采集策略对叶附生苔类植物发现概率及物种多样性的重要性
Importance of collection strategy on detection probability and species diversity of epiphyllous liverworts
通讯作者: *E-mail:jwang@bio.ecnu.edu.cn;ksong@des.ecnu.edu.cn
编委: 陈圣宾
责任编辑: 黄祥忠
收稿日期: 2022-12-17 接受日期: 2023-03-24
基金资助: |
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Corresponding authors: *E-mail:jwang@bio.ecnu.edu.cn;ksong@des.ecnu.edu.cn
Received: 2022-12-17 Accepted: 2023-03-24
叶附生苔类植物主要生长在热带和亚热带常绿阔叶林维管植物叶片的表面, 是苔藓植物中较为复杂的一个类群, 特殊的生理生态特性使其在成为气候变化指示类群方面的潜力很大。为了探究采集者的经验及采样强度是否显著影响叶附生苔的发现概率及物种多样性, 本研究在乌岩岭国家级自然保护区对叶附生苔开展了系统的采集和比较研究, 以期为我国其他地区开展叶附生苔类植物的调查和研究提供经验和方法支持。通过4位具有不同采集经验的采集者在规定的时间(每人每次30 min)和区域(铁炉基至黄家岱)内对叶附生苔进行3次重复采集, 分析不同采集者所采集到的含有叶附生苔的叶片数及所获得的物种多样性之间的差异。结果显示, 4位采集者共采集叶附生苔类植物5科11属36种, 并新增1种首次发现附生于叶片的种类(南溪苔Makinoa crispata)。采集者经验对叶附生苔的发现概率影响不显著, 但对叶附生苔的物种多样性, 尤其是一般种和优势种的多样性具有显著影响, 推测这一差异主要是由采集者不同的采集策略所导致。同时, 本研究结果还表明, 叶附生苔的物种多样性随着采样强度的增加而增加, 4位采集者共同参与的采样结果体现出较高的采样充分性。本研究结果表明即使针对叶附生苔类植物这一类常被认为采集和鉴定非常困难的类群, 如加以必要的采集前的经验培训, 即使是非专业的采集人员也足以开展针对叶附生苔类植物的调查。
关键词:
Aims: Epiphyllous liverworts mainly grow on the leaf surface of vascular plants in tropical and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests, which are a complex group of bryophytes. Due to their special physiological and ecological characteristics, epiphyllous liverworts have great potential to become an indicator of climate change. To achieve this goal, detailed information on species diversity and distribution is required. In order to explore whether the experience and sampling intensity of observers significantly affects the detection probability and species diversity of epiphyllous liverworts in field surveys, the present study conducted systematic sampling and comparative analysis of the epiphyllous liverworts in the Wuyanling National Nature Reserve.
Methods: Through three repeated collections by four collectors with different collection experience at the same time (30 minutes per person) and in the same area (Tieluji to Huangjiadai), this study analyzed the differences between the number of leaves with epiphyllous liverworts and liverwort diversity among the four observers.
Results: There are 36 species of epiphyllous liverworts obtained from 11 genera and 5 families. One species (Makinoa crispata) was newly recorded in the area and reported as epiphyllous species for the first time. The observer’s experience has no obvious impact on the detection probability of epiphyllous liverworts, but has a significant impact on the species diversity, especially for the diversity of general species and dominant species. It is speculated that this difference is mainly caused by the collection strategy of different observers. Meanwhile, this study also showed that the species diversity of epiphyllous liverworts increased with the increase of sampling intensity, and the collection results jointly participated by the four observers reflected a high sampling adequacy.
