海龟是海洋龟类的统称, 全世界总共有2科6属7种(Rhodin et al, 2021)。其中, 我国海域有5种海龟分布, 分别为棱皮龟(Dermochelys coriacea)、绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)、红海龟(Caretta caretta)、玳瑁(Eretmochelys imbricata)和太平洋丽龟(Lepidochelys olivacea) (Chan et al, 2007; 牟剑锋等, 2013)。受到渔业兼捕、人为捕食与海龟制品消费、栖息地及产卵场破坏、海洋污染和全球气候变化的影响, 我国乃至全世界的海龟数量都在下降(Chan et al, 2007; 夏中荣等, 2008)。我国2021年发布的《国家重点保护野生动物名录》将5种海龟的保护级别从国家二级重点保护调整至一级(
浙江省濒临东海, 5种海龟在浙江海域均有分布记录(黄美华, 1990)。了解浙江海域的海龟种群现状有利于为东海海龟的科学保护提供依据。对浙江海域海龟的专门研究较少, 除黄美华(1990)记录浙江海域有5种海龟, 其中红海龟数量最多, 每年5-10月随鱼群出现, 绿海龟数量不多, 一般随台风出现之外, 几乎没有专门针对浙江海域海龟的研究。这制约了对浙江海域海龟保护工作的科学开展(程一骏, 1998)。对东海其他海域海龟的研究也相对有限。Frazier等(1988)对福建沿海的海龟进行过调查, 结果显示东海福建海域中红海龟和太平洋丽龟较多。然而对中国南海海域海龟的研究表明, 南海绿海龟较多(李仲辉, 1955; Frazier et al, 1988; 张晓荣和梁玉麟, 1993; 程一骏, 1998; 牟剑锋等, 2013)。可见东海海域海龟各物种的数量组成与研究较多的南海海域相比具有独特性。
由于浙江沿海并没有海龟的产卵场(Chan et al, 2007), 无法用直接统计上岸产卵雌性的方式初步了解海龟的数量; 同时由于海龟调查难度较大(张晓荣和梁玉麟, 1993; 牟剑锋等, 2013; 魏文芝, 2016①(①魏文芝 (2016) 中国南海绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)保护生物学研究. 硕士学位论文, 华东师范大学, 上海.)), 对该海域海龟的调查也几乎只能通过统计渔业生产中误捕的数量来进行。互联网平台上的公共数据为我们了解海龟的兼捕情况提供了便捷的途径。本研究通过系统检索多家互联网平台上的浙江海龟发现记录, 尤其是短视频平台上渔民上传的影像记录这一新颖来源的数据, 对浙江海域海龟种群现状进行了评估, 并提出相关保护建议。
1 材料与方法
在“抖音” (
在中国知网(
在百度新闻(
整合各平台搜集到的资料, 分析浙江海域海龟物种组成和相对数量, 以及随时间变化的规律和原因, 以期对浙江海域海龟的保护提出建议。
2 结果
经检索与整理, 共获得1981年4月至2022年12月期间浙江省海域海龟记录共109笔(附录1), 涉及海龟2科5属5种共计234只, 涵盖了浙江有记录的所有海龟物种。其中, 来自短视频平台的有72笔(占总记录数的66.1%; 71笔来自抖音, 1笔来自快手); 来自中国知网论文的有3笔(2.8%); 来自裁判文书网的有4笔(3.6%); 来自新闻的有21笔(19.3%); 来自微博的有9笔(8.3%) (图1)。
图1
图1
1981年4月至2022年12月浙江省海域不同来源海龟记录数及占比
Fig. 1
Sea turtle records and proportion from different sources from Zhejiang sea areas between April, 1981 and December, 2022
在109笔记录中, 红海龟记录数最多, 共有61笔(占总记录数的56.0%), 涉及红海龟个体185只(占涉及海龟总个体数的79.1%); 绿海龟数量次之, 共21笔(19.3%), 涉及绿海龟22只(9.4%); 棱皮龟和太平洋丽龟数量接近, 记录分别为14笔(12.8%)和10笔(9.2%), 涉及个体分别为14只(6.0%)和10只(4.3%); 玳瑁数量最少, 仅3笔记录(2.8%) 3只个体(1.3%) (图2)。
图2
图2
1981年4月至2022年12月浙江省海域不同来源获得的海龟记录数(A)和个体数(B)
Fig. 2
Records of different sea turtle species (A) and individuals (B) from Zhejiang sea areas between April, 1981 and December, 2022
图3
图3
浙江省海域2012年1月至2022年12月不同来源海龟记录数的年际变化
Fig. 3
Number of records’ sources of sea turtles in Zhejiang from January, 2012 to December, 2022
3 讨论
3.1 浙江海域海龟适合用短视频平台进行调查
