪中期后, 无线电技术的引入使得基于传感器的标记与追踪成为可能, 研究者能够持续地、远距离地获取动物的空间位置信息; 随后, 卫星定位、微电子等各种新技术的快速发展, 使得传感器类型多样化、小型化, 动物追踪的手段愈加丰富和成熟, 应用到的动物类群和研究领域也日益广泛(Whitney, 2022)。目前, 国际上野生动物追踪研究所使用的基于传感器的追踪技术主要包括5大类, 分别是无线电遥测(radio telemetry, RT)技术、基于Argos卫星系统(Argos satellite system, ASS)的卫星追踪技术、基于全球定位导航系统(global navigation satellite system, GNSS)的卫星追踪技术、无线射频识别(radio frequency identification, RFID)技术和光敏全球定位传感器(light-level global location sensor, GLS)技术。

图1

图1   中国野生动物研究中使用的传统物理标记(a-c)与基于传感器的追踪标记(d-i)技术示例。a: 红喉歌鸲(Calliope calliope)的金属环志脚环; b: 中华扭角羚(Budorcas taxicolor)的耳标; c: 庆网蛱蝶(Melitaea cinxia)翅上的书写编号; d: 中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)皮下植入的RFID标签; e: 中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)的背负式VHF发射器; f: 中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)的腹腔植入式VHF发射器; g: 普通雨燕(Apus apus)的背负式光敏全球定位传感器; h: 草原雕(Aquila nipalensis)的背负式鸟类卫星追踪设备; i: 雪豹(Panthera uncia)的卫星追踪颈圈。照片由李晟(图1a, b)、王戎疆(图1c)、李成(图1d, e)、张璐(图1f)、刘阳(图1g)、阙品甲(图1h)、向定乾(图1i)分别提供。

Fig. 1   Examples of traditional (a-c) and sensor-based (d-i) tracking technologies used in wildlife studies in China. a, Metal leg band used for Siberian rubythroat (Calliope calliope); b, Ear tag used for Chinese takin (Budorcas taxicolor); c, Marked number on the wing of Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia); d, RFID tag implanted under skin of Asiatic toad (Bufo gargarizans); e, Backpacked VHF transmitter used for Chinese brown frog (Rana chensinensis); f, VHF transmitter implanted in the abdominal cavity of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus); g, Backpacked light-level geolocator used for common swift (Apus apus); h, Satellite-tracking device used for steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensis); i, Satellite-tracking colloar used for snow leopard (Panthera uncia). Photos were provided by Sheng Li (Fig. 1a, b), Rongjiang Wang (Fig. 1c), Cheng Li (Fig. 1d, e), Lu Zhang (Fig. 1f), Yang Liu (Fig. 1g), Pinjia Que (Fig. 1h) and Dingqian Xiang (Fig. 1i).


中国是全球“巨大生物多样性”国家(megadiversity countries)之一, 拥有全球最丰富的野生动物多样性(Mittermeier et al, 1997; Biodiversity Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2023)。基于传感器的野生动物追踪技术在中国的应用起步较晚, 在20世纪80年代, RT技术被引入我国, 应用于野生大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)的生态学研究(Schaller et al, 1985; Thomas et al, 2016); 2000年前后, 基于ASS与基于GNSS的卫星追踪技术相继被引入, 应用于绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)、滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)、紫貂(Martes zibellina)等的野外研究(Cheng, 2000; 武瑞东, 2006(①武瑞东 (2006) 基于“3S”技术的滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)生境分析. 硕士学位论文, 西南林学院, 昆明.); Xie et al, 2006)。此后, 中国的野生动物追踪研究发展迅速, 包括RFID与GLS在内的技术也被用于野生动物的追踪研究, 追踪的动物类群与研究领域随之迅速扩大(图1 d-i)。针对某个动物物种或类群(古河祥等, 2007; Thomas et al, 2016)或某项技术(伍和启等, 2008; 沈纹等, 2017), 已有部分研究者对相关技术在我国野生动物研究中的应用进行了总结, 然而, 目前我们仍然缺乏对中国野生动物追踪技术应用现状的整体认识。

本研究系统检索并收集了1970-2022年间在中国开展的基于传感器的野生动物标记、定位和追踪研究, 从中提取并汇总了追踪技术、动物类群、研究领域及研究地点等信息。在此基础上, 对中国野生动物追踪研究中各类技术应用的地域分布、动物类群、研究领域进行了总结与综述, 梳理了各个动物类群在中国追踪研究中所应用的技术及研究领域, 并对其未来发展进行了展望, 以期为全面地了解中国野生动物追踪技术的应用现状、不同技术的适用类群及领域提供支持。

1 方法

1.1 文献检索

在中国知网(http://www.cnki.net/)、Web of Science (https://www.webofscience.com/)以及谷歌学术(https://scholar.google.com/)中分别使用各类追踪技术的中文、英文和繁体中文名称作为检索词, 以标题、摘要和关键词为检索项, 对1970-2022年间的学术期刊论文以及硕士、博士学位论文进行系统检索(具体检索词见附录1)。对于RFID技术和GLS技术, 由于其应用范围较广, 但在动物追踪领域的应用相对较少, 因此以全文作为检索项进行了系统检索。为了解世界各国的野生动物追踪研究数量和现状, 在Web of Science中检索了1970年至2023年全球范围内各项技术的英文文献, 并对通讯作者所属单位的国家进行统计。

1.2 文献筛选

对所有检索得到的文献进行筛选。限定其研究在中国(含港、澳、台地区)开展。部分研究中, 我国研究者在国外进行动物捕捉与标记, 文献对被标记个体在国内的栖息地、停歇地、繁殖地或越冬地进行了研究与分析, 这样的文献也纳入统计范围。不统计在国外捕捉与标记动物、但仅仅是动物迁徙途经中国的研究。研究方法必须同时包含对于动物的物理标记和追踪; 使用某种基于传感器的物理标记技术对目标动物开展的其他研究, 例如仅使用RFID技术在标记-重捕中对动物进行标记, 进行个体识别、计算种群密度, 而没有研究动物的空间分布或空间移动的研究, 将不被纳入统计范围。

1.3 数据汇总与分析

对于符合要求的文献, 通过阅读全文从中提取研究内容信息, 包括研究物种、研究地点及其具体的经纬度、监测技术、所用设备、标记动物个体数、有效定位点数、研究领域。对于研究地点经纬度的记录, 若文献中提供了具体的地理坐标, 则直接记录; 若给出了经纬度范围, 则记录其中点; 若文献中只提及了地点名称, 在Google Map (https://maps.google.com/)中搜索并记录该地点的大致经纬度。对于明确记录了被监测物种个体数量的文献, 记录每一篇文献中的监测物种个体数。如果一篇文献研究了多个物种, 则将各物种分别单独记录。统计并计算各技术在每项研究中监测的平均动物个体数。

为方便归类, 把所有物种分为以下9个类群: 大中型哺乳动物、小型哺乳动物、猛禽、涉禽、陆禽、游禽、其他鸟类、其他脊椎动物和无脊椎动物(表2)。统计每个类群对应的文献数量。参考中国各类群动物名录与分类体系对具体的物种名称进行核对与统一。其中, 哺乳类参考《中国兽类分类与分布》(魏辅文, 2022)和“中国兽类名录(2021版)” (魏辅文等, 2021), 鸟类参考《中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第四版)》(郑光美, 2023), 两栖类、爬行类参考《中国两栖、爬行动物更新名录》(王剀等, 2020)。如果一篇文献研究了多个类群的物种, 则以物种为单位将其分别计入其相应类群的文献数量中。例如, 一项关于越冬雁类的研究同时研究了短嘴豆雁(Anser serrirostris)和白额雁(A. albifrons) (Si et al, 2020), 则“游禽类”文献数量增加2。

根据每篇文献的研究内容与主题, 将所有研究划分为5类“研究领域”: 家域、栖息地选择与利用、迁徙、行为与活动节律、其他领域。统计各领域研究的文献数量, 如果一篇文献同时涉及多个领域, 则将其分别计入每个相关类群的文献数量中。例如, 一项关于长江中下游雁类的研究同时研究了雁类物种的家域和栖息地选择与利用(He et al, 2022), 则“家域”领域和“栖息地选择与利用”领域的文献数目各增加1。

使用R 4.3.1 (R core team, 2023)中的ggplot2包(Wickham, 2016), 根据文献发表年份绘制不同年份的文献数量堆积图, 以反映中国及全球追踪研究中各项技术的文献发表趋势, 以及全球15个主要追踪研究国家的文献发表数量。使用fmsb包(Nakazawa, 2019)绘制统计的各类群和研究领域的文献数量的蛛网图。使用dbscan包(Hahsler et al, 2019)对统计到的研究地点经纬度进行聚类, 使得距离较近的经纬度点归为同一个研究地区。使用ArcGIS 10.8软件(ESRI Inc., USA)绘制研究地点的空间分布图, 以反映研究的热点地区。

2 结果

经过检索与筛选, 共收集到中国野生动物定位追踪研究文献519篇(图2a, 附录2); 相关文献最早发表于20世纪80年代, 此后至2022年发表文献数量总体上呈现快速增长趋势。在国际上, 基于传感器的野生动物定位追踪文献的起始要早于国内, RT技术在20世纪70年代就已有所应用(图2b), 此后相关文献的整体增长趋势与国内基本一致(图2b)。在开展野生动物追踪研究的主要国家中, 美国发表的追踪文献数量远高于其他所有国家, 其后依次是加拿大、澳大利亚和英国(图2c); 中国的英文文献数量发表位列第七, 数量与德国、法国都较为相近(图2c); RT技术和卫星追踪技术是各国主要使用的追踪技术(图2c)。

图2

图2   中国(a)及全球(b)基于传感器的野生动物追踪研究的文献发表数量变化趋势和英文文献发表数量最多的前15个国家(c)。GNSS: 基于全球定位导航系统的卫星追踪技术; ASS: 基于Argos系统的卫星追踪技术; RT: 无线电遥测技术; RFID: 无线射频识别技术; GLS: 光敏全球定位传感器技术。

Fig. 2   Publication trends of articles on sensor-based wildlife tracking studies in China (a) and around the world (b), and the top 15 countries with the largest number of publications in English (c). GNSS, Global navigation satellite system; ASS, Argos satellite system; RT, Radio telemetry; RFID, Radio frequency identification; GLS, Light-level global location sensor.


2.1 研究地点空间分布

统计到的研究地点涉及中国全部34个省(直辖市、自治区、特别行政区) (图3); 部分跨国研究在蒙古国、日本、俄罗斯等境外国家也有调查地点。在国内, 研究最为集中的区域有:

图3

图3   中国野生动物追踪研究地点的空间分布及热点地区(1-4)。(1)青藏高原东缘及周边山地; (2)长江中下游区域; (3)华东至华南沿海; (4)东北地区。

Fig. 3   The distribution of study sites and hotspots (1-4) of wildlife tracking research in China. (1) Eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding mountainous regions; (2) Middle and lower reaches region of the Yangtze River; (3) Coastal regions from East China to South China; (4) Northeastern region of China.