Conclusion: The results show that for epiphyllous liverworts, a group that is often considered difficult to collect and identify, with necessary pre-collection experience training, non-professional observers also can perform conduct surveys of epiphyllous liverworts.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
姚雪, 陈星, 戴尊, 宋坤, 邢诗晨, 曹宏彧, 邹璐, 王健 (2023)
Xue Yao, Xing Chen, Zun Dai, Kun Song, Shichen Xing, Hongyu Cao, Lu Zou, Jian Wang (2023)
苔藓植物是高等植物中的一个特殊类群, 与其他高等植物不同的是, 其配子体在整个生活史中占据主导地位, 是陆地生态系统中分布最广的一个类群(Patiño & Vanderpoorten, 2018; Patiño et al, 2022)。由于其独特的植物体结构特点, 如单层细胞组成的叶片且不具角质层覆盖, 苔藓植物对温、湿度的变化极为敏感, 加上其高效的远距离传播能力, 苔藓植物被认为具有快速响应气候变化的能力, 并被众多研究者推荐作为全球气候变化的指示植物(Gignac, 2001; Berdugo et al, 2018)。叶附生苔类植物(epiphyllous liverworts)是一类可以附生在活的维管植物叶片上的特殊类群, 被认为在森林生态系统生物多样性的形成和维持、气候变化和森林完整性的指示中具有重要价值(姜炎彬和邵小明, 2016)。它们对气候变化极为敏感, 可随气候变暖向更高纬度迅速推移(Jiang et al, 2018), 在用于气候变化指示和监测方面更具优势。在我国, 叶附生苔曾主要分布于北纬30°以南(陈邦杰和吴鹏程, 1964), 随后其分布范围向北推移至31° N (Zhu & So, 2001)。近年来, 在我国华东地区苔藓植物调查较为详尽的浙江天目山国家级自然保护区, Tang等(2018)发现了5种叶附生苔类植物, 并推测与全球气候变暖有关。而最近在一些大城市的近郊, 如杭州(西湖) (杜晓孟等, 2020)和上海(大金山岛) (未发表数据)也发现了叶附生苔的踪迹, 进一步表明叶附生苔在我国东部的分布前缘正快速向更高纬度推进, 确证了由朱瑞良和胡人亮(1991)提出的“重新考虑叶附生苔在我国分布的“东部北缘”问题”。
然而, 要将苔藓植物用于气候变化指示和监测研究, 需要准确了解其多样性及分布信息, 而植物调查中的物种被不完全观测现象非常普遍(Chen et al, 2013; Zhang et al, 2014)。采集者经验对物种的观测率有着显著影响(Chen et al, 2009; Zhang et al, 2014), 通过对采集者必要的调查前培训可以有效降低不同调查者采集结果的误差(Chen et al, 2009)。另一方面, 物种的发现概率与采样强度呈正比(Zhang et al, 2014)。根据对采样时间与物种发现概率之间关系的分析发现, 随着采样时间的增长, 所调查的物种数量将逐渐接近真实水平(Archaux et al, 2006), 增加采集者数量也可显著提高物种的观测率(Nilsson & Nilsson, 1985; Scott & Hallam, 2003)。相对于高等植物中的其他几个类群, 苔藓植物因为个体小、形态难以观察等因素很容易导致野外采集疏漏的情况(朱瑞良等, 2022), 其物种被不完全观测现象可能更为严重。但与其他生境相比, 叶附生苔类植物由于附生基质(叶片)的特殊性而很容易吸引采集者的注意, 即使是没有经验的非专业采集人员也很容易发现它们(Gradstein, 1997)。但同时, 由于叶附生苔类植物个体非常细小, 可用的形态分类特征较少, 又普遍存在“隐形种” (即形态特征一致但遗传已出现分化)现象(Yu et al, 2013), 即使是采集经验丰富的人员也很难在野外将其鉴定到种。由此推测, 叶附生苔的采集及多样性的获得似乎不太受采集者经验的影响。
为了检验这一推测, 同时了解采样强度对叶附生苔类植物野外发现概率及物种多样性的影响, 本研究以浙江省乌岩岭国家级自然保护区铁炉基至黄家岱区域叶附生苔类植物为例, 通过4位具有不同叶附生苔采集和研究经验的采集者进行相同时间、相同区域的3次重复采集, 分析采样结果的差异, 具体回答如下问题: (1)不同采集经验者在叶附生苔发现概率上是否存在差异? (2)不同采集经验者所获得的叶附生苔物种多样性是否存在差异? 鉴于叶附生苔类植物很容易发现却很难在野外鉴定到种等特点, 我们推测不同采集经验者在叶附生苔的发现概率及所获得的叶附生苔物种多样性上差异都不明显。研究结果可为我国其他地区开展叶附生苔类植物的调查和研究提供经验和方法支持。
1 材料与方法
1.1 研究区概况
乌岩岭国家级自然保护区(119º38′-119º41′ E, 27º40′-27º43′ N)地处浙江省泰顺县境内西北部, 南与福建省寿宁县相接, 北与浙江省云和县相连, 位于南北亚热带的分界线上, 属于中亚热带, 是我国武夷山生物多样性保护优先区域的关键区域。保护区内植被比较完整, 是我国亚热带常绿阔叶林东部地区保存较好的地点之一。乌岩岭主峰1,611 m, 其“U”形的山体有效地阻挡了冬季来自内陆的寒流, 同时截留了来自海洋的温暖东南季风气流(Zhu, 1990), 使得该区域气候适宜, 年均气温约14℃, 年均降水量2,200 mm, 空气平均相对湿度在85%以上(仲磊等, 2015)。复杂的生境加上特殊的气候模式使得该地区苔藓植物十分丰富, 也孕育了丰富的叶附生苔类植物(朱瑞良和胡人亮, 1991; Zhu et al, 1998)。
1.2 标本采集与鉴定
1.2.1 标本采集