以往针对海龟的种类和分布情况主要基于问卷和访问调查(张晓荣和梁玉麟, 1993; 牟剑锋等, 2013; 魏文芝, 2016①(①魏文芝 (2016) 中国南海绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)保护生物学研究. 硕士学位论文, 华东师范大学, 上海.))、文献收集(牟剑锋等, 2013)、捕获量分析(张晓荣和梁玉麟, 1993)和产卵场调查分析(魏文芝, 2016①(①魏文芝 (2016) 中国南海绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)保护生物学研究. 硕士学位论文, 华东师范大学, 上海.))等。由于目前浙江沿海已知并没有海龟产卵场(Chan et al, 2007), 因此产卵场调查的方法并不适用。同时, 通过走访发现, 由于浙江海域的所有海龟都受到法律保护, 捕获量分析对东海浙江海域海龟调查也不适用。渔民是长期能够接触海龟的特殊群体, 有丰富的海龟误捕和目击记录。因此, 对浙江海域海龟的认识首先要从获取渔民掌握的信息开始。以往针对渔民的调查方法主要为问卷调查(张晓荣和梁玉麟, 1993; 牟剑锋等, 2013; 魏文芝, 2016①(①魏文芝 (2016) 中国南海绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)保护生物学研究. 硕士学位论文, 华东师范大学, 上海.))。然而, 本研究在走访调查中发现, 受到专业知识的限制, 渔民常无法准确识别海龟物种; 同时分发问卷调查难以覆盖所有沿海区域(牟剑锋等, 2013)。
近年来, 随着使用“抖音”等短视频平台分享信息的人群不断增加, 短视频成为新的信息传播方式(刘晶, 2021②(②刘晶 (2021) 媒介对渔民群体生活空间的影响研究. 硕士学位论文, 东北财经大学, 辽宁大连.); 郭攀和梅铮, 2023; 王洋, 2023)。浙江渔民会将海上作业的经历以短视频的形式上传至平台, 其中包括误捕海龟放生的视频。这些视频不但有明确的上传者、上传时间等信息, 绝大部分还能直接根据视频展现的形态特征进行物种鉴定, 成为了调查浙江海域海龟种群现状的重要资料, 也是本研究中数据量最大的来源(66.1%)。我们认为, 短视频平台能够为海龟种群调查提供新的数据源, 合理使用能够节省大量调查成本。
3.2 浙江海域海龟分布格局的独特性及产生原因
红海龟是浙江海域数量最多的海龟, 本研究中的185个个体通过图像识别均为成体。北太平洋的红海龟集中于日本南部沿海产卵, 每年有2,000-3,000窝红海龟在日本海岸出生(Iwamoto et al, 1985; Dodd Jr, 1988; Hatase et al, 2002; Kobayashi et al, 2011)。中国台湾省东北部海岸也曾有红海龟产卵, 但由于人为原因, 在台湾的产卵场产卵的群体已于1993年前后灭绝(程一骏, 1996)。出生后的红海龟会随洋流向东, 朝北美方向迁移(Fukuoka et al, 2019)。北太平洋中部可能是幼年红海龟重要的觅食地(Polovina et al, 2006; Briscoe et al, 2016)。这些红海龟最后会横跨整个北太平洋, 到达北美西岸的觅食地墨西哥下加利福尼亚(Bowen, 1995; Briscoe et al, 2016; Briscoe et al, 2021)。在繁殖期前, 北美西岸的红海龟又会穿过太平洋, 于5-8月迁徙回日本沿岸繁殖(Kamezaki et al, 1997; Resendiz et al, 1998; Nichols et al, 2000)。产完卵的雌性会在太平洋日本近岸活动, 进而进入中国东海觅食(Kamezaki & Hirate, 1992; Kamezaki et al, 1997; Watanabe & Matsuo, 2011; Kume et al, 2017)。Nishimura和Nakahigashi (1992)报道东海由于水温较高、食物丰富, 是红海龟产卵后的主要捕食地和越冬场。Kamezaki等(1997)则报道5-8月在日本产卵后的红海龟经日本海域短暂停留后, 多数在水温较低的秋天进入中国东海(124°-127° E, 28°-32° N)觅食与越冬。Kobayashi等(2011)利用卫星数据, 在中国东海识别出1个红海龟分布的热点区域。此外, 有多笔日本沿岸标志放流的红海龟在黄海和东海海域捕获的报道, 直接证明日本沿岸的红海龟会进入中国海域活动(周开亚, 1983; Watanabe & Matsuo, 2011)。本研究中, 我们不仅得到了数量最多的红海龟记录, 同时也发现所有图像记录的红海龟均为成体。我们的结果进一步佐证了上述研究结果的合理性。东海是红海龟整个北太平洋种群离产卵地最近也最为重要的觅食地和越冬地之一。东海海洋生态系统的完整关系着整个北太平洋红海龟种群的健康。由于红海龟以甲壳类、软体类和鱼类为食(王者茂, 1975; Dodd Jr, 1988; 谭燕翔和黄祝坚, 1988), 其饵料生物与东海渔业捕捞对象有一定重合, 所以应严格落实伏季休渔制度, 防止红海龟的饵料生物被过度捕捞, 给红海龟以充足的食物。