(1)青藏高原东缘及周边山地, 包括祁连山、横断山、秦岭等。该区域的主要研究对象为山地哺乳动物, 如大熊猫(Liu et al, 2011, 2015; 周世强等, 2019)、中华小熊猫(Ailurus styani) (韩宗先等, 2005, 2006; 杨建东等, 2006)、川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana) (栗其, 2016(①栗其 (2016) 秦岭北坡川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)栖息地选择差异的研究. 硕士学位论文, 西北大学, 西安.); 边坤, 2017(②边坤 (2017) 秦岭金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)社群分离聚合规律及海拔分布模式的研究. 硕士学位论文, 西北大学, 西安.); 刘嘉辉, 2020(③刘嘉辉 (2020) 秦岭川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)移动成本与取食利益的季节性平衡策略. 硕士学位论文, 西北大学, 西安.))、中华扭角羚(Budorcas taxicolor) (曾治高和宋延龄, 2001; 宋延龄和曾治高, 2006; Yan et al, 2017a)等, 以及山地和高原繁殖鸟类, 如朱鹮(Nipponia nippon) (胡灿实, 2016; 朱梦, 2020(④朱梦 (2020) 陕西宁陕朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)再引入种群的扩散生态学研究. 硕士学位论文, 陕西师范大学, 西安.))、血雉(Ithaginis cruentus) (贾陈喜等, 2004)、渔鸥(Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus)、斑头雁(Anser indicus)、普通鸬鹚(Phalacrocorax carbo) (楚国忠等, 2008; 张国钢等, 2008; Zhang et al, 2020)等。

(2)长江中下游区域, 包括鄱阳湖、洞庭湖等。该区域的主要研究对象包括湿地越冬水禽, 如白枕鹤(Grus vipio) (吴海峰等, 2018)、白鹤(G. leucogeranus) (李秀明等, 2016; 况绍祥等, 2020)、小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus) (黄田等, 2018; 邵瑞清, 2021(⑤邵瑞清 (2021) 鄱阳湖景观格局变化对越冬小天鹅栖息地选择的影响. 硕士学位论文, 江西师范大学, 南昌.))、白额雁(曹开强, 2020(⑥曹开强 (2020) 鄱阳湖豆雁和白额雁越冬种群迁徙路线与活动特征. 硕士学位论文, 江西师范大学, 南昌.))等, 以及重引入的麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)、獐(Hydropotes inermis) (张娜, 2019(⑦张娜 (2019) 鄱阳湖湿地枯水期獐(Hydropotes inermis)野放初期的家域和生境选择. 硕士学位论文, 江西师范大学, 南昌.); 吕尚标等, 2020; 申锦, 2021(⑧申锦 (2021) 基于3S技术研究鄱阳湖野放河麂的家域利用模式. 硕士学位论文, 江西师范大学, 南昌.))等哺乳动物。

(3)华东至华南沿海, 包括台湾岛与海南岛。该区域的主要研究对象为迁徙水鸟以及岛屿山地物种; 迁徙鸟类包括大滨鹬(Calidris tenuirostris)、黑腹滨鹬(C. alpina)、中杓鹬(Numenius phaeopus)等鸻鹬类(Ma et al, 2013; Choi et al, 2014; Kuang et al, 2022), 斑嘴鸭(Anas zonorhyncha)、针尾鸭(A. acuta)等雁鸭类(叶思嘉等, 2021; 赵闪闪, 2022), 白鹭(Egretta garzetta)、池鹭(Ardeola bacchus)等鹭科鸟类(赵天天等, 2021); 台湾岛屿物种包括琉球狐蝠(Pteropus dasymallus)、台湾鬣羚(Capricornis swinhoei)、豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)等(吴慧雯, 2010(①吴慧雯 (2010) 台湾狐蝠生态研究之初探. 硕士学位论文, 台湾大学, 台北.); 游显光, 2014(②游显光 (2014) 长鬃山羊感染穿孔疥癣螨与否的栖地利用及活动模式之比较. 硕士学位论文, 屏东科技大学, 台湾屏东.); Chen et al, 2016; Sun et al, 2018); 海南岛研究对象主要有海南山鹧鸪(Arborophila ardens)、海南孔雀雉(Polyplectron katsumatae)等雉类(汪继超和史海涛, 2002; Rao et al, 2017), 蟒(Python bivittatus)、黄额闭壳龟(Cuora galbinifrons)、锯缘闭壳龟(C. mouhotii)等爬行类(汪继超, 2007(③汪继超 (2007) 黄额闭壳龟(Cuora galbinifrons)的活动家域和微生境利用. 硕士学位论文, 海南师范大学, 海口); 段玉宝等, 2015; 肖繁荣, 2017), 以及坡鹿(Rucervus eldii)、赤麂(Muntiacus vaginalis)等哺乳动物(Teng et al, 2004; 朱宜君, 2021(④朱宜君 (2021) 海南坡鹿的运动生态学研究. 硕士学位论文, 陕西理工大学, 陕西汉中.))。

(4)东北地区。该区域的主要研究对象为迁徙越冬鸟类, 如东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana) (嘎日迪等, 2022)、白枕鹤(刘福剀, 2008(⑤刘福剀 (2008) 扎龙湿地白枕鹤栖息地利用. 硕士学位论文, 东北林业大学, 哈尔滨.))、白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia) (张余广等, 2018)等, 以及部分啮齿类哺乳动物, 如花鼠(Tamias sibiricus) (刘蓓蓓, 2016(⑥刘蓓蓓 (2016) 阔叶红松林中西伯利亚花鼠种群的年际波动. 硕士学位论文, 东北林业大学, 哈尔滨.))、北松鼠(Sciurus vulgaris) (哈丽亚和戎可, 2013)等。

2.2 技术类别

统计到的文献共包含5类基于传感器的追踪定位技术, 分别为: 无线射频识别(RFID)技术17篇, 无线电遥测(RT)技术256篇, 光敏全球定位传感器 (GLS)技术3篇, Argos卫星(ASS)技术50篇, 全球定位导航卫星(GNSS)技术211篇。其中, 部分文献同时使用了多种技术, 因此计数总和多于文献总数(表1)。

表1   中国野生动物追踪研究中所使用的基于传感器的技术比较

Table 1  Comparison of sensor-based tracking techniques used in wildlife tracking studies in China

追踪技术
Tracking
techniques
定位追踪原理
Principle of
positioning and
tracking
数据收回方式
Data recall
mode
是否需要再
次捕捉动物
Whether recapture needed
定位精度
Accuracy of positioning

单个体数据量
Data amount
of each individual
文献数量
No. of publications

应用动物类群 Applied animal
groups

涉及物种数 No. of species involved
无线射频识别技术
Radio frequency
identification
RFID扫描 RFID scanningRFID近距扫描 RFID proximity scanning不一定
Uncertain
++++17无脊椎动物、两栖类、爬行类、小型兽类 Invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, small mammals8
无线电遥测技术
Radio telemetry
无线电测向
与三角定位 Radio direction finding and triangulation
无线电遥测 Radio telemetry否 No++++256兽类、鸟类、两栖类、爬行类 Mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles108
光敏全球定位传感器技
术 Light-level global location sensor
记录光强变化, 推断经纬度 Record changes in light intensity and infer latitude and longitude芯片数据下载 Chip data download是 Yes+++3鸟类 Birds2
Argos卫星技术
Argos satellite system
多普勒原理 The Doppler principle卫星传输Satellite transmission否 No+++50鸟类、爬行类 Birds, reptiles28
全球定位导航系统技术
Global navigation satellite system
定位卫星星
座3维测量 Positioning satellite constellation 3-dimensional measurements
本地存储, 回收后有线下载Local storage, wired download after recycling不一定 Uncertain++++++211大中型动物(兽类, 鸟类, 爬行类)
Large and medium-sized animals (mammals, birds, reptiles)
79
短距离UHF无线下载 Short-range UHF wireless download否 No++++++
GSM网络无线下载
Wireless download over GSM network
否 No++++++
卫星传输Satellite transmission否 No++++++

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


2.2.1 无线射频识别技术

无线射频识别(RFID)技术利用射频信号的空间耦合实现无接触的信息传递, 其设备一般分为电子标签、天线和阅读器3个部分; 其中电子标签用于对目标的标记, 其信息能够被阅读器在短距离内通过天线读取(何旭江等, 2010)。根据其通讯方式不同, RFID电子标签可以分为主动、半主动、被动3类; 主动与半主动电子标签内部均含电池供电, 体积和成本相对较大; 被动式电子标签不含内部电源, 能够在接收到射频信号后传输数据, 体积较小且成本较低, 是目前动物追踪领域应用最多的类型(黄孟选等, 2018)。被动集成应答器(passive integrated transpoder, PIT)就是一种基于RFID的被动式电子标签, 将电子标签集成封装于长约8-12 mm的生化玻璃管中, 用于注射在目标动物皮下或体内, 从而进行个体标记, 具有不引发生物体排异反应、保护微芯片不被破坏、识别准确度高等优点(黄松林等, 2016)。针对中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana)等小型无脊椎动物, 也开发有专用的可粘附于动物体表的微型标签(何旭江等, 2010)。

在野生动物研究中主要使用被动式RFID标签, 能够进行信息传递的距离一般在厘米至分米量级(何旭江等, 2010)。电子标签体积小、重量轻, 在追踪研究中经常与标记重捕方法结合用于监测动物活动节律, 能够应用于体型小、难以进行个体识别、但较为方便进行重捕或重复观察的动物类群, 如中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)、中华蜜蜂、中华蟾蜍、花鼠等(杨慧等, 2013; 郑志阳等, 2013; 王刚等, 2016; Wu et al, 2018a)。在我国, RFID技术在近10年开始推广应用, 但应用规模相对较小(图2a, 图4d)。

图4

图4   1980-2022年中国野生动物定位追踪研究中采用GNSS、ASS、RT和RFID技术的中文及英文文献发表数量变化趋势(缩写全称见图1)

Fig. 4   Publication trends of Chinese and English articles on GNSS, ASS, RF and RFID technologies in wildlife tracking and localization research in China from 1980 to 2022 (see details for technique abbreviations in Fig. 1)


2.2.2 无线电遥测技术

无线电遥测(RT)技术主要利用甚高频(very high frequence, VHF)无线电波的发射与接收对动物进行定位, 遥测设备由发射器(transmitter)、接收器(receiver)和天线(antenna)组成(孙岳和张雁云, 2009)。其中发射器用于佩戴或安装在动物身上, 由研究人员采用三角定位法对佩戴有发射器的动物进行定位; 研究人员在两个不同的遥测点, 使用接收器分别测量天线信号最强的方向, 两个方向连线交点即为推断得到的动物位点, 无需再次捕捉动物(Kenward, 2000)。