本研究的野外调查主要在乌岩岭国家级自然保护区内的铁炉基至黄家岱区域进行(图1)。选择该区域主要考虑此地正在修建水库, 区内树木即将被砍伐, 预计过度采集行为对当地叶附生苔类植物多样性产生的破坏作用最小。此外, 该区域沿登山道两侧的叶附生苔类植物并不是随处可见, 有效避免了采集者能轻易发现, 可检验不同采集经验者对叶附生苔类植物的发现概率。本研究选择4名(编号A、B、C、D表示采集经验由弱到强)具有不同苔藓植物采集和研究经验的人员进行标本采集。由于参与采集人员不多, 为了避免采集者经验差异不大对结果的影响, 关于苔藓植物采集和研究经验的界定如下: 从未从事过苔藓植物采集的为完全无经验者(A); 从事苔藓植物采集时间在1-3年的为具有一定采集经验者(B和C, 但熟悉程度有差异); 从事苔藓植物采集时间在10年以上的为专业人员(D)。在采集前, 对A采集者进行了必要的采集前培训, 使其初步了解叶附生苔类植物的形态及生长方式。
图1
图1
浙江省乌岩岭国家级自然保护区叶附生苔调查样线
Fig. 1
Map of sampling line of epiphyllous liverworts in the Wuyanling National Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province
为了避免不同采集者之间的相互影响, 本研究以该区域一段3 km长样线为采集范围, 以样线两侧5 m范围内可发现的叶附生苔类植物为采集目标, 采集者按照A、B、C、D的顺序每间隔10 min依次进入采集区域, 规定采集者在30 min内采集30片叶片, 并进行3次重复采集, 最终达到但不能超过90片叶片的采集要求。采集者可在该区域进行自由采集, 采集路线自定, 但不能超出该区域范围。
1.2.2 标本鉴定
将采集的叶附生苔叶片带回室内, 首先在体式显微镜下确定是否为真正的叶附生苔类植物, 然后参考Epiphyllous Liverworts of China (Zhu & So, 2001)和《云南植物志》(第十七卷) (高谦和曹同, 2000)对叶附生苔类植物进行形态鉴定。鉴定时, 将标本置于ZEISS STEMI DV4体式显微镜下, 剥离苔类植物体, 观察其大小、颜色等特征, 然后将植物体浸泡在水中, 使其充分展开并平铺在载玻片上, 用OLYMPUS BX43显微镜进行观察和鉴定, 重点观察侧叶、腹叶、腹瓣、蒴萼等形态特征。所有凭证标本存放在华东师范大学生物博物馆(HSNU)。物种的中文名主要依据《中国生物物种名录(第一卷)•植物•总名录(上册)》确定(王利松等, 2018)。
1.3 数据分析
1.3.1 物种多样性的内插和外推分析
Hill数, 也称作有效物种数, 可以有效地替代多样性指数, 包含了相对丰度和物种丰富度(Hill, 1973), 由位阶q参数化, 包括3种应用最广泛的物种多样性: 物种多样性(q = 0), 强调稀有种的个体; Shannon多样性(q = 1), 强调一般种; Simpson多样性(q = 2), 强调优势种(Chao et al, 2020)。为了了解不同经验采集者在获得叶附生苔类植物一般种、优势种和稀有种上的差异, 本研究通过记录研究区域内所调查到的叶附生苔种类及附生叶片数量, 在95%置信区间内绘制了基于物种多样性的内插和外推采样曲线及基于涵盖度的采样充分性曲线。然后基于Hill数不同位阶(q = 0、1、2)比较一般种、稀有种和优势种的物种多样性外推估计值和采样充分性。因此, 这里的稀有种、一般种和优势种是基于4位采集者获得的总叶片数, 然后根据每个种所附生的叶片数来判定。有关物种多样性的评估在iNEXT (iNterpolation/EXTrapolation)网络版(
1.3.2 采样充分性分析及丰富度外推估计
为了解4位采集者共同参与的采集(代表更大采样强度)对当地叶附生苔类植物多样性的贡献, 本研究运用EstimateS 9.1.0 (Colwell, 2013)基于物种二元(有/无)数据的第二阶Jackknife重取样估计了Jack2对物种丰富度的外推估计(Burnham & Overton, 1978, 1979), 绘制出物种丰富度外推估计值的物种累积曲线, 并与实际的物种累积曲线进行比较。物种累积到最后10% (90%-100%)的平均斜率可以用来表征采样充分性, 斜率越小表明采样越充分, 一般斜率小于0.05表示采样充分性良好(Yang et al, 2013), 物种累积曲线斜率的计算在R V4.0.2 (R Core Team, 2019)中完成。
2 结果
2.1 叶附生苔种类组成及特点
本研究共获得叶附生苔类植物5科11属36种(附录1), 包括细鳞苔科(7属27种)、扁萼苔科(1属4种)、耳叶苔科(1属3种)、叉苔科(1属1种)和南溪苔科(1属1种)。从物种组成上看, 细鳞苔科为该地区优势科(27种), 疣鳞苔属(Cololejeunea)为优势属(15种)。根据每种叶附生苔附生的叶片数量统计, 尖叶薄鳞苔(Leptolejeunea subacuta)、刺疣鳞苔(Cololejeunea spinosa)、粗疣鳞苔(C. peraffinis)、鳞叶疣鳞苔(C. longifolia)为该地区占优势的种类(附录2)。与前人的报道相比(戴尊等, 2022), 新增科1个(南溪苔科), 属1个(南溪苔属), 种1个(南溪苔Makinoa crispata), 该种也是首次被发现附生于叶片上。
2.2 采集者经验对叶附生苔发现概率及物种丰富度的影响
尽管采集者A和B采集到长有叶附生苔的叶片数与采集者C和D相比有差异, 但差异不显著(图2a)。只有采集者A和B发生了错误采集(叶片上长有菌类或斑纹而被错判为叶附生苔), 其中, B只有1片叶片为错误采集, 而在A的9片错误采集叶片中, 有7片是在第1次采集过程中所得。
图2
图2
4位采集者所采集的长有叶附生苔类植物的叶片数(a)和采集到的物种数(b)箱型图(箱中实线表示中值, A、B、C、D表示采集经验丰富程度由弱到强)
Fig. 2
Box plot of the number of leaves (a) and species (b) of epiphyllous liverworts collected by four observers (solid line in the box shows the median value, A, B, C, and D indicate the degree of collection experience from weak to strong)
图3
图3
4位采集者采集到的叶附生苔类植物种类的Venn图(A、B、C、D表示采集经验丰富程度由弱到强)
Fig. 3
