基于其重要的保护价值, 雅鲁藏布大峡谷国家级自然保护区于2000年成立, 由墨脱县和周边的波密县、巴宜区、米林县的部分区域组成, 总面积9,168 km2 (王渊等, 2019a)。雅鲁藏布大峡谷国家级自然保护区生物多样性丰富, 有国家I级重点保护野生动物近30种。虽然峡谷内环境艰险、调查难度大, 但随着考察力度加大和技术手段提升, 近年不断发现脊椎动物新种甚至新属, 如墨脱湍蛙(Amolops medogensis) (赵文阁等, 2005)、白颊猕猴(Macaca leucogenys) (Li et al, 2015)、墨脱鼹(Alpiscaptulus medogensis) (Chen et al, 2021)等。红外相机的应用也促使地区物种新记录层出不穷, 如温立嘉等(2014)、吴建普等(2016)的调查中记录到的帚尾豪猪(Atherurus macrourus)、云猫(Pardofelis marmorata)、戴帽叶猴(Trachypithecus shortridgei)等。孟加拉虎(Panthera tigris tigris)在2000年后鲜见, 王渊等(2019a)仅记录到痕迹, 而Li等(2021a)在2019年1月首次用红外相机记录到孟加拉虎。
红外相机适合探测活动隐秘、数量稀少的动物, 可应用于多样性及种群监测、行为学等方面的研究(李晟等, 2014; 肖治术等, 2014)。本区域以往的红外相机调查主要集中在旱季(10月至次年3月) (温立嘉等, 2014; 吴建普等, 2016; Li et al, 2021a), 缺乏雨季(4-9月)的调查, 并且调查海拔多在4,000 m以下, 未能完整呈现出生物多样性的时空分布格局。针对这些研究空缺, 本研究在雅鲁藏布大峡谷国家级自然保护区开展红外相机监测, 旨在获得区域内鸟兽分布及相对多度信息; 探讨不同海拔的物种分布差异; 探讨不同季节对物种(特别是大中型兽类)活动情况的影响, 从而获得雅鲁藏布大峡谷区域鸟兽分布格局及季节分布规律, 以期为开展更完整、全面的保护提供依据与基础。
1 研究地点和方法
1.1 监测区域概况
本次研究的监测区域位于雅鲁藏布大峡谷(94°39°‒96°06° E, 29°05°‒30°22° N), 属于喜马拉雅山东侧亚热带湿润气候区, 植被类型多样, 本次调查海拔范围内主要包括热带季雨林(海拔500-1,100 m)、亚热带常绿阔叶林(1,100-2,500 m)、针阔混交林(2,500-2,800 m)、常绿硬叶阔叶林(北坡, 2,800-3,500 m)、暗针叶林(2,800-3,700 m)和高山灌丛(3,700-4,200 m) (李渤生, 1985; 中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队, 1988; Li et al, 2021a)。该区域年均温18.4℃, 年均降水量约2,330 mm (
本次研究在保护区内选择不同海拔段、不同植被类型的7个代表性区域作为监测样区, 分别为位于波密县的巴卡和普热(暗针叶林至高山灌丛)、位于米林县的派镇(常绿硬叶阔叶林、暗针叶林、高山灌丛)和位于墨脱县的德尔贡村、格林村、马迪村(亚热带常绿阔叶林为主)、德果村(季节性雨林为主)、格当乡(针阔混交林为主) (图1)。部分监测样区的海拔分布虽有所重叠, 但已覆盖了雅鲁藏布大峡谷区域的大部分森林生境。
图1
图1
雅鲁藏布大峡谷红外相机布设位点示意图
Fig. 1
Sketch map of camera trap sites in Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, China
1.2 监测方法
2020年10月至2021年11月在保护区的7个监测样区内各选择1条样线, 通过对动物痕迹和生境的观察判断, 选择远离人为干扰的鸟兽适宜生境, 沿样线布设相机(猎科6210和东方红鹰两种型号), 累计116个相机位点, 80台红外相机, 布设位置海拔646-4,360 m。本次调查主要通过前期调研和访谈信息, 按照具有代表性的生境类型, 选取野生动物的适宜生境作为调查区域(表1)。样线的选择则通过村民访谈和实地勘察选取样区内的主要山脊和兽径, 确定可行的布设路线, 并根据地形条件和可到达性沿海拔梯度布设红外相机, 尽量保证每台相机位点间距大于100 m, 但由于低海拔森林生境多位于无人区, 地形复杂, 地质灾害频发, 尽最大调查努力的同时, 为了更多地捕获野生动物活动信息, 有14台相机位点间距小于100 m。相机灵敏度设为“中”, 设置为每次触发后拍摄1段15 s的视频, 24 h连续工作。相机与地面平行安装在树干上约20-50 cm高处, 安装后使用GPS获取和记录经纬度信息。拍摄过程中相机无遮蔽或伪装, 未使用诱饵。2020年10月进行第一批次的布设, 每隔4-5个月采集一批数据(2021年1月、2021年5月、2021年11月; 共三批数据), 更换电池和SD卡, 并对部分相机的位点进行更换, 以覆盖更多的生境类型。相机工作时长共计24,741工作日。
表1 雅鲁藏布大峡谷7个监测样区红外相机布设情况
Table 1
| 监测样区 Monitoring area | 相机位点数 No. of camera trap sites | 相机位点海拔范围 Site elevation range (m) | 相机位点平均海拔 Site average elevation (m) | 相机工作日 Total camera days |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 巴卡 Baka | 17 | 2,674-4,274 | 3,266 | 4,466 |
| 派镇 Paizhen① | 6 | 3,676-4,360 | 4,055 | 435 |
| 德尔贡 De’ergong | 38 | 646-2,613 | 1,726 | 7,847 |
| 格林 Gelin② | 9 | 1,559-2,302 | 1,970 | 2,217 |
| 德果 Deguo | 28 | 972-2,121 | 1,363 | 6,023 |
| 马迪 Madi | 5 | 1,746-2,607 | 2,148 | 1,244 |
| 格当 Gedang | 13 | 2,174-2,880 | 2,605 | 2,509 |
① 2021年5月开始监测; ② 2021年1月开始监测。
① Survey was started from May 2021; ② Survey was started from January 2021.