VHF无线电遥测技术是我国使用历史较长、数量较大的技术, 在20世纪80年代被引进我国, 早期应用于大熊猫的生态研究, 是动物追踪中经典的无线追踪技术(Thomas et al, 2016); 其应用在2005年左右达到高峰, 近年来呈现下降趋势(图2a, 图4c)。近年来, VHF无线电发射器向着小型与耐久的方向发展, 小型的无线电发射器甚至能够应用于体重0.2-0.5 g的昆虫; 其使用寿命与发射器的质量呈正比(Kissling et al, 2014; 沈纹等, 2017)。发射器发射电波的范围较为有限, 适用于较小尺度的追踪研究(孙岳和张雁云, 2009)。地上的有效追踪范围一般在数千米量级, 在森林茂盛区域也能够较容易地获得目标动物的位置(隆廷伦等, 1998; 周世强等, 2012;刘会等, 2017); 追踪有效范围也受到发射器大小的限制以及不同追踪环境的影响, 例如对于小型鸟类婺源蓝冠噪鹛(Garrulax courtoisi)的无线电追踪有效范围仅有20-150 m(①石金泽 (2017) 婺源蓝冠噪鹛(Garrulax courtoisi)繁殖生态及种群生存力分析. 硕士学位论文, 东北林业大学, 哈尔滨.), 对于地下啮齿类动物的追踪有效范围仅有0-5 m (周建伟等, 2013)。

与可以自动定位的卫星追踪器相比, VHF无线电遥测的设备成本相对较低, 但需要研究人员进行野外主动获取数据; 遥测过程受到外界以及人为因素干扰较多, 很难达到极高的精度(沈纹等, 2017)。基于其特点, VHF无线电遥测的应用在直接进行定位追踪之外也较为多样化, 例如通过遥测辅助追踪动物种群的大概位置, 进一步进行目视观测(马志军等, 2001); 利用发射器返回的电波频率变化判断动物活动情况(静息或运动), 进行活动节律的研究(曾治高和宋延龄, 2001); 通过是否能够接收到发射器信号判断动物是否已离开研究区域开始进行迁徙或扩散等(Kauhala et al, 2006; 楚彬等, 2020)。此外, 目前部分卫星追踪颈圈也整合有VHF发射器模块, 以方便研究者在野外通过天线定位搜寻直接对动物个体进行观察, 或者在动物死亡、颈圈脱落等情况下, 方便再次找到、回收颈圈装置。

2.2.3 光敏全球定位传感器技术

光敏全球定位传感器(GLS)也被称为光敏定位器(light-level geolocator)或光敏记录仪(light-level logger), 能够记录日照强度的变化, 从而推断出被追踪动物所在地的日出、日落时间, 进而确定其所在地的经纬度(Roger, 1994)。GLS可以在全球范围内进行追踪定位, 但需要研究人员重捕动物、回收设备以下载数据(Roger, 1994)。

GLS最早用于海豹等海洋动物的追踪, 由于其结构较简单, 体积和重量可以做到极小, 近年来开始应用于小型鸟类的长距离迁徙研究, 尤其是那些由于体重限制而无法背负卫星定位传感器的物种(Roger, 1994; McKinnon & Love, 2018)。由于能够记录光的遮蔽情况, 该技术也被应用于对动物筑巢、育雏情况的研究(Huang et al, 2021; Merkel et al, 2023)。相比于卫星定位等技术, GLS的空间定位精度相对较低, 定位误差在数千米到数百千米不等, 受到环境条件、动物行为等因素影响, 因此大多被用于具有长距离(数千千米以上)移动的动物(Fudickar et al, 2012)。在国内, GLS目前主要被应用于普通雨燕(Apus apus)、家燕(Hirundo rustica)等对巢址具有较高忠诚度(方便个体重捕与设备回收)的小型迁徙鸟类, 以研究其育雏及迁徙(Huang et al, 2021; Turbek et al, 2022; Zhao et al, 2022), 应用规模相对较小。

2.2.4 Argos 卫星技术

Argos卫星(ASS)技术主要由以下组成部分构成: 发射器、Argos卫星星座(目前包含9颗极轨卫星)、NOAA卫星等星载传感器(美国NOAA卫星等卫星上所搭载的接收和再发射装置)、地面数据接收与处理站。动物所佩戴的发射器(颈圈或信标)会发出特定的无线电信号, 这些信号可以被经过发射器上空的Argos卫星接收并识别, 然后基于多普勒效应(Doppler effect)对发射器所在位置进行推算, NOAA卫星等星载传感器将相关数据转发至地面接收站进行处理和分发, 从而获取被追踪对象的地理位置等信息(https://www.argos-system.org/)。此技术具备广泛的跟踪范围和较长的使用时间, 能够准确获取生物的迁徙时间、停留地点和迁徙路径等重要生物学信息(Bridge et al, 2011)。然而, 根据系统的工作原理, 其定位仅在Argos卫星经过追踪器上空时才能进行, 使得能够获取的数据量有限, 空间定位精度相对较低(最高可至250 m) (Newton, 2007)。在我国, ASS技术在2000年前后开始应用, 其应用数量在较低水平维持稳定(图2a, 图4b); 曾被用于大型陆生动物和海洋动物的迁徙和生态学研究(王华接等, 2002; Xu et al, 2019)。随着技术的进步, ASS信标追踪近年来也被应用于鸟类迁徙研究等领域(Liu et al, 2014; Chen et al, 2021)。近年来, 部分追踪装置将全球定位导航卫星(GNSS)模块整合入Argos终端发射器中, 利用Argos卫星星座与系统进行数据传输与发送, 进一步扩展了该系统在野生动物追踪领域的应用场景与应用范围。

2.2.5 全球定位导航卫星技术

全球定位导航卫星(GNSS)技术利用全球卫星导航系统进行全球任意位点空间定位, 包括美国的GPS系统(global positioning system)、中国的北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)、俄罗斯的格洛纳斯系统(GLONASS)和欧洲的伽利略卫星导航系统(GALILEO)等。动物所佩戴的追踪器内置卫星定位导航芯片, 无需主动发射信号, 仅需接收定位卫星的信号, 即可完成基于精准测距(卫星与接收装置之间的距离)的定位计算; 部分追踪器可以兼容接收多个全球定位导航系统的信号(Misra & Enge, 2006)。追踪器内定位数据的回收有多种方式, 常见的有本地存储(存储在追踪器内)、短距离UHF无线下载、GSM网络无线传输和卫星传输4种; 部分型号的追踪器可以同时整合使用其中的2种或多种方式。根据研究地点和对象的不同, 每种方式具有各自的优势(Tomkiewicz et al, 2010)。全球卫星导航系统中, GPS卫星定位系统目前在我国的野生动物标记、定位和追踪研究中被广泛采用。尽管GNSS技术的成本较高(追踪器价格及数据传输费用高), 但其定位频率较高, 数据量大, 数据精度更高, 空间定位误差通常在数十米内, 甚至可以达到米级或亚米级, 具有多方面的优势(D’EON & Delparte, 2005)。

GNSS技术从2005年前后开始在我国得到应用, 2015年前后开始大幅增长, 近5年来已经成为动物追踪研究中应用最多的技术(图2a, 图4a)。现如今我国的研究多采用卫星定位追踪颈圈对野生脊椎动物进行监测, 因其具有高效、便利、可靠等多方面的优点(葛宝明等, 2012), 被广泛用于跟踪野生动物的活动以及栖息地利用(Ren et al, 2009; Yan et al, 2017b)、动物野化放归(古晓东等, 2011; 崔多英等, 2017)、鸟类迁徙(杨晓君等, 2005; 李秀明等, 2016)和物种间的相互影响(Li et al, 2017; Weng et al, 2022)等野生动物生态学研究。

2.3 动物类群

本研究收集到的519篇文献涵盖了分属7纲32目的共计185个物种(表2, 附录3)。

表2   基于传感器的中国野生动物追踪研究所涉及的动物类群

Table 2  The animal groups covered by the sensor-based wildlife tracking studies in China

类群
Group
所含分类类群
Taxonomic groups included
论文数量
No. of papers
大中型哺乳动物 Large and medium-sized mammals鲸偶蹄目、食肉目、灵长目、鳞甲目、奇蹄目 Cetartiodactyla, Carnivora, Primates, Pholidota, and Perissodactyla152
小型哺乳动物 Small mammals啮齿目、翼手目、攀鼩目、劳亚食虫目 Rodentia, Chiroptera, Scandentia, and Lipotyphla37
猛禽 Raptorial birds鹰形目、隼形目、鸮形目 Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, and Strigiformes22
涉禽 Wading birds
鹤型目、鹳形目、鹈形目(鹭科、鹮科)、鸻形目(除鸥科、贼鸥科、海雀科外的其他科) Gruiformes, Ciconiiformes, Pelecaniformes (Ardeidae, Threskiornithidae), and Charadriiformes (other families except Laridae, Stercorariidea and Alcidae)109
游禽 Swimming birds雁形目、鸻形目(鸥科)、鲣鸟目 Anseriformes, Charadriiformes (Laridae), and Suliformes131
陆禽 Terrestrial birds鸡形目、鸨形目 Galliformes and Otidiformes68
其他鸟类 Other birds雀形目、夜鹰目、佛法僧目、鸽形目 Passeriformes, Caprimulgiformes, Coraciiformes, and Columbiformes14
其他脊椎动物 Other vertebrates龟鳖目、鳄目、有鳞目、有尾目、无尾目、须鲨目、鲀形目、鲟形目 Testudines, Crocodilia, Squamata, Caudata, Anura, Orectolobiformes, Tetraodontiformes, and Acipenseriformes53
无脊椎动物 Invertebrates膜翅目 Hymenoptera7

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对于大中型哺乳动物来说, RT是应用最多(56.41%)的技术, 被用于大熊猫、亚洲黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)、藏狐(Vulpes ferrilata)、獐等物种的野外调查与研究(王文等, 2008; 刘群秀, 2009; Liu et al, 2015; 何鑫等, 2016)。GNSS技术也有较多应用(39.74%), 包括大熊猫、麋鹿、滇金丝猴等物种(Ren et al, 2009; 周世强等, 2019; 夏昕等, 2021)。

对于小型哺乳动物来说, RT也是应用最多的技术(82.50%), 被用于高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)、赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus)、棕果蝠(Rousettus leschenaultii)等物种的研究(Tang et al, 2010; 袁耀华等, 2019; 张飞宇等, 2020a)。RFID技术也有少部分应用, 主要用于花鼠和高原鼢鼠(杨慧等, 2013; 楚彬等, 2020)。

对于游禽类和涉禽类, GNSS技术的应用都占主要地位, 占比分别为74.81%和73.68%。涉禽类中, 研究东方白鹳和白鹤的文献数量最多, 分别为14篇和11篇。游禽类中, 研究白额雁的文献数量最多, 为19篇, 其次为鸿雁(Anser cygnoid, 8篇)和短嘴豆雁(8篇)。游禽和涉禽鸟类也是ASS应用最为广泛的类群。游禽类中, ASS技术主要应用于斑头雁(6篇)和渔鸥(5篇)的研究。涉禽类中, ASS应用于黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)研究的文献数量最多, 为8篇。

陆禽类的研究主要使用RT, 研究对象包括黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae) (原宝东等, 2017)、红腹角雉(Tragopan temminckii) (丛培昊和郑光美, 2008)、斑尾榛鸡(Tetrastes sewerzowi) (石美等, 2013)等体型较大的鸡形目鸟类。2018年以来, GNSS追踪技术开始应用于猛禽类研究, 如猎隼(Falco cherrug) (王鹏华等, 2020)、凤头蜂鹰(Pernis ptilorhynchus) (于国祥等, 2022)等。