Venn diagram of collected epiphyllous liverworts among four observers (A, B, C, and D indicate the degree of collection experience from weak to strong)
图4
图4
4位采集者3次分别采集到的物种数(A、B、C、D表示采集经验丰富程度由弱到强)
Fig. 4
Species number of epiphyllous liverworts collected by four observers in three sampling efforts (A, B, C, and D indicate the degree of collection experience from weak to strong)
2.3 基于物种多样性和涵盖度的内插和外推分析
由图5a可知, 在不同位阶q下, 4位采集者所获得的叶附生苔种数都随抽样叶片数的增加而增加, 并且其外推曲线在一般种(位阶q = 1)和优势种(位阶q = 2)中趋于平缓, 仅在稀有种(位阶q = 0)中仍有继续增加的趋势。当q = 0时, 采集者C和D的格局相似, 外推时其多样性增幅都不大, 但采集者A和B的多样性在外推时均有较大的增幅。当q = 1和q = 2时, 随着采集叶片数的增加, 采集者A、B和C的物种多样性虽有差异, 但在95%置信区间内差异不显著, 只有采集者D与其余3位采集者间存在显著差异。当强调一般种和优势种时, 在相同采样覆盖度时, 采集者D的物种多样性无论在内插还是外推曲线中均显著高于其余3位采集者。而当强调稀有种时, 采集者D的物种多样性与其余3位采集者在95%置信区间内差异不显著(图5b)。由图5c可知, 不同位阶下4位采集者的采样充分性曲线变化趋势一致, 但采集者D和C的覆盖度要高于B和A。
图5
图5
基于叶片数(a)和采样覆盖度(b)的不同位阶下各采集者叶附生苔多样性内插和外推采样曲线、采样充分性曲线(c) (A、B、C、D表示采集经验丰富程度由弱到强)
Fig. 5
The species richness interpolation and extrapolation sampling curve and sampling adequacy curve (c) of epiphyllous liverworts collected by each observer based on the number of leaves (a) and sampling coverage (b) at different rank (A, B, C, and D indicate the degree of collection experience from weak to strong)
2.4 基于叶片数的叶附生苔类物种累积曲线
基于4位采集者总叶片数的实际物种累积曲线(图6)表明, 叶附生苔物种数随叶片数量的增加而迅速增加, 当叶片数增至30-35片时, 叶附生苔物种数达到总物种数的一半。随后, 物种数增速减缓, 当叶片数增至241片时, 叶附生苔的物种数达到总物种数的90%, 其切线斜率为0.046, 小于0.050, 表明采样充分性良好。基于物种二元(有/无)数据对叶附生苔物种数外推的Jack2物种数预测曲线显示, 当叶片数增至27-31片时, 叶附生苔物种数达到总物种数的一半, 随后, 物种数增速变缓并最终达到55种(预测值为54.93)。本研究实际采集到的叶附生苔物种数占外推估算值的66.67%。
图6
图6
基于叶片数的叶附生苔类植物物种累积曲线及预测值曲线
Fig. 6
Cumulative curve and predicted value curve of epiphyllous liverworts based on leaf numbers
3 讨论
本研究结果表明, 不同经验采集者所获得的长有叶附生苔的叶片数具有一定的差异, 但差异不显著。而且, 在没有采集经验的采集者A的3次采集过程中, 有7片错误采集发生在第一次采集过程中, 而在后两次的采集中仅各有1片叶片为错误采集, 表明即使是没有经验的采集者也可在较短时间内学习并积累一定的叶附生苔采集经验。这一结论与Gradstein (1997)的观点相一致, 即由于叶附生苔类植物所生长的基质极易引起采集者的注意, 即使是非专业人员也很容易在野外发现它们。同时, 本研究结果也间接支持了Chen等(2009)的研究结论, 即在植物的野外调查中, 通过对采集人员进行必要的采集前培训可以有效提高采集效果并降低不同采集者之间结果的异质性。
但是, 尽管在设计采集方案时曾考虑过如何减少采集者凭经验鉴定物种的时间, 比如选择了一个叶附生苔类植物并不十分丰富的区域, 同时又规定采集者在规定时间内必须获得一定数量的叶片等, 本研究结果还表明采集者经验对叶附生苔物种多样性的累积具有显著的影响, 尤其是针对一般种和优势种, 最有经验的采集者D所获得的物种多样性显著高于其余3位采集者。同时, 采集者A和C在后两次的采集过程中所获得的物种数都在不断增加, 表明即使是采集经验不丰富的采集者也可以在短时间内积累一定的采集经验。考虑到叶附生苔类植物因为个体细小及可用分类特征较少等原因, 一般认为即使是有经验的采集者也很难在野外将其鉴定到种(王健, 2010; 戴尊等, 2022), 推测本研究所发现的采集者D在物种多样性累积上显著区别于其他3人更大可能是由于采集策略所导致。根据对4位采集者所获得的附主植物叶片的统计(附录3), 发现采集者C所采集的附主植物最多(58种), 而采集者D最少(55种)。同样, 采集者D所采集的附主植物个体数也是最少的(64株), 而采集者A所采集的附主植物个体数最多(80株), 结合对每位采集者在相同附主植物上的采集次数统计, 可以看出采集者D倾向于在每株附主植物上进行重复采集, 而其余3位采集者则倾向于采集更多的附主植物。根据Gradstein等(1996)的研究结果, 叶附生苔物种多样性与所附生的附主植物叶片幼嫩程度、形状以及在枝条上的生长位置都有关系, 一般在叶片上具有清晰的物种分布界线意味着更高的叶附生苔多样性。同时, 根据戴尊等(2022)的研究结果, 在我国亚热带山区, 叶附生苔类植物在不同生境、不同附主植物以及同一附主植物的不同叶片之间的物种组成都具有较大的差异。因此, 4位采集者所获得的叶附生苔种数的差异可能跟不同的采集策略有关。通过增加对同一株附主植物不同方位和不同高度叶片的重复采集对于获得更高的叶附生苔多样性更为重要(采集者D的策略)。而通过增加附主植物多样性也有助于提高叶附生苔类植物的多样性(采集者C的策略)。