绿海龟在浙江海域数量较红海龟少。在本研究中, 共记录到绿海龟21笔, 涉及绿海龟22只(占本研究海龟总个体数的9.4%)。绿海龟在中国南海沿岸以及岛屿、台湾及附属岛屿散布有较多产卵场(程一骏, 1996; 邢衍阔等, 2021)。南海海域的绿海龟整体上在5-8月从南海向北到达东海、黄渤海以及日本九州海域, 9-10月向南洄游前往低纬度越冬地(夏中荣和古河祥, 2012; 叶明彬等, 2014, 2021; 邢衍阔等, 2021)。台湾澎湖产卵的绿海龟亦有洄游至浙江近岸的记录(程一骏, 1996)。因此, 浙江海域的绿海龟可能由多个出生地的个体组成。绿海龟刚出生时摄食海洋无脊椎动物, 几个月后转而主要以海草和藻类为食(谭燕翔和黄祝坚, 1988)。东海浙江海域大型藻类丰富, 但冬季水温偏低, 适合绿海龟夏季至此觅食, 而冬季则需向南到温暖水域越冬(Ng et al, 2017; 叶明彬等, 2021)。本研究中, 统计到浙江沿海的绿海龟除了1笔1月的死亡记录外, 全部处于5-11月的温暖季节, 基本符合以上规律。此外, 绿海龟对优良生境具有识别和选择能力(Scott et al, 2012; 叶明彬等, 2021), 因此为保护东海的绿海龟, 应重视大型藻类资源的恢复和保护。
本研究中记录太平洋丽龟个体10只。太平洋丽龟是世界上分布最广、数量最多的海龟, 分布区域包含太平洋、大西洋南部和印度洋(谭燕翔和黄祝坚, 1988; Cáceres-Farias et al, 2022)。不过, 在太平洋生活的太平洋丽龟主要在外海活动, 很少靠近岸边(黄祝坚和毛延年, 1984; Cáceres-Farias et al, 2022); 同时, 太平洋丽龟的摄食主要在浑浊的深水区进行(Whiting et al, 2007)。所以, 浙江海域由于靠近陆地, 太平洋丽龟数量不多, 对太平洋丽龟的研究也一直比较困难。目前我国没有发现太平洋丽龟的繁殖场, 但从南海到黄海都有太平洋丽龟的记录, 其中福建最多(Chan et al, 2007)。叶明彬等(2012)报道广东地区误捕太平洋丽龟的时间大多为6-10月, 推测我国可能有太平洋丽龟的觅食或交配场所, 浙江可能是太平洋丽龟的觅食场所之一。广东省海域误捕的太平洋丽龟占误捕海龟总数的6% (叶明彬等, 2012), 与本研究结论(4.3%)较为接近。太平洋丽龟以虾、蟹、水母等为食, 所以为保护东海的太平洋丽龟, 应防止饵料生物被过度捕捞。
棱皮龟在浙江海域的记录数与太平洋丽龟较为接近, 共计14只, 占总记录海龟数量的6.0%。棱皮龟常在远洋长距离迁移, 可达到数千公里(Morreale et al, 1996; Benson et al, 2007; Shillinger et al, 2008; Sale & Luschi, 2009); 其运动轨迹受洋流影响较大, 而面对逆流的干扰又有较强的主动游泳能力, 能够准确返回出生地产卵(Shillinger et al, 2008)。与太平洋丽龟相似, 西太平洋的棱皮龟研究同样较为缺乏(Benson et al, 2007)。棱皮龟在太平洋沿岸主要有马来西亚、东太平洋和西太平洋三大产卵场, 在不同产卵场繁殖的棱皮龟遗传上有一定距离, 可划分为3个小种群, 其中马来西亚产卵场的棱皮龟目前认为已功能性灭绝(Spotila & Tomillo, 2015)。我国没有棱皮龟的产卵场(Chan et al, 2007)。Benson等(2011)报道夏季于西太平洋岛屿产卵场产卵的棱皮龟迁徙至中国东海的记录。因此, 我们可以推测, 来到浙江海域的棱皮龟可能来自这一群体。汪松和赵尔宓(1998)在《中国濒危动物红皮书:两栖类和爬行类》中记载, 上海自然博物馆收藏的来自东海的太平洋丽龟与棱皮龟数量接近, 大大低于东海捕获的红海龟数, 与本研究结果相符。由于棱皮龟主要以水母以及被囊动物为食(谭燕翔和黄祝坚, 1988; 汪松和赵尔宓, 1998), 因而浮游生物丰富程度对棱皮龟的洄游行为与生长有较大影响(Spotila & Tomillo, 2015), 所以应保护与恢复东海海域水母等大型浮游生物资源, 以保证在浙江海域索饵的棱皮龟有充足的食物。
玳瑁是浙江数量最少的海龟, 本研究中仅收集到3只个体的信息, 占浙江海龟总个体数量的1.3%。玳瑁是分布区域最受热带地区限制的海龟(Lutz & Musick, 1996), 多生活在沿岸的浅水中, 在热带珊瑚礁区域数量较多(Van Houtan et al, 2016)。刚孵化的幼体容易受洋流影响被动迁移(Nishizawa et al, 2010), 具备一定游泳能力后, 其活动范围也较小, 常不超过2 km2 (Blumenthal et al, 2009; Weber et al, 2014)。不过, 西北太平洋日本沿岸的玳瑁也有较长距离迁移的记录(Kamezaki et al, 1997)。