对于两栖、爬行类动物, RT是最常使用的技术, 被用于中国大鲵、扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)等(Wang et al, 2011; 段玉宝等, 2015)。而对于鱼类的研究, ASS技术更为常见, 如鲸鲨(Rhincodon typus)和中华鲟(Hsu et al, 2007; 陈锦辉等, 2011)。

在无脊椎动物的研究中, 目前只使用RFID技术, 如中华蜜蜂(田柳青等, 2014)、西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera) (郑志阳等, 2013)等。

2.4 应用领域

研究家域的文献共有276篇, 研究栖息地选择与利用的190篇, 研究行为与日活动模式的147篇, 研究迁徙的118篇, 其他研究领域的22篇(图5)。

图5

图5   不同动物类群(a)和不同研究领域(b)中各项技术的文献数量(缩写全称见图1)

Fig. 5   Number of published articles of each technique used in different animal groups (a) and different research fields (b) (see details for technique abbreviations in Fig. 1)


2.4.1 家域

家域(home range)是动物在寻找食物、交配和照顾幼崽的正常活动中所穿越的区域(Burt, 1943), 理解家域对于揭示动物行为, 以及进行有效的野生动物管理和制定保护策略具有至关重要的科学和实践意义。在本研究中, 家域的研究内容包括活动范围和区域(端肖楠等, 2016)、活动模式(张飞宇等, 2020b)、日活动范围(蔡路昀等, 2007)、扩散(楚彬等, 2020)、迁移(刘嘉辉等, 2020)等。在检索获得的276篇相关文献中, 有157篇文献运用了RT术来研究家域(图5), 主要关注小型动物和鸟类的扩散、动物的巢址范围与活动范围、繁殖季家域变化等研究问题。最新的研究探讨了黄河滩中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)的家域(Kong et al, 2021)。92篇文献采用了GNSS追踪技术, 关注动物的季节性家域、重引入/野放个体的扩散与家域变化等。近五年来使用GNSS技术的文献数量明显增加。此外, 还有部分研究采用了ASS追踪技术和RFID标记技术, 其中RFID标记技术因其研究半径范围的限制, 主要应用于小型动物的家域研究。

2.4.2 栖息地选择与利用

栖息地选择(habitat selection)是动物对栖息地类型的选择或偏爱, 包括觅食栖息地、夜宿栖息地、栖息地偏好等(尚玉昌, 1998; 康明江和郑光美, 2007; 王文等, 2008; 肖繁荣, 2017)。栖息地利用(habitat use)则是指物种与环境相互作用和利用环境的方式, 包括动物在哪里找寻食物, 如何寻找避难所, 以及选择何处繁殖等(Hall et al, 1997)。栖息地选择与利用会受到各种因素的影响, 包括资源的可用性、捕食者的存在以及栖息地本身的物理特征(Morris, 2003)。VHF无线电遥测和GNSS追踪是我国野生动物栖息地选择与利用研究中最常使用的技术, 分别有109篇和72篇文献。对于栖息地选择与利用研究的范围覆盖较广, 小范围的研究常使用VHF无线电遥测技术, 如向海自然保护区内人造庇护所对于白条锦蛇(Elaphe dione)栖息地选择的影响(Yu et al, 2022), 大范围的研究常使用GNSS技术, 如对白鹤迁徙时的中途停歇栖息地特征进行研究(杨秀林, 2019(①杨秀林 (2019) 白鹤的迁徙模式与中途停歇栖息地特征. 硕士学位论文, 中国林业科学研究院, 北京))。

2.4.3 行为与活动模式

行为和活动模式(behavior and activity patterns)是指动物在一天中的活动分布, 如进食、休息、社交互动或繁殖行为等(Hut et al, 2013)。通常, 研究行为与日活动模式时动物的活动范围相对较小, 常使用VHF无线电遥测技术(102篇), 主要关注动物的昼夜节律和繁殖节律等, 讨论人类活动、自然条件变化等外界因素对于动物行为与活动模式的影响。例如, Lu等(2022)研究了白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)在人类干扰下的繁殖季日活动模式。另外, 也有少量研究使用GNSS追踪技术(36篇), 关注动物的取食行为、季节性的节律变化和鸟类迁徙时的节律变化等。如Xu等(2022b)研究了在云南滇池越冬的红嘴鸥(Chroicocephalus ridibundus)在COVID-19疫情封锁、无人类喂食后的取食行为变化, 孔玥峤等(2022)以荒漠猫(Felis bieti)为例, 对比分析了基于GNSS颈圈追踪与红外相机(camera-tapping)数据所获得的动物日活动节律模式的差别。使用RFID技术的膜翅目昆虫研究(7篇)主要关注蜜蜂的工作行为与节律, 如探究蜜蜂的出巢、归巢节律与相应的采集行为、轮休行为等(郑志阳等, 2013; 田柳青等, 2014)。此外, 还有研究基于光敏定位传感器采集的数据来探究普通雨燕的孵化行为(Huang et al, 2021)。

2.4.4 迁徙

迁徙(migration)是动物为了繁殖、寻找食物或逃避不适宜的季节性环境条件, 穿越大片地理空间的行为(Dingle, 2014)。迁徙的研究对于理解动物种群动态、保护策略的制定, 以及人类活动对动物迁徙路径的影响具有重要意义(Moore et al, 1995; Newton, 2007; Wilcove & Wikelski, 2008)。在迁徙研究中, ASS追踪技术能够跟踪长距离移动的动物并通过卫星及时回传数据, 适合于研究长距离迁徙的鸟类、海洋哺乳动物和海龟等, 共有35篇相关文献(王华接等, 2002; 韩家波等, 2013; Zhu et al, 2021)。近年来, GNSS追踪技术被越来越多地应用于迁徙研究, 因为其可以提供更精确的位置信息和更大数据量的定位记录(Kays et al, 2015), 其使用规模也超过了ASS技术, 共有76篇相关文献, 主要用于研究鸟类的迁徙活动。GLS作为一项新兴的技术, 也被用于体型较小动物的研究迁徙(Turbek et al, 2022; Zhao et al, 2022)。VHF无线电遥测技术通常并不直接用于在迁徙途中定位经纬度, 而是通过监测VHF发射器的信号来判断个体在停歇地的停留时长, 当信号消失时则代表个体离开停歇地继续迁徙(Catry et al, 2022)。

2.4.5 其他领域

不属于上述4个领域的研究统一划分到“其他领域” (2.92%)。不同的追踪技术结合动物个体观察、个体重捕或追踪器回收等方法, 被用于研究个体死亡原因、种群存活率、鸟撞风险等(Combreau et al, 2002; 李夏等, 2013; Wu et al, 2018b; 赵闪闪, 2022)。

2.5 应用规模

不同技术在研究中平均监测的动物个体数具有较大差异(图6)。

图6

图6   各技术在每项研究中平均监测的动物个体数。N为对应的研究数量。缩写全称见图1。

Fig. 6   The average number of animal individuals tracked by each technique in each study. N stands for the number of studies. See details for technique abbreviations in Fig. 1.


RFID标记每项研究所需监测动物的平均数量为152, 明显高于其余4种技术。例如, 一项关于西方蜜蜂的研究中, 监测个体数高达600只(田柳青等, 2014)。GLS技术每项研究所需的平均个体也相对较多。在RFID标记和GLS技术的文献中, 均未提及有效定位点数。

在使用GNSS追踪技术的研究中, 监测个体数高于100的研究包括欧亚小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus bewickii)的种群现状与遗传多样性研究、鸿雁的迁徙连通性研究和家鸽(Columba livia)飞行行为的潜在鸟击风险研究(方蕾, 2020(①方蕾 (2020) 基于遥测和分子生物学数据研究欧亚小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus bewickii)的种群现状与遗传多样性. 硕士学位论文, 中国科学技术大学, 合肥.); 祝芹, 2020; 黄尚等, 2022)。其中, 前两项研究均涉及分子生物学研究方法。此外, 有39项研究标记的个体数为1, 38项研究标记的个体数为2, 33项研究标记的个体数为3。每项研究中, GNSS追踪技术平均能对单一个体获取数量级为千的有效定位点。

在使用VHF无线电遥测技术的研究中, 监测个体数最多的是一项关于圈养中华小熊猫的昼夜活动节律研究, 达87个个体(韩宗先等, 2005); 其次为波斑鸨(Chlamydotis macqueenii)的繁殖成功率研究和鸳鸯(Aix galericulata)的家域研究, 分别监测了82和81个个体(Combreau et al, 2002; Sun et al, 2014); 此外, 有39项研究标记的个体数为3, 32项研究标记的个体数为4。该技术在每项研究中平均能对单一个体获取数量级为百的有效定位点。

使用ASS追踪技术的研究中, 监测个体数最多的是一项关于针尾鸭迁徙与禽流感的研究, 共监测82只个体(Sullivan et al, 2018); 此外, 有12项研究标记的个体数为4, 11项研究标记的个体数为2。该技术在每项研究中平均能对单一个体获取数量级为百的有效定位点。

由此可见, GNSS追踪、VHF无线电遥测和ASS追踪技术中尽管存在一些监测个体数较高的研究, 但大部分研究的标记个体数较低, 均在1-4个之间。并且, GNSS追踪技术获取的平均有效定位点数相对后二者较高。

3 总结与讨论

在国际上, 北美与欧洲发达国家开展野生动物追踪研究具有较长的历史, 在发表文献、数据记录等方面有着丰厚的积累。本研究的结果显示, 中国近年来在野生动物追踪技术的应用规模方面取得了显著进展, 相关研究已覆盖了我国除西部部分地区之外的大部分区域, 而以追踪个体数量计算, 本研究统计的所有文献中追踪动物个体总数达6,000只以上, 获取的有效定位点数达100,000以上; 其中, 基于卫星追踪技术(ASS, GNSS)标记的动物个体有3,600只以上。同时, 应考虑到这些文献中已有报道的数字仅是实际已开展研究中的一部分, 除此之外目前还有大量的追踪研究正在进行之中。例如, 国内研究者目前正在使用卫星项圈或发射器对东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)、雪豹(P. uncia)、狼(Canis lupus)、野马(Equus ferus)、草原雕(Aquila nipalensis)等珍稀濒危物种(如图1h, i)开展野外追踪研究。以国产追踪器品牌“环球信士(Global Messenger)”为例, 截至2023年5月, 该品牌的野生动物卫星追踪器应用的动物个体数量已超过13,000只, 采集有效数据超过5,000万条(http://www.hqxs.net/)。这些信息表明, 中国在野生动物追踪方面已积累了丰富的经验, 在标记动物规模、累积数据量等方面快速增长, 均已达到相当的规模, 已成为该领域具有重要影响力的国家之一。

在此过程中, 用于野生动物标记、定位和追踪的技术与设备在快速发展与更新。早期, 传统的VHF无线电遥测技术在我国应用较多, 该技术具有成本低的优势, 但其工作范围受限、人力需求高、数据量有限等局限性逐渐凸显, 因此近10年来其使用规模已逐渐下降(图2a, 图4c)。自2010年以来, 随着新技术的出现、发展完善和成本的降低, GNSS技术的应用规模迅速增长(图2a, 图4a)。GNSS设备的价格与数据服务费用较高, 同时在地形复杂区域的定位效果会受到一定影响(周世强等, 2012), 但与传统的VHF无线电遥测技术相比, GNSS技术具有许多显著优势, 如数据定位精度高、定位频次高、工作时间长、收集数据量大、不受动物活动范围限制、具有实时或近实时回传定位数据的能力等, 因此目前已经成为我国野生动物(尤其是鸟、兽等脊椎动物)追踪研究中所使用的主流技术(葛宝明等, 2012; 肖文宏, 2020)。