根据对4位采集者获得的叶附生苔所附生的叶片数统计发现(附录4), 4位采集者针对该区域优势种尖叶薄鳞苔均有大量的采集, 但相对于其他3位采集者, 采集者D所获得的其他种类的叶片数要相对均衡, 进一步验证了采集策略对叶附生苔物种多样性累积的重要性。通过对每种叶附生苔在叶片上的伴生种统计(附录5)发现, 与优势种尖叶薄鳞苔伴生的种类高达29种, 占到该区域所有叶附生苔总数的80%, 这就意味着只针对尖叶薄鳞苔的采集即可顺带获得其他叶附生苔种类, 这反过来也解释了为什么4位采集者均采集到大量含有尖叶薄鳞苔的叶片。与其他叶附生苔种类相比, 新鲜状态下的尖叶薄鳞苔侧叶翘起, 不紧贴基质, 干时卷缩, 常呈黑色, 该种是我国叶附生苔分布最北的种类, 也是常绿阔叶林中最常见的叶附生苔种类(舒蕾, 2016)。在野外, 尖叶薄鳞苔还因为具有苯酚的强烈芳香气味而很容易吸引人的注意(Toyota et al, 1997)。因此, 在今后进行叶附生苔类植物采集时, 如能对采集人员进行必要的叶附生苔采集策略及经验的培训, 将有效提高所获得的物种多样性, 并降低不同采集者所获得结果之间的异质性(Chen et al, 2009)。根据本文研究结果, 即使对于苔藓植物毫无采集经验的人员, 只需针对一些优势种如尖叶薄鳞苔的采集培训, 也有可能获得一个地区较高的物种多样性。
值得一提的是, 在本研究中, 每位采集者均采集到一定数量的独有物种(稀有种), 使得采集者经验对叶附生苔多样性的显著影响主要表现在一般种和优势种上。同时, 即使最有经验的采集者也有6种叶附生苔类未被采集到, 表明不同采集者的组合对获得更高的叶附生苔物种多样性, 尤其是对稀有种的获得非常必要。在本研究中, 当采集者数量从1位增加至2位时, 所调查到的物种数占总物种数的比例将从47%-83%增加至67%-92%, 而当采集者数量增加至3位时, 这一比例将提高至75%-97%, 基于4位采集者所获得的叶附生苔物种总数占到该区域叶附生苔类植物外推估算值的66.67%, 表明代表更大采样强度的多位采集者共同参与的采集, 对获得一个地区较高的叶附生苔类植物多样性非常重要。此前的研究也表明, 植物在野外调查中的不完全观测是一个普遍现象, 而随着采样强度的增加, 如增大采样面积、增加采样时间及采样者数量等, 物种在野外被发现的概率将显著增加(Nilsson & Nilsson 1985; Nichols et al, 2000; Archaux et al, 2006)。尤其对于采集者的数量, Alexander等(2012)的研究表明, 单一或两位采集者在对草原上稀有物种Asclepias meadii斑块的发现具有较高的漏采概率, 而3-4个采集者的组合则可以发现全部斑块的90%-99%。由于叶附生苔类植物多分布在降水较多、湿度高、具有峡谷地貌和完整的热带雨林或常绿阔叶林地区, 在我国亚热带山区则呈斑块状分布于具有流水的沟谷两岸, 需要更加细致及更大的采样强度才能获得一个地区相对充分的物种多样性及分布信息。因此, 建议在今后的调查中, 可适当增加采集者数量, 同时对采集者进行必要的采集前培训, 将有助于获得更高的物种多样性。
本研究结论为今后其他地区开展叶附生苔类植物的采集和研究提供了经验支持。即使针对叶附生苔类植物这一类常被认为采集和鉴定非常困难的类群, 如加以必要的采集前的经验培训, 即使是非专业的采集人员也足以开展针对叶附生苔类植物的调查, 为今后将叶附生苔类植物应用于气候变化指示及监测研究等公众科学项目的开展提供了方法上可行性的支持。
附录 Supplementary Material
附录1 乌岩岭国家自然保护区铁炉基至黄家岱区域叶附生苔类植物名录及不同采集经验的4位采集者采集的叶附生苔类植物物种组成情况
Appendix 1 A checklist of epiphyllous liverworts from Tieluji to Huangjiadai area of Wuyanling National Nature Reserve and the species composition of epiphyllous liverworts collected by four observers with different collection experiences
附录2 36种叶附生苔附生叶片总数条形图
Appendix 2 Bar plot of total leaf number of 36 epiphyllous liverworts
附录3 不同采集经验的4位采集者采集的叶附生苔类植物的附主植物分布情况
Appendix 3 Distribution of host plants of epiphyllous liverworts collected by four observers with different collection experiences
附录4 不同采集经验的4位采集者获得的叶附生苔类植物所附生叶片数量气泡图
Appendix 4 Bubble plot of the leaf number of epiphyllous liverworts collected by four observers with different collection experiences
附录5 36种叶附生苔类植物的伴生种数量及名录
Appendix 5 The number and checklist of accompanying species of 36 epiphyllous liverworts
致谢
感谢华东师范大学生态与环境科学学院邢丁亮研究员对数据分析的帮助, 感谢生命科学学院梅丽叶附生苔类植物附主植物鉴定的帮助。