1.3 数据分析
对获取的影像数据进行整理和归档, 并参考《中国兽类野外手册》(Smith和解焱, 2009)和《中国鸟类观察手册》(刘阳和陈水华, 2021)进行影像中的物种识别, 动物分类采用《中国兽类野外手册》(Smith和解焱, 2009)、郑光美(2017)、蒋志刚等(2017)和魏辅文等(2021)的分类系统, 其中部分近缘物种, 如鬣羚属(Capricornis)、麂属(Muntiacus)、麝属(Moschus)等的物种鉴定方式见附录1。同一物种的连续照片和视频以间隔30 min作为1次独立捕获(O’Brien et al, 2003), 将识别结果汇总并建立Excel数据库。采用R软件的vegan包绘制物种累积曲线(Oksanen et al, 2020), 其余数据处理和分析使用Python 3.9和Microsoft Excel 2019完成。
通过计算各物种每100个相机工作日里的独立捕获次数, 得到其相对多度(relative abundance index, RAI) (O’Brien et al, 2003), 计算公式为:
其中, Ti为相机位点i的相机工作天数, Ni为相机位点i某一物种的独立捕获次数。
其中, Pi是物种i的独立捕获次数占全部物种独立捕获总次数的比例, S是整个监测区或各海拔段的全部物种数。
其中, pij和pik是物种j和物种k对第i个海拔段(以200 m为间隔, 600-800 m, …, 4,200-4,400 m, n = 19)的利用程度, 采用相对多度表示。
另一方面, 通过比较旱季和雨季物种相对多度的差异, 也可以比较食肉动物与有蹄类在季节分布上的动态变化与关系, 补充已有文献在雨季监测数据上的空缺。选取旱季(2020年10月至2021年3月)和雨季(2021年4-9月)均进行监测的相机位点(共78个), 采用Wilcoxon Signed-Rank检验比较各物种在两个季节的相对多度差异。
2 结果
2.1 监测区生物多样性现状
本次调查回收206台次相机, 累计监测24,741个相机工作日, 共获得野生动物的独立有效视频12,010段, 其中兽类9,613段, 鸟类1,906段, 无法识别的物种491段, 此外亦拍摄到人类及家畜活动的独立有效视频1,800段。共记录到物种136种, 其中可确定物种的兽类37种, 分属4目14科, 此外还记录到难以定种的鼠兔、鼠类和蝙蝠; 鸟类99种, 分属9目28科(附录2)。拍摄到的动物中, 有国家I级重点保护野生动物14种, 其中兽类10种, 即豺(Cuon alpinus)、金猫(Catopuma temminckii)、云豹(Neofelis nebulosa)、大灵猫(Viverra zibetha)、喜马拉雅鬣羚(Capricornis thar)、羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)①(①羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)又称扭角羚(Wei & Hu, 2022), 亦有研究者将其分为贡山羚牛(B. taxicolor, 又称高黎贡羚牛、米什米羚牛)、不丹羚牛(B. whitei)、四川羚牛(B. tibetana)、秦岭羚牛(B. bedfordi) 4个物种(Groves & Grubb, 2011; 蒋志刚等, 2017), 此外也有研究者采用喜马拉雅羚牛(B. taxicolor, 包含贡山羚牛和不丹羚牛两个亚种)和中华羚牛(B. tibetana, 包含四川羚牛和秦岭羚牛两个亚种)两个物种的分类(Yang et al, 2022)。本调查中拍摄到的羚牛属于喜马拉雅羚牛, 其中派镇的部分相机位点拍摄到的羚牛形态近似不丹羚牛, 其他相机位点拍摄到的羚牛形态近似贡山羚牛。)、赤斑羚(Naemorhedus baileyi)、黑麝(Moschus fuscus)、林麝(M. berezovskii)和马麝(M. chrysogaster); 鸟类4种, 即灰腹角雉(Tragopan blythii)、棕尾虹雉(Lophophorus impejanus)、白尾梢虹雉(L. sclateri)和黄喉雉鹑(Tetraophasis szechenyii)。另有国家II级重点保护野生动物37种: 兽类13种, 鸟类24种。被IUCN红色名录评估为濒危(EN)的动物5种, 即豺、小熊猫(Ailurus fulgens)②(②亦有研究者将小熊猫(Ailurus fulgens)分类为喜马拉雅小熊猫(A. fulgens)和中华小熊猫(A. styani)两个物种(Hu et al, 2020)。本调查中拍摄到的小熊猫在形态上近似中华小熊猫。)、黑麝、林麝和马麝。CITES附录I物种15种, 附录II物种17种。