对于野生动物追踪技术和相应设备的选择, 需要综合考虑具体的研究类群、研究问题和应用场景等多方面的因素(肖文宏, 2020)。不同的野生动物物种和群体可能具有不同的行为特征、迁徙模式和栖息地需求, 不同的研究目标对于数据量、数据精度和时间分辨率的要求也不尽一致。例如, 对于远距离迁徙物种的追踪研究, 需要优先考虑设备的重量(尽量减少迁徙过程中对标记个体产生的负担)、设备的工作时长(迁徙研究需跨季节、跨年度的长期追踪)、数据传输或回收方式的可靠性(可实现数据广域传输或可以有效回收追踪设备)等方面, 以确保持续追踪动物个体的完整迁徙路径和过程。而对于动物个体移动模式与行为生态的研究, 则可能对数据的空间定位精度和时间分辨率有着较高的要求, 以准确反映动物个体的空间移动与行为特征。此外, 如果野生动物栖息在偏远地区或复杂的环境中, 使用极度依赖人力的传统VHF地面遥测技术可能受限于工作范围和环境干扰, 而GNSS技术由于其全自动的工作模式、全球覆盖和较高的定位精度, 在这些场景下可能更具优势。

4 展望

(1)扩展研究的深度与广度。我国野生动物追踪相关研究的深度和广度仍有着可以进一步提升的广阔空间。在深度方面, 当前已有的大部分研究主要对标记动物的时、空活动规律进行了描述和总结, 后续可以更多关注驱动其时空活动模式的行为学、生态学、个体间和物种间相互作用的机制以及保护生物学等方面的深入研究, 例如动物长距离运动受到环境异质性影响的机制研究、动物运动中个体差异的原因及后果的研究等等(Teitelbaum & Mueller, 2019; Shaw, 2020)。追踪技术可以为我们提供大量的位置数据, 但仅仅获得位置信息可能无法满足对动物行为和生态习性深入理解的需求。因此, 需要结合系统的研究方案与假设检验设计, 整合野外行为学观察、环境参数监测和其他研究方法, 对野生动物时空活动模式背后的机理进行更深入的探究。此外, 在动物移动过程中, 群体内部不同个体之间的行为互作、相互影响, 以及其对个体和群体移动模式的影响, 也需要我们进一步提高群体内标记个体的覆盖率, 以进行更全面和深入的探讨。在广度方面, 我国的野生动物追踪研究可以在物种类群和地理范围覆盖度上做进一步扩展。目前, 虽然中国的野生动物追踪研究已经取得了一定规模和成果, 但仍然存在较多的物种类群和地区上的研究空白。特别是对于大中型兽类和地栖大型鸟类(如雉类)等物种, 追踪研究的覆盖比例较低, 这可能与这些物种的生态特征、捕捉难度以及研究资源的分配等因素有关。对于我国西部部分偏远地区, 由于地理环境复杂、交通不便等因素, 野生动物追踪研究相对较少, 但这些地区具有独特的生态系统和物种组成, 对野生动物的研究与保护至关重要。因此, 扩大研究广度, 涵盖更多物种类群和地理区域, 可以给我国的野生动物保护和管理提供更全面和综合的科学支撑。

(2)加强多学科合作与技术创新。野生动物追踪研究的发展应进一步加强与地理信息、计算机、信息科学等多学科之间的合作, 推动对基于时空尺度的大量个体数据的分析方法的发展以及基于个体移动模式的生态模型的开发等, 进一步推动动物学、生态学以及相关领域的研究。例如, 欧洲跨学科合作项目European COST Action IC0903 “Knowledge Discovery from Moving Objects (MOVE)”将多学科的研究方法整合入动物空间移动轨迹的几何分析、动物空间移动与环境因素的相互作用以及从空间数据中识别动物行为等研究, 为动物追踪数据的深入挖掘和生态机制研究提供了具有创新性的视角(Demšar et al, 2015)。在生物多样性野外监测的硬件与软件方面, 可以将动物追踪与迅速发展的物联网技术相结合, 借助大数据平台与人工智能(AI)技术对数据进行实时追踪、管理与监测, 实现更高效、全面的数据获取、分析与利用(Guo et al, 2015; Khan et al, 2020)。动物追踪设备可以作为生物多样性监测网络中的野外传感器节点, 通过将追踪设备与物联网连接, 实现实时或近实时的数据传输和追踪; 这些数据和物联网中其他传感器节点所收集的其他生物、环境因子的数据可以同时传输到大数据平台, 进行存储和整合分析。大数据平台能够处理和存储庞大的数据集, 而人工智能技术可以应用于自动化的数据分析和模式识别, 帮助研究人员揭示动物的迁移模式、环境响应等规律, 并从中提取和生成可以用于量化评估生物多样性状态与动态的各类指标。

(3)倡导并推动数据共享与合作。广泛、充分、规范的数据共享, 可以大大提升野生动物监测与合作研究的质量与影响力(McShea et al, 2020)。在野生动物追踪方面, 目前国际上已有GBIF全球生物多样性信息(https://www.gbif.org)、MOVEBANK (https://www.movebank.org)、ZoaTrack (https://zoatrack.org)等网络平台开展了相关的数据集成、分享、展示、应用等方面诸多实践, 有力地推动了野生动物追踪及研究的开展(Heberling et al, 2021; Kays et al, 2022)。以野生动物追踪数据共享平台MOVEBANK的数据统计为例, 目前动物追踪的有效定位数据约48亿条, 涉及1,288个动物分类群。通常, 对于单项的野生动物追踪研究来说, 标记、追踪的动物个体数、追踪时长和研究区域范围等均相对有限; 通过不同研究、不同团队之间的数据共享与合作, 研究者们可以在扩大样本量、数据量的基础上, 更全面、深入地揭示动物移动的大尺度时空模式, 探究其背后的驱动机制与关键影响因子。目前, 受多方面因素限制, 我国的野生动物追踪研究与国际追踪数据平台之间的合作还相对较少。因此, 我们应倡导和加强研究团队之间以及与国际上的交流、合作, 探讨数据共享规范与机制, 建立对追踪数据集进行描述的元数据(meta data)结构与标准, 完善数据管理, 并与已有的国内与国际生物多样性大数据平台建立关系, 推进中国野生动物追踪研究水平的提升, 加强其对保护管理的支持。

(4)进一步推动国产追踪设备的研发与完善。早期, 我国野生动物追踪所用的传感器设备均来自国外厂商, 在实际应用中面临设备价格昂贵、采购与进口贸易手续繁琐、售后服务困难、数据安全性难以保障等诸多问题。近十年来, 随着我国野生动物追踪研究的快速发展和追踪规模的扩大, 国内也出现了若干可以研发、生产用于野生动物追踪的卫星定位设备的科技公司, 相关追踪器产品在迁徙鸟类(例如Deng et al, 2019; Xu et al, 2022a)、哺乳类(例如Li et al, 2022; 孔玥峤等, 2022)等动物类群上得到大量应用。在此过程中, 国产设备与相关的数据服务在实践中得到检验, 其成熟度和可靠性逐步提升, 为我国野生动物追踪研究的开展提供了便利。但是, 相较于国际上的一些拥有较长历史的动物追踪器生产商及其产品相比, 部分国产设备在动物适配性、野外工作的可靠性和技术完善度等方面仍有待提高。这需要野生动物研究者、设备研发方、产品经销方、平台与服务提供方等多方共同合作, 在技术研发、质量控制、标准制定、人(动物)-机功效等各方面持续努力, 以提高国产设备的性能、质量和竞争力。

致谢

感谢本文照片的提供者; 感谢北京大学王戎疆老师、张蔚老师对本文提出的宝贵意见与建议。

附录 Supplementary Material

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Demšar U, Buchin K, Cagnacci F, Safi K, Speckmann B, Van de Weghe N, Weiskopf D, Weibel R (2015)

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Movement Ecology, 3, 5.

DOI:10.1186/s40462-015-0032-y      PMID:25874114      [本文引用: 1]

The processes that cause and influence movement are one of the main points of enquiry in movement ecology. However, ecology is not the only discipline interested in movement: a number of information sciences are specialising in analysis and visualisation of movement data. The recent explosion in availability and complexity of movement data has resulted in a call in ecology for new appropriate methods that would be able to take full advantage of the increasingly complex and growing data volume. One way in which this could be done is to form interdisciplinary collaborations between ecologists and experts from information sciences that analyse movement. In this paper we present an overview of new movement analysis and visualisation methodologies resulting from such an interdisciplinary research network: the European COST Action "MOVE - Knowledge Discovery from Moving Objects" (http://www.move-cost.info). This international network evolved over four years and brought together some 140 researchers from different disciplines: those that collect movement data (out of which the movement ecology was the largest represented group) and those that specialise in developing methods for analysis and visualisation of such data (represented in MOVE by computational geometry, geographic information science, visualisation and visual analytics). We present MOVE achievements and at the same time put them in ecological context by exploring relevant ecological themes to which MOVE studies do or potentially could contribute.

Deng XQ, Zhao QS, Fang L, Xu ZG, Wang X, He HR, Cao L, Fox AD (2019)

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Avian Research, 10, 19.

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Dingle H (2014) Migration:The Biology of Life on the Move. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

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Duan XN, Chu WW, Wang Y, Du CC, He L, Chu HJ (2016)

The largest gray wolf (Canis lupus) home ranges in the world may exist in the Mount Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China

Acta Theriologica Sinica, 36, 452-458. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[端肖楠, 初雯雯, 王渊, 杜聪聪, 何雷, 初红军 (2016)

新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区冬季狼的家域

兽类学报, 36, 452-458.]

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Duan YB, Liu L, Huang YL, Mi HX, Rong K, Ma JZ (2015)

Bed-site habitat use of Burmese python (Python bivittatus) during early reintroduction in Hainan Yinggeling National Nature Reserve

Chinese Journal of Ecology, 34, 2848-2854. (in Chinese with English abstract)

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[段玉宝, 刘磊, 黄云龙, 米红旭, 戎可, 马建章 (2015)

海南鹦哥岭缅甸蟒放归初期停卧地的利用

生态学杂志, 34, 2848-2854.]