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<p id="p00010"><strong>Aims:</strong> Epiphyllous liverworts are a group of bryophytes that mainly grow on the leaf surfaces of vascular plants in tropical rainforests and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests. These species have important value in the ecosystem and are the group of bryophytes that need the most attention and protection by conservationists. However, due to the physically small size and the difficulty of classifying specimens, previous surveys of epiphyllous liverworts in China may have underestimated their diversity. In order to understand the possible impact of sampling methods on the perceived diversity of epiphyllous liverworts, the present study conducted systematic sampling and comparative analysis on the epiphyllous liverworts in the Wuyanling National Nature Reserve. </p><p id="p00015"><strong>Methods:</strong> Utilizing the Wuyanling National Nature Reserve as the study area, this study carried out systematic investigations on the diversity of epiphyllous liverworts and their host plants along altitude gradients according to the leaf characteristics and distribution position of host plants. Species richness and composition of epiphyllous liverworts and its host plants were analyzed.</p><p id="p00020"><strong>Results:</strong> There are 49 species of epiphyllous liverworts obtained from 14 genera in 5 families and 119 species of host plants obtained from 84 genera in 57 families. Compared with historical data, 35 species, 5 genera and 2 families were newly recorded in the area, including 4 new species recorded in Zhejiang Province. A humped relationship is observed between species richness of epiphyllous liverworts and elevation, with a maximum richness between the altitude of 500 m and 900 m. The species accumulation curve and random sampling analysis based on the number of leaves indicated that the epiphyllous liverworts in the reserve demonstrated great differences in species composition in different habitats and different leaves of the same host plant.</p><p id="p00025"><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In view of the higher species diversity of epiphyllous liverworts obtained by the sampling method in this study, it is recommended to conduct similar studies in other distribution centers of the species in order to better understand the species diversity of epiphyllous liverworts in China.</p>
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叶附生苔类植物是一类主要生长在热带雨林和亚热带常绿阔叶林维管植物叶片表面的苔类植物, 具有重要的生态价值, 是苔藓植物中最需要关注和保护的一个类群。但由于其个体细小、分类困难等原因, 此前针对我国叶附生苔类植物的采样可能存在低估其多样性的情况。为了解采样方式可能对叶附生苔类植物多样性的影响, 本研究在乌岩岭国家级自然保护区对叶附生苔开展了系统的采样及比较研究。根据叶附生苔附主植物的叶片特性、分布位置等因素, 对保护区内的叶附生苔类植物及附主植物开展沿海拔梯度的系统调查和取样, 分析了叶附生苔类植物和附主植物的多样性及物种组成情况。结果显示, 该保护区共有叶附生苔类植物5科14属49种, 叶附生苔附主植物57科84属119种。与历史数据相比, 本研究区新增叶附生苔2科5属35种, 其中浙江省新记录苔类4种。叶附生苔物种丰富度表现出随海拔升高呈单峰型分布的模式, 在500-900 m海拔段的种数最多。基于叶片数的物种累积曲线及随机抽样分析表明, 该保护区叶附生苔在不同生境及同一附主植物不同叶片间表现出较大的种类组成差异。鉴于本研究采集方法获得的较高叶附生苔物种多样性, 建议在我国叶附生苔多样性其他分布中心开展类似的研究, 以进一步摸清我国叶附生苔类植物物种多样性。
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中国细鳞苔科植物的分类学研究