离东海最近的玳瑁产卵地位于日本南部(Kayou et al, 2021), 但目前没有证据表明玳瑁可以在远离陆地的水域迁移(Van Houtan et al, 2016), 所以比起横跨东海的迁徙, 浙江的玳瑁更可能是在南海周围的产卵场出生沿海岸线北上觅食的结果(Chan et al, 2007; 王钊, 2022①(①王钊 (2022) 海南地区玳瑁(Eretmochelys imbricata)非法贸易现状及遗传多样性研究. 硕士学位论文, 海南师范大学, 海口.))。浙江玳瑁数量较少的原因可能是由于玳瑁更喜爱较高的水温(Lutz & Musick, 1996)。同时, 在3笔记录中, 有2笔为2017年与2018年温州苍南县炎亭镇相隔10个月的捕获记录, 证明浙江南部海域可能存在玳瑁的摄食地。玳瑁的食物中90%以上为海绵, 同时还取食软体动物、被囊动物、水母和藻类等(谭燕翔和黄祝坚, 1988; Lutz & Musick, 1996; 丛珊和王者茂, 1997)。所以保护浙江海域的玳瑁需首先保护近海无脊椎动物和藻类资源, 尤其要重视海绵资源。同时还需减少对浙江沿海浅水礁岩区域的干扰, 为玳瑁提供合适的生境。此外, 由于玳瑁背甲花纹美丽, 来自非法工艺品市场的需求使玳瑁面临较大非法捕猎压力(王钊, 2022), 所以需加强对玳瑁的执法力度, 防止非法贸易对其种群造成影响。
3.3 浙江海域海龟保护建议
浙江海域的5种海龟均被列为国家一级重点保护野生动物, 虽然目前并没有海龟在浙江产卵繁殖的记录, 但东海浙江海域是海龟重要的觅食场所。对于数量最多的红海龟而言, 东海更是整个北太平洋种群红海龟产卵后最重要的觅食地和越冬地之一(Nishimura & Nakahigashi, 1992)。保护浙江海域的海龟, 首先应开展定期种群数量监测, 依托互联网充分利用能长期接触海龟的渔民等群体的记录辅助监测工作; 此外, 由于多数海龟具有迁徙的习性, 在了解迁徙路径的前提下加强国际合作, 有利于监测工作高效开展。其次, 对海龟生活需依托的重要资源, 如食物、栖息地等, 特别是鱼类、大型海藻和无脊椎动物这些吸引海龟来浙江海域的重要因素加以保护, 合理利用, 防止过度捕捞和无节制采集造成海龟食物减少。同时, 要减少人为直接捕捉、买卖海龟或不恰当救助的情况, 不过在走访中以及渔民上传的记录里可以看到, 渔民对误捕的海龟充满敬畏, 一般都会直接放归海里, 这是值得欣慰的。此外, 还需要严格执法, 防止误捕的海龟被违法销售; 也可以通过推广安装有海龟逃脱器的网具, 减少兼捕的可能(程一骏, 1996)。最后, 要加强宣传教育, 倡导社会力量投入到保护海龟中去。
附录 Supplementary Material
附录1 浙江海域1981年4月至2022年12月不同来源海龟记录表
Appendix 1 Record list of sea turtles from different sources from Zhejiang sea areas between April, 1981 and December, 2022
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沖縄島最北端におけるタイマイの産卵確認
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我国南海海龟资源的调查与保护研究现状与展望
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山东沿海蠵龟食性的初步分析
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鹿児島県吹上浜に上陸し中国江蘇省長江河口で再発見されたアカウミガメの解剖調査報告
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Ascension Island in the South Atlantic Ocean is renowned for its globally-important nesting population of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) that has been the subject of long-term research. By comparison, very little is known about the apparently small population of hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) that have been recorded in its waters, thousands of kilometres from known nesting beaches. Here, we collate 10 years of in-water tagging data, opportunistic public sighting records and underwater observations to provide a baseline for future research, and