[本文引用: 2]

2014年3&mdash;6月,在海南鹦哥岭国家级自然保护区,运用无线电跟踪、GPS定位、样方调查和资源选择函数对7条缅甸蟒(Python bivittatus)放归初期栖息地利用进行分析,共测得80个利用样方和75个对照样方。结果表明:缅甸蟒放归初期栖息地的利用类型倾向于灌木丛和草地,偏向海拔较低、阳坡、郁闭度较小、环境温度(27.19 &plusmn; 2.44)℃、光照较强、距干扰源较远、距水源较近的栖息地;缅甸蟒对栖息地利用的资源选择函数为logit(p)=-0.21-2.77&times;环境温度-2.20&times;坡向+1.44&times;光照强度+1.21&times;植被类型-1.19&times;郁闭度;缅甸蟒对栖息地的利用与环境温度、坡向、郁闭度呈负相关,与光照强度、植被类型呈正相关;根据拟合的资源选择函数,缅甸蟒对栖息地利用概率为P=elogit(p)/\[1+elogit(p)\],该模型的正确率为90.7%,R<sup>2</sup>=0.843;环境温度、光照和植被类型是影响缅甸蟒放归初期栖息地利用的主要因素。&nbsp;

Fudickar AM, Wikelski M, Partecke J (2012)

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Ga RD, Fan SJ, Cao L, Zhang BX, Wang YX, Zhu BG, Dong SB, Zhao GRLT (2022)

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Biodiversity Science, 30, 21232. (in Chinese with English abstract)

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[嘎日迪, 樊淑娟, 曹垒, 张贝西, 王昱熙, 朱宝光, 董树斌, 赵格日乐图 (2022)

东方白鹳幼鸟渤海湾越冬群体的迁徙策略

生物多样性, 30, 21232.]

DOI:10.17520/biods.2021232      [本文引用: 1]

东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)主要在俄罗斯远东和中国东北繁殖, 在中国主要有两个越冬群体(长江越冬群体, 迁徙距离约2,600 km; 渤海湾越冬群体, 迁徙距离约1,500 km)。本文基于2016-2018年的卫星追踪数据(N = 14), 分析了渤海湾越冬群体幼鸟春季和秋季的迁徙策略和利用风的方式, 总结了850 mb压力下风速和风向对日迁徙飞行速度的影响。该群体春秋两季迁徙距离相似, 但春季的顺风条件(2.2 &#x000b1; 6.3 m/s)显著优于秋季的逆风条件(-2.4 &#x000b1; 4.1 m/s, P &lt; 0.05), 这使得春季迁徙飞行速度(280.4 &#x000b1; 62.0 km/d)显著快于秋季(185.5 &#x000b1; 72.0 km/d, P &lt; 0.05), 春季迁徙飞行时间(5.9 &#x000b1; 2.5 d)显著短于秋季(10.3 &#x000b1; 6.5 d, P &lt; 0.05); 同时, 春季停歇时间(5.4 &#x000b1; 9.7 d)短于秋季(17.8 &#x000b1; 18.2 d, P = 0.05)。基于以上原因, 东方白鹳春季迁徙持续时间(11.2 &#x000b1; 8.7 d)显著短于秋季(28.0 &#x000b1; 21.2 d, P &lt; 0.05)。渤海湾越冬群体幼鸟迁徙时, 春季利用顺风更快到达度夏地, 秋季逆风迁徙, 迁徙飞行速度慢, 迁徙飞行时间和停歇时间长。因此, 东方白鹳迁徙时虽然主要利用上升热气流翱翔, 但顺风也是其成功迁徙的有利因素。

Ge BM, Guan TP, Chen LM, Ma WH, Song YL (2012)

The applications of the GPS collar system in wild animal management and monitoring

Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 31, 311-316. (in Chinese with English abstract)

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[葛宝明, 官天培, 谌利民, 马文虎, 宋延龄 (2012)

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四川动物, 31, 311-316.]

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Gu HX, Xia ZR, Chen HL, Lin RJ, Li PP (2007)

Review of tagging methods of sea turtles in China

Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 26, 458-460. (in Chinese)

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Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 30, 493-497. (in Chinese with English abstract)

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Guo ST, Qiang M, Luan XR, Xu PF, He G, Yin XY, Xi L, Jin XL, Shao JB, Chen XJ, Fang DY, Li BG (2015)

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DOI:10.1111/1749-4877.12162      PMID:26338071      [本文引用: 1]

For ecologists, understanding the reaction of animals to environmental changes is critical. Using networked sensor technology to measure wildlife and environmental parameters can provide accurate, real-time and comprehensive data for monitoring, research and conservation of wildlife. This paper reviews: (i) conventional detection technology; (ii) concepts and applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) in animal ecology; and (iii) the advantages and disadvantages of IoT. The current theoretical limits of IoT in animal ecology are also discussed. Although IoT offers a new direction in animal ecological research, it still needs to be further explored and developed as a theoretical system and applied to the appropriate scientific frameworks for understanding animal ecology. © 2015 International Society of Zoological Sciences, Institute of Zoology/Chinese Academy of Sciences and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.

Ha LY, Rong K (2013)

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[哈丽亚, 戎可 (2013)

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Hahsler M, Piekenbrock M, Doran D (2019)

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DOI:10.18637/jss.v091.i01      [本文引用: 1]

This article describes the implementation and use of the R package dbscan, which provides complete and fast implementations of the popular density-based clustering algorithm DBSCAN and the augmented ordering algorithm OPTICS. Package dbscan uses advanced open-source spatial indexing data structures implemented in C++ to speed up computation. An important advantage of this implementation is that it is up-to-date with several improvements that have been added since the original algorithms were publications (e.g., artifact corrections and dendrogram extraction methods for OPTICS). We provide a consistent presentation of the DBSCAN and OPTICS algorithms, and compare dbscan's implementation with other popular libraries such as the R package fpc, ELKI, WEKA, PyClustering, SciKit-Learn, and SPMF in terms of available features and using an experimental comparison.

Hall LS, Krausman PR, Morrison ML (1997)

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Han JB, Lu ZC, Tian JS, Ma ZQ, Wang ZH, Yang Y, Wang QG, Song XR, Peng ZP (2013)

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[本文引用: 1]

[韩家波, 鹿志创, 田甲申, 马志强, 王召会, 杨勇, 王勤国, 宋新然, 彭志平 (2013)

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利用卫星标记跟踪方法对斑海豹的野外释放效果进行了研究。2010 年和2011 年6 月分别释放了4 头和3头人工繁殖的2 龄未成年斑海豹,2011 年同时释放了3 头野外出生的救助个体。标记斑海豹在释放后,7 头人工繁殖斑海豹中的5 头信标信号持续时间较长,在信号消失前,1 头斑海豹一直在渤海海域活动,另4 头沿辽宁沿岸、朝鲜西海岸到达辽东湾斑海豹的主要度夏海域韩国白翎岛附近。研究期间,1 头人工繁殖的斑海豹在59 d内运动的距离超过1 250 km。救助斑海豹中,2 头个体的信标信号持续较长,并分别在山东半岛沿海和黄渤海活动。研究结果表明,人工繁殖的斑海豹在经过野化训练后,放归自然海域后可以正常生活洄游。

Han ZX, Hu JC, Yang JD (2006)

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Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 25, 597-602. (in Chinese with English abstract)

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[韩宗先, 胡锦矗, 杨建东 (2006)

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四川动物, 25, 597-602.]

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Han ZX, Wei FW, Li M, Zhang ZJ, Hu JC (2005)

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Acta Theriologica Sinica, 25, 97-101. (in Chinese with English abstract)

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[韩宗先, 魏辅文, 李明, 张泽钧, 胡锦矗 (2005)

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Daily activity rhythms of three radio-collared captive red pandas were monitored individually at 15 minute intervals for 3 continuous days each month at Yele Nature Reserve, Xiangling Mountains, June-October 1995. Our data indicated that mean rate of activity (0.51) of captive red pandas was lower than that of wild red pandas. Three captive red pandas showed similar daily activity patterns, being least active during night and more active during daytime. Mean rate of activity during daylight (0.58) was higher than during nighttime (0.41). Daily mean durations of activity and rest were 12.21 hours and 11.79 hours, respectively. Active times of captive red pandas accounted for 50.6% of each 24 hours, of which 66.5% were recorded during daylight and 33.5% during night. Two active peaks appeared at 07:30-09:15 and 17:30-19:00. We recorded a mean of 2.17, 2.13 and 0.88 long, mid-length, and short resting bouts daily, which had mean durations of 3.47, 1.65 and 0.87 hour, respectively Among these long rests, 46.1% occurred during daytime and 53.8% during nighttime.

He K, Lei JL, Jia YF, Wu ET, Sun GQ, Lu C, Zeng Q, Lei GC (2022)

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He X, Pei EL, Yuan X, Cai F, Shen GP, Zhang ED, Xu GL, Chen M (2016)

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Acta Theriologica Sinica, 36, 36-45. (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.16829/j.slxb.201601004      [本文引用: 1]

Chinese water deer were re-introduced to Bingjiang Forest Park, Shanghai. We used radio-telemetry to track the released deer, and obtained valid movement fixes in 286 patches and movement range in the park. Vanderloeg coefficients and Scavia indices were used to evaluate species habitat selection. The results show that by using MCP method, the movement area in the park ranged from 24.94 hm<sup>2</sup> to 83.24 hm<sup>2</sup>, with an average of 58.74 hm2. While using FKE method, it ranged from 11.23 to 41.52 hm<sup>2</sup>, with an average of 26.93 hm<sup>2</sup>. We found that the deer showed a strong preference for patches with an area of 1-2 hm<sup>2</sup> and a long distance to water. As to vegetation factors, the deer tend to choose areas with more wild herbs, proper density of arbors or shrubs, arbors at the height among 10-15 m and herbs at the height over 30 cm. Meanwhile, they showed negative selection for habitat without vegetation or with lower herb cover (&lt;5cm) or short arbors (&lt;5m). Therefore, we suggest creating habitats with appropriate vegetation cover and density, good hiding property, and moderate patch area, and supplementally plant high herbaceous species for future deer reintroduction in country park and other urban woodland.

[何鑫, 裴恩乐, 袁晓, 蔡锋, 沈国平, 张恩迪, 徐桂林, 陈珉 (2016)

上海滨江森林公园重引入獐野放后的活动范围与栖息地选择

兽类学报, 36, 36-45.]

DOI:10.16829/j.slxb.201601004      [本文引用: 1]

本文对重引入后野放于上海滨江森林公园的獐进行无线电遥测跟踪研究,确定其在公园内286个斑块内的有效活动位点,分析其活动范围,并通过Vanderloeg选择系数和Scavia选择指数分析其栖息地选择。结果显示,以最小凸多边形法得到的重引入獐的活动范围面积从 24.94 hm<sup>2</sup> 至 83.24 hm<sup>2</sup> 不等,均值为 58.74 hm<sup>2</sup>;以固定核空间法得到的面积从 11.23 hm<sup>2</sup> 至 41.52 hm<sup>2</sup> 不等,均值为 26.93 hm<sup>2</sup>。野放后的獐偏好选择面积为 1-2 hm<sup>2</sup> 的较大斑块和距离水源较远的栖息地。在植被因子的选择上,野放后的獐倾向选择野草地为主、乔木和灌木密度适中、乔木高度10-15m、草本高度 30cm 以上的栖息地,避免选择乔木高度低于 5m、草本高度过低(&lt;5cm)和无草本植物分布的栖息地。建议在今后重引入项目实施中,在郊野公园或者其它城市绿林地内为獐营造植被盖度和密度适中、隐蔽性良好、斑块面积适中的栖息地,并补种高草本,促进物种重引入成功。

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Honeybee foragers can flexibly adjust their out-hive activities to ensure growth and reproduction of the colony. In order to explore the characteristics of honey bees foraging behaviors, in this study, their flight activities were monitored 24 hours per day for a duration of 38 days, using an radio frequency identification (RFID) system designed and manufactured by the Honeybee Research Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University in cooperation with the Guangzhou Invengo Information Technology Co., Ltd. Our results indicated that 63.4% and 64.5% of foragers were found rotating more than one day off during the foraging period in two colonies, and 22.5% and 26.4% of the total foraging days were used for rest respectively. Further, although the total foraging time between rotating day-off foragers and continuously working foragers was equal, the former had a significant longer lifespan than the latter. Additionally, the lifespan of the early developed foragers was significantly lower than that of the normally developed foragers. This study enriched the content of foraging behaviors of honey bees, and it could be used as the basis for the further explorations on evolutionary mechanism of foraging behaviors of eusocial insects.