Geographical sampling bias in a large distributional database and its effects on species richness-environment models
DOI:10.1111/jbi.12108 URL [本文引用: 1]
Empirical evidence supporting frequent cryptic speciation in epiphyllous liverworts: A case study of the Cololejeunea lanciloba complex
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0084124 URL [本文引用: 1]
Sampling plant diversity and rarity at landscape scales: Importance of sampling time in species detectability
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0095334 URL [本文引用: 3]
Community structure and species composition of the secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest: The analyses for a 9 ha forest dynamics plot in Wuyanling Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province, East China
DOI:10.17520/biods.2015110
[本文引用: 1]
The zonal vegetation type of subtropical China is evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBLF). However, due to long term anthropogenic disturbance, primary EBLF is now scarce in this region; most of the EBLFs exist as secondary forests. Therefore, to preserve the regional forest biodiversity, it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying biodiversity maintenance of the regional secondary EBLF. One method for examining the mechanisms of forest biodiversity maintenance is to investigate the species composition and community structure on the basis of a large forest dynamics plot (FDP). According to protocols of Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS), we established a 9 ha FDP in the secondary EBLF of Wuyanling National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province, China, during 2011-2012. Here, we carried out analysis on species composition (e.g., importance value), community structure (e.g., floristic composition, size-class structure), and spatial distribution of woody plants with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥1 cm. Results indicated that there were 71,396 woody plant individuals belonging to 200 species, 92 genera and 47 families within the FDP. The dominant families were Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Theaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Ericaceae and Symplocaceae. There were slightly more tropical elements than temperate elements found both at family and genus level. DBH size-classed community structure was reverse ‘J’ shaped, indicating abundant regeneration. Dominant species showed various shapes, such as reverse ‘J’, skewed or waved shapes, but no signs of population decline. Dominant species showed habitat priority and aggregated distribution patterns possibly related to habitat conditions, suggesting that habitat heterogeneity might be responsible to the spatial distribution of the dominant species in this FDP.