present preliminary data on habitat use derived from two individuals fitted with GPS transmitters. Although public sightings were inevitably biased towards popular recreation areas, the resulting distribution suggests that hawksbill turtles occur year round in Ascension Island's waters along the entire 65 km of coastline. Hawksbills were observed feeding on benthic algae and encrusting sponges, and were frequently seen scavenging on fish discards around the Island's pier at night aided by anthropogenic lighting. Between 2003 and 2013, 35 turtles were captured, measured, tagged and then released. Curved carapace lengths ranged from 33.5 to 85 cm (mean = 48.8 cm) indicating that most (if not all) individuals encountered around Ascension are post-pelagic juveniles. Four individuals were recaptured at least once giving a mean minimum residence time of 4.2 yr (range: 2.8–7.3 yr) and a mean growth rate of 2.8 cm yr−1. Turtles fitted with Fastloc™ GPS devices remained at Ascension Island for the duration of the study (>90 days) and occupied restricted home ranges with an average area of 2.5 km2 and an average ‘core use area’ (50% utilization distribution) of 0.05 km2. Together, these results suggest that Ascension Island serves as a mid-Atlantic developmental habitat for benthic-feeding, juvenile hawksbill turtles on extended oceanic migrations before recruiting to their adult foraging grounds, likely to be located in Brazil or tropical West Africa.
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Reports of satellite tracking green sea turtles in China
绿海龟卫星追踪报道
Global prediction of spatial distribution and migratory corridors of green turtles based on species distribution modeling
基于物种分布模型的全球绿海龟空间分布及洄游廊道预测
Preliminary report on satellite tracking of artificially cultured green turtles
人工养殖绿海龟的卫星追踪初报
Satellite-tracking reveals and highlights: Migration route and key foraging sites for headstarting juveniles (Chelonia mydas) from Huidong National Sea Turtle Reserve, China
惠东幼年绿海龟的洄游规律及觅食地选择
Anatomy of several systems in olive ridley sea turtle
太平洋丽龟的生理结构研究
The situation of sea turtle resources and a primary study on the hatchery and culture of sea turtles
南海海龟资源现状及孵化养殖技术初步研究