[田柳青, 何旭江, 吴小波, 甘海燕, 韩旭, 刘浩, 曾志将 (2014)

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蜜蜂能够灵活调整出巢觅食行为,从而有效保证蜂群的正常发育与繁衍.为了探索采集蜂的行为特性,本文利用由江西农业大学蜜蜂研究所与广州市远望谷信息技术股份有限公司合作研发的蜜蜂无线射频识别(RFID)系统,对西方蜜蜂进行为期38 d的全天候监控记录.结果表明: 两蜂群中分别有63.4%和64.5%的采集蜂存在轮休现象,轮休时间比例为22.5%~26.4%;轮休与非轮休蜜蜂的采集工作总量差异不显著,但轮休蜜蜂寿命显著高于非轮休蜜蜂;提前发育的采集蜂的寿命显著低于正常采集蜂.本研究丰富了蜜蜂社会行为学内容,为进一步探索蜜蜂采集行为的形成机制奠定了基础.

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We updated the checklists of extant, native amphibians and reptiles of China based on the previously published checklist of reptiles in 2015, the online checklist of amphibians on the database AmphibiaChina, newly published data as of December 2019, and previously uncollected literature prior to 2015. In total, the amphibian fauna of China consists of 515 species in 62 genera, 13 families, and three orders (Anura: 431 species in 47 genera and nine families; Caudata: 82 species in 14 genera and four families; Gymnophiona: one species in one genus and one family), while the reptilian fauna of China consists of 511 species in 135 genera, 35 families, and three orders (Crocodylia: one species in one genus and one family; Testudines: 34 species in 18 genera and six families; Squamata 466 species in 116 genera and 28 families [Serpentes: 256 species in 73 genera, 18 families; Lacertilia: 211 species in 43 genera and 10 families]). Specifically, for amphibians between 2015 and 2019, one family was recorded from China for the first time, two new genera were described, a genus was resurrected, a genus was recorded from China for the first time, 74 new, valid species were either described or resurrected, 18 recognized species were recorded from China for the first time, and six genera and eight species were considered as junior synonyms. For reptiles between 2015 and 2019, five subfamilies were elevated to the full family status, one new subfamily and a new genus were described, three genera were resurrected, three recognized genera were recorded from China for the first time, 35 new species were described, two species were resurrected from synonyms, six subspecies were elevated to the full species status, 10 recognized species were recorded from China for the first time, four genera and four species were considered as junior synonyms, and distribution records of one genus and four recognized species were removed from China. Furthermore, by reviewing literature before 2015, we make additional changes on the previous reptile checklist, including adding new records of three genera, elevating three subspecies to full species status, adding new records of three recognized species, synonymizing three genera and two species as junior synonyms, and removing the distribution record of a single recognized species from China. Lastly, we revise the Chinese common names of some reptilian groups with recomandations to maintain the stability of the Chinese common names. The number of new species and new national records for amphibians and reptiles between 2015 and 2019 in China accounts for 17.1% and 10.2% of the total number of species in each group, respectively. Because new species are described at considerable speed and given the constant changes in the taxonomy of China’s herpetofuna, it is crucial to update the checklists regularly and discuss the existing taxonomic problems, so that such information reflects the most current state of knowledge and are available for taxonomic researchers and conservation biologists alike.

[王剀, 任金龙, 陈宏满, 吕植桐, 郭宪光, 蒋珂, 陈进民, 李家堂, 郭鹏, 王英永, 车静 (2020)

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DOI:10.17520/biods.2019238      [本文引用: 1]

本文在2015年发表的爬行动物名录及同年《中国两栖类信息系统》发布的两栖动物名录的基础上, 通过整理新发表的分类学研究及先前名录遗漏的部分早期文献, 更新了截至2019年底中国现生本土两栖、爬行动物物种名录。2015-2019年间, 中国两栖动物新记录1科, 新描述2属, 恢复1属有效性, 新记录1属, 新描述或恢复有效种74种, 新增国家纪录18种; 另6属、8种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持(在此视为次定同物异名而未做收录, 后同)。同期, 中国爬行动物新恢复5科, 新描述1亚科, 新描述1属, 恢复3属有效性, 新记录3属, 新描述、恢复或提升有效种43个, 新增国家纪录10种; 另有5属、4种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持, 并移除1属、4种在我国的分布纪录。此外, 通过整理2015年前文献, 爬行动物增补3属, 提升3亚种至种级地位, 增补国家新纪录3种, 另有3属、2种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持, 同时移除1种在我国的分布纪录。综上, 截至2019年底, 我国共记录现生本土两栖动物3目13科62属515种(蚓螈目1科1属1种, 有尾目3科14属82种, 无尾目9科47属431种), 爬行动物3目35科135属511种(鳄形目1科1属1种, 龟鳖目6科18属34种, 有鳞目蛇亚目18科73属265种、蜥蜴亚目10科43属211种)。此外, 本文还对先前名录中部分爬行动物的中文名提出了修改建议, 建议恢复部分物种的惯用中文名。2015-2019年, 新物种及新纪录已知物种数量占现两栖、爬行动物物种总数的17.1%和10.2%。近年来, 我国发表的两栖、爬行动物新物种和已知物种的新纪录数量持续增加, 分类体系也在研究中不断完善, 建议今后及时地进行阶段性总结, 同时对存在的问题提出讨论, 以推动中国两栖、爬行动物分类学研究工作的进一步开展。

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2002 年5 ~ 11 月,在蜂桶寨自然保护区利用无线电遥测技术对6 只小熊猫的巢域利用进行了初步研究。结果表明,6 只戴颈圈个体M1、M2、M3、F1、F2、F3 的巢域面积分别为330. 26 hm2、135. 18 hm2、190. 67 hm2、98. 23 hm2 、141. 60 hm2 、204. 80 hm2 ;雄性个体平均巢域面积为218. 70 hm2,雌性个体为148. 21 hm2。小熊猫个体间巢域重叠普遍,平均重叠率达25. 33%,其中雄性个体之间为26. 00%,雌性个体之间为23. 67%,两性个体之间为25. 67%。可能受人为干扰的影响,M1 在6 只监测个体中巢域面积、日均移动距离均为最大。

Yang XJ, Qian FW, Li FS, Gao LB, Wu HQ (2005)

First satellite tracking of black-necked cranes in China

Zoological Research, 26, 657-658. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[杨晓君, 钱法文, 李凤山, 高立波, 伍和启 (2005)

中国首次卫星跟踪黑颈鹤研究初报

动物学研究, 26, 657-658.]

[本文引用: 1]

Ye SJ, Ma S, Zhou F, Wei X, Yue Q, Huang ML, Wu D, Jin HY, Bo SQ, Yuan X, Luo ZJ, Gu JM, Wang TH, Wang ZH (2021)

Spatial behavior and habitat use of Anas poecilorhyncha and A. platyrhynchos in winter at Dongtan Wetland of Pudong, Shanghai

Journal of Fudan University (Natural Science), 60, 451-461. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[叶思嘉, 马硕, 周锋, 韦旭, 岳衢, 黄美玲, 吴迪, 金惠宇, 薄顺奇, 袁晓, 罗梓菁, 顾建明, 王天厚, 王正寰 (2021)

上海浦东东滩湿地斑嘴鸭和绿头鸭的越冬期空间行为与栖息地利用

复旦学报(自然科学版), 60, 451-461.]

[本文引用: 1]

Yu GX, Xie MW, Chen YN, Chen LX, Wang YH, Liu DP (2022)

Population dynamics and autumn migration of Pernis ptilorhynchus in Changdao of Shandong Province, China

Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 58(4), 119-127. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[于国祥, 谢茂文, 陈雅楠, 陈丽霞, 王毅花, 刘冬平 (2022)

山东长岛凤头蜂鹰的种群动态及秋季迁徙

林业科学, 58(4), 119-127.]

[本文引用: 1]

Yu X, Wu NC, Ge LY, Li LS, Zhang ZW, Lei J (2022)

Artificial shelters provide suitable thermal habitat for a cold-blooded animal

Scientific Reports, 12, 5879.

DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-09950-y      PMID:35393502      [本文引用: 1]

Human activities such as urbanization often has negative affects wildlife. However, urbanization can also be beneficial to some animals by providing suitable microhabitats. To test the impact of urbanization on cold-blooded animals, we first conducted a snake survey at a national nature reserve (Xianghai natural reserve) and an adjacent tourist bird park (Red-crowned Crane Park). We show high presence of Elaphe dione in the tourist park even with high human activities and predator population (the endangered, red-crowned crane, Grus japonensis). We then radio-tracked 20 individuals of E. dione, set seven camera traps, and recorded the temperature of the snakes and artificial structures in Crane Park to document their space use, activity, and thermal preference, respectively. Our results show E. dione preferred to use artificial facilities to shelter from their predators and for thermoregulation. The high number of rats from the camera traps indicate abundant prey items. Overall, E. dione appears to be adapted to modified habitats and may expand population size at the current study site.© 2022. The Author(s).

Yuan BD, Yan YF, Cheng ZY, Lu CH (2017)

Roost habitat characteristics and differences of Mrs Hume’s pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae) in spring and summer night

Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 53(9), 143-150. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[原宝东, 闫永峰, 程志营, 鲁长虎 (2017)

黑颈长尾雉春夏夜栖地特征与差异性分析

林业科学, 53(9), 143-150.]

[本文引用: 1]

Yuan YH, Liu QX, Zhang X (2019)

Preliminary studies on the home range and diurnal behaviour of Callosciurus erythraeus in an urban garden

Acta Theriologica Sinica, 39, 639-650. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[袁耀华, 刘群秀, 张欣 (2019)

城市公园中赤腹松鼠的家域特征及昼间活动规律初探

兽类学报, 39, 639-650.]

[本文引用: 1]

Zeng ZG, Song YL (2001)

Daily activity rhythm and time budget of golden takin in spring and summer

Acta Theriologica Sinica, 21(1), 7-13. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 2]

[曾治高, 宋延龄 (2001)

秦岭羚牛春夏季昼夜活动节律与时间分配

兽类学报, 21(1), 7-13.]