次生常绿阔叶林的群落结构与物种组成: 基于浙江乌岩岭9 ha森林动态样地
DOI:10.17520/biods.2015110
[本文引用: 1]
常绿阔叶林是我国亚热带地区的地带性植被, 但由于长期的人为干扰, 目前仅有少量分布且主要以次生常绿阔叶林的形式存在。因此, 了解次生常绿阔叶林的物种共存机制对于保护森林生物多样性非常重要。基于大型动态监测样地对森林的物种组成及群落结构进行研究, 是揭示生物多样性维持机制的重要手段。按照美国史密森研究院热带森林科学研究中心(Center for Tropical Forest Science, CTFS)大型森林动态样地建设标准, 于2011-2012年在浙江省乌岩岭国家级自然保护区内建立了1个9 ha森林动态监测样地。通过对样地内胸径≥ 1 cm木本植物的物种组成(如重要值)、群落结构(如区系组成和径级结构等)以及空间分布的分析发现: (1)样地有木本植物存活个体47科92属200种71,396株, 其中壳斗科、樟科、山茶科、冬青科、杜鹃花科和山矾科等占优势; (2)在区系组成上, 热带成分略多于温带成分; (3)群落径级结构接近倒“J”型, 表明群落更新良好, 其中优势种径级结构呈倒“J”型、偏常态型和波动型等各种形态, 且并未表现出种群衰退的趋势; (4)优势种表现出明显的生境偏好和聚集分布格局, 暗示生境异质性可能是影响亚热带次生常绿阔叶林物种空间分布的重要因素。
The bryoflora of Wuyanling Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province, China
A study on the epiphyllous liverworts from Wuyanling of Zhejiang Province
浙江乌岩岭叶附生苔类植物的研究
Advances in research on bryophyte diversity in China
DOI:10.17520/biods.2022378
[本文引用: 1]
Background & Aims: Bryophytes, the second largest group of higher plants, are an important component of biodiversity. China is the country with the richest bryophyte diversity. In this review, we aim to summarize the direction of the research on bryophyte diversity since 2017, and appropriately prospect the direction of future research. Progress: Since 2017, Chinese bryologists have described 40 new species and 10 new genera in the world, completed several taxonomic monographs, established a new classification of Marchantiopsida, updated the species catalogue of Chinese bryophytes, and made encouraging progress in the studies of bryophyte phylogenomics, the relationships between bryophyte diversity and environment, and bryophyte diversity conservation, etc. Prospects: Five suggestions for future research on bryophyte diversity in China are proposed, including (1) strengthening the investigation of species diversity of important ecosystems, national parks and key groups; (2) accelerating genome-based bryophyte diversity research; (3) strengthening the research on bryophyte conservation; (4) strengthening the training of bryophyte diversity research talents in Northwest China; and (5) further strengthening international cooperation and building the bryophyte diversity platform of the “the Belt and Road” countries.
中国苔藓植物多样性研究进展
DOI:10.17520/biods.2022378
[本文引用: 1]
苔藓植物是生物多样性的重要组成部分, 包括角苔植物、苔类植物和藓类植物三大类群, 其物种数量仅次于被子植物, 是高等植物的第二大类群。我国是世界苔藓植物多样性最丰富的国家。自2017年以来, 我国苔藓学者在世界范围发现了10个新属, 40个新种, 建立了新的地钱纲分类系统; 更新了我国苔藓植物物种名录, 完成了数本分类学专著, 并在苔藓系统发育基因组、苔藓植物多样性与环境关系、苔藓植物多样性保护等领域取得了可喜的进展。对未来的研究, 我们提出5点建议: (1)加强对重要生态系统、国家公园和关键类群的物种多样性调查; (2)加快基于基因组的苔藓植物多样性研究; (3)加强苔藓植物保护研究; (4)加强西北地区苔藓植物多样性研究人才的培养; (5)进一步加强国际合作, 努力构建“一带一路”国家苔藓植物多样性平台。
A synopsis of the hepatic flora of Zhejiang, China
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