[本文引用: 2]

1996年4~8月,在陕西省佛坪自然保护区内采用无线电遥测技术对4只秦岭羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi)的活动规律进行了研究。春夏季羚牛的活动规律以白昼活动为主。羚牛每昼夜有69.95+11.06%的时间处于活动状态(n=40),其中76.77%的活动时间是在日出后到日落前的白昼。白昼有3个活动高峰期,分别出现在06:00~08:00、10:00~12:00、18:00~20:00 3个时间段。在夜间羚牛只有1个活动高峰期,通常出现在24:00至次日凌晨01:00的时间段。野外观察证实,羚牛白昼的3个活动高峰期与羚牛群体活跃采食的时间吻合。羚牛的昼夜活动节律的形成与变化,可能会受到诸如光照、温度、雨等气候条件的影响。每天的黎明阶段(06:00~07:00)及黄昏阶段(18:30~19:30)是羚牛活动最频繁的时候,平均活动率在90%以上。大雨期间羚牛常常站立或卧地休息。此外,羚牛昼夜活动节律和时间分配方面的差异在年龄上也有所体现。

Zhang FY, Zhou FF, Zhou JW, Zhou R, Bao DEH, Ye GH, Hua LM (2020a)

Diurnal activity pattern of plateau zokor in breeding season and its influencing factors

Chinese Journal of Zoology, 55, 297-305. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[张飞宇, 周富斐, 周建伟, 周睿, 包达尔罕, 叶国辉, 花立民 (2020a)

高原鼢鼠繁殖季日活动模式及其影响因素

动物学杂志, 55, 297-305.]

[本文引用: 1]

Zhang FY, Zhou JW, Zhou FF, Zhou R, Hua XZ, Hua LM (2020b)

The change of home range of plateau zokor during courtship period and its relationship with body mass

Grassland and Turf, 40, 67-72. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[张飞宇, 周建伟, 周富斐, 周睿, 华铣泽, 花立民 (2020b)

高原鼢鼠求偶期巢域变化与体重的研究

草原与草坪, 40, 67-72.]

[本文引用: 1]

Zhang GG, Liu DP, Jiang HX, Hou YQ, Dai M, Chu GZ, Xing Z (2008)

Movement of four breeding waterbirds at Qinghai Lake, China

Biodiversity Science, 16, 279-287. (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07225      [本文引用: 1]

The movements of four species of breeding waterbirds were studied using color marking, radio-tracking, and satellite-tracking at Qinghai Lake between April and September, 2006. Forty five bar-headed geese (<i>Anser indicus</i>) were captured with foot traps, including six individuals tagged with radio transmitters in April and another six birds with satellite transmitters in July. A total of 104 brown-headed gulls (<i>Larus brunnicephalus</i>) were captured with hand nets, and six of these were radio-tagged in April. Fifty one great black-headed gulls (<i>L. ichthyaetus</i>) were captured with foot traps, including two birds that were radio-tagged in April. Seventy five great cormorants (<i>Phalacrocorax carbo</i>) were captured using the spotlight method, including six birds radio-tagged in May and June, and four individuals tagged with satellite transmitters in August. Data showed three distinct movement routes for the bar-headed goose, one for the brown-headed gull, four for the great black-headed gull, and two for the great cormorant. Furthermore, one of these routes was shared by all four waterbird species—from Luci Island and Egg Island to Quanwan along the shore near the Buhahekou and Tiebuqiahekou. These areas are also important as foraging and resting sites for many other waterbird species during migration periods.

[张国钢, 刘冬平, 江红星, 侯韵秋, 戴铭, 楚国忠, 星智 (2008)

青海湖四种繁殖水鸟活动区域的研究

生物多样性, 16, 279-287.]

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07225      [本文引用: 1]

2006年4–9月, 采用彩色标记、无线电遥测和卫星跟踪等方法, 对青海湖四种繁殖水鸟斑头雁 (Anser indicus)、棕头鸥 (Larus brunnicephalus)、渔鸥 (L. ichthyaetus)和鸬鹚 (Phalacrocorax carbo)的活动区域进行了研究。采用“绳套法”捕捉了45只斑头雁, 其中6只于4月安装了无线电发射器, 6只于7月安装了卫星发射器; 采用“拉网法”捕捉了104只棕头鸥, 其中6只于4月安装了无线电发射器; 采用“绳套法”捕捉了51只渔鸥, 其中2只于4月安装了无线电发射器; 采用“扣网法”捕捉了75只鸬鹚, 其中6只于5月和6月安装了无线电发射器, 4只于8月安装了卫星发射器。通过研究, 获得了上述四种繁殖水鸟在青海湖的活动区域, 即: 斑头雁有3个主要的活动区域, 棕头鸥有1个, 渔鸥有4个, 鸬鹚有2个。其中从鸬鹚岛、蛋岛、布哈河口、铁卜恰河口至泉湾区域是上述四种繁殖水鸟共有的活动区域, 该区域也是春秋迁徙季节众多水鸟的重要取食地和停歇地。

Zhang JJ, Xie YB, Li LX, Batbayar N, Deng XQ, Damba I, Meng FJ, Cao L, Fox AD (2020)

Assessing site-safeguard effectiveness and habitat preferences of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) at their stopover sites within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using GPS/GSM telemetry

Avian Research, 11, 49.

[本文引用: 1]

Zhang YG, Ma YD, Li XM (2018)

The distribution of young Eurasian spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) by GMS+GPS method in Taihu Nation Wetland Park of China

Chinese Journal of Wildlife, 39, 579-583. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[张余广, 马一丹, 李晓民 (2018)

基于GMS+GPS技术对白琵鹭幼鸟扩散的研究

野生动物学报, 39, 579-583.]

[本文引用: 1]

Zhao SS (2022) Study on the Impact of Onshore Wind Farm Developments on the Wintering Waterbirds and Their Conservation Strategies in the Coast of Yangtze River Delta, China. PhD dissertation, East China Normal University, Shanghai. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 2]

[赵闪闪 (2022) 长江三角洲海岸带风电开发对越冬水鸟的影响及其保育策略研究. 博士学位论文, 华东师范大学, 上海.]

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Zhao TT, Kuang FL, Yuan X, Bao SQ, Liu YY, Wang ZH, Tan K, Ke MJ, Zhong CW, Tang XD, Ma ZJ (2021)

Satellite-tracking on the movements and habitat use of three species in Ardeidae at Qingpu, Shanghai

Journal of Fudan University (Natural Science), 60, 231-237. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[赵天天, 邝粉良, 袁晓, 薄顺奇, 刘雨邑, 王正寰, 谭坤, 柯娩娟, 钟晨威, 唐晓东, 马志军 (2021)

上海青浦地区3种鹭科鸟类活动性和栖息地利用的卫星追踪

复旦学报(自然科学版), 60, 231-237.]

[本文引用: 1]

Zhao YY, Zhao XR, Wu L, Mu T, Yu F, Kearsley L, Liang X, Fu JP, Hou XR, Peng P, Li XY, Zhang T, Yan S, Newell D, Hewson CM, Townshend T, Åkesson S, Liu Y (2022)

A 30,000-km journey by Apus apus pekinensis tracks arid lands between northern China and south-western Africa

Movement Ecology, 10, 29.

[本文引用: 2]

Zheng GM (2023) A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of China, 4rd edn. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[郑光美 (2023) 中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第四版). 科学出版社, 北京.]

[本文引用: 1]

Zheng ZY, Li JH, Su RM, Lin Y, Chen Y, Chen FZ, Liang Q (2013)

The out hive activity of honeybee (Apis cerana cerana) in winter using RFID

Apiculture of China, 64(Z3), 7-11. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 3]

[郑志阳, 李江红, 苏荣茂, 林燕, 陈颖, 陈奋泽, 梁勤 (2013)

利用电子标签技术研究中华蜜蜂冬季出巢活动规律

中国蜂业, 64(Z3), 7-11.]

[本文引用: 3]

Zhou JW, Hua LM, Zuo ST, Ji WH (2013)

Field evaluation of three types of radio transmitters in ecological study on plateau zokor Myospalax baileyi

Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control, 24, 486-490. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[周建伟, 花立民, 左松涛, 纪维红 (2013)

3种无线发射器在高原鼢鼠生态学研究中的效果测试

中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 24, 486-490.]

[本文引用: 1]

Zhou SQ, Huang JY, Zhang YH, Liu D, Li RG, Zhou XP, Huang Y, Tang CX, Wei RP, Zhang GQ, Li DS, Wang PY, Zhang HM (2012)

Comparison of spatial positioning between radio telemetry (RT) and GPS in temperate mountain forests: A case study on tracking the reintroduction of captive giant pandas

Acta Theriologica Sinica, 32, 193-202. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 2]

[周世强, 黄金燕, 张亚辉, 刘巅, 李仁贵, 周小平, 黄炎, 汤纯香, 魏荣平, 张贵权, 李德生, 王鹏彦, 张和民 (2012)

高山峡谷地区无线电遥测与GPS空间定位的比较: 野外放归大熊猫的跟踪定位

兽类学报, 32, 193-202.]

[本文引用: 2]

以佩戴具有无线电发射功能的GPS 颈圈(Lotek GPS_ 4400M) 的放归大熊猫&ldquo;祥祥&rdquo;作为目标动物, 2006 年4 月至2007 年2 月,采用无线电遥测技术(RT)和GPS 跟踪技术在卧龙自然保护区的&ldquo;五一棚&rdquo;区域, 每日监测大熊猫在野外环境下的生存状况、移动规律和觅食行为。为了比较RT 和GPS 在高山峡谷地区空间定位的可行性和有效性,我们引入空间定位率、地形特征、空间定位差、巢域大小和日移动距离等指标来分析RT 和GPS 之间的定位差异。结果表明:RT 的空间定位效率明显高于GPS 的自动定位(P 0.05);同一天位点之间的距离(空间定位差)平均450 ~ 660 m 左右;RT 与GPS 所估测的大熊猫巢域大小,除5 月、9 月和12月RT 低于GPS 外,其余月份为前者高于后者,但无显著性差异(P > 0. 05);日移动距离除12 月份RT 小于GPS 外,其余月份都呈现出RT 大于GPS 的格局,统计检验结果两者之间差异显著(P 0. 05)。这说明RT 遥测和GPS 定位都可以应用于高山峡谷地区野生动物的生态学研究,而且GPS 无线电颈圈在亚高山和高山森林中具有可行性和有效性。

Zhou SQ, Zhang JD, Hull V, Huang JY, Liu D, Zhou JQ, Sun MM, Zhang HM (2019)

Comparative activity patterns of wild giant pandas and livestock

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 39, 1071-1081. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 2]

[周世强, 张晋东, Hull Vanessa, 黄金燕, 刘巅, 周季秋, 孙萌萌, 张和民 (2019)

野生大熊猫与放牧家畜的活动格局比较

生态学报, 39, 1071-1081.]

[本文引用: 2]

Zhu BR, Verhoeven MA, Loonstra AHJ, Sanchez-Aguilar L, Hassell CJ, Leung KKS, Lei WP, Zhang ZW, Piersma T (2021)

Identification of breeding grounds and annual routines of the newly discovered bohaii subspecies of black-tailed godwits

Emu-Austral Ornithology, 121, 292-302.

[本文引用: 1]

Zhu Q (2020)

Investigating the Migratory Connectivity of the Swan Goose Anser cygnoides by Genetic, Satellite Tracking and Stable Isotope Methods

PhD dissertation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[祝芹 (2020)

基于分子生物学、卫星追踪和稳定同位素溯源的贝叶斯模型研究鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)的迁徙连通性

博士学位论文, 中国科学技术大学, 合肥.]

[本文引用: 1]

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