整个监测区内相对多度最高的物种是赤麂(Muntiacus vaginalis, 11.717), 其次为黄喉貂(Martes flavigula, 2.554)、猕猴(Macaca mulatta, 2.401)、赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus, 1.900)、喜马拉雅鬣羚(1.815); 鸟类中相对多度最高的为黑鹇(Lophura leucomelanos, 2.482), 其次为紫啸鸫(Myophonus caeruleus, 1.164)、环颈山鹧鸪(Arborophila torqueola, 0.493)、长尾地鸫(Zoothera dixoni, 0.384)、红喉山鹧鸪(Arborophila rufogularis, 0.364)。各样区各物种相对多度见附录2。
整个监测区的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')为3.026, 且随海拔梯度上升呈先增加后减少的趋势, 在2,500-3,500 m海拔段达到峰值3.074, 海拔段1,500-2,500 m (H' = 2.799)和3,500-4,500 m (H' = 2.800)的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数相近, 低海拔段(500-1,500 m)的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数较低(H' = 2.174)。物种累积曲线显示整个监测区内记录到的兽类物种数趋于饱和(图2)。
图2
图2
雅鲁藏布大峡谷红外相机调查物种累积曲线
Fig. 2
Species accumulative curve of camera trapping survey in Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, China
2.2 食肉动物与有蹄类动物的海拔分布变化
将主要食肉动物和有蹄类动物不同海拔的分布统计制成提琴图(图3)。从海拔分布的结果来看, 食肉动物中, 豺(2,265 ± 565 m; 分布范围1,060-4,086 m)、金猫(2,103 ± 779 m; 分布范围1,060-4,274 m)、豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis, 1,669 ± 592 m; 分布范围646-3,699 m)、黑熊(Ursus thibetanus, 2,192 ± 917 m; 分布范围738-4,086 m)和黄喉貂(2,302 ± 683 m; 分布范围646-4,214 m)的海拔分布范围较广。云豹(1,445 ± 452 m; 分布范围812-2,386 m)和云猫(1,907 ± 405 m; 分布范围812-2,637 m)主要分布在中低海拔, 分布的海拔段相似。小熊猫(3,193 ± 304 m; 分布范围2,152-3,393 m)则主要分布在中高海拔。Pianka指数显示(附录3), 豺和云豹两种顶级食肉动物的海拔分布重叠度较低(0.27), 而豺与金猫(0.75)和云猫(0.70)这两种中小型猫科动物的海拔分布重叠度较高, 云豹和云猫虽均分布在中低海拔, 但海拔分布重叠度较低(0.37)。
图3
图3
雅鲁藏布大峡谷食肉动物和有蹄类动物海拔分布提琴图
Fig. 3
Violin plot of the elevation distribution of carnivores and ungulates in Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, China
有蹄类动物中(图3), 中华鬣羚(Capricornis milneedwardsii)主要分布在中高海拔(3,268 ± 480 m; 分布范围1,496-4,360 m), 喜马拉雅鬣羚主要分布在中低海拔(1,990 ± 901 m; 分布范围812-4,086 m), 在米林派镇也有在高海拔区域的记录(3,858 m, 4,086 m), 中华鬣羚和喜马拉雅鬣羚的海拔分布重叠度很低(Pianka指数为0.06)。野猪(Sus scrofa, 2,057 ± 427 m; 分布范围1,078-3,056 m)、赤麂(1,389 ± 389 m; 分布范围646-3,393 m)、贡山麂(Muntiacus gongshanensis, 2,230 ± 286 m; 分布范围1,060-2,676 m)、赤斑羚(2,370 ± 619 m; 分布范围972-2,880 m)主要分布在中低海拔, 赤麂和贡山麂的海拔分布重叠度较低(Pianka指数为0.24), 羚牛则除在米林派镇有1次3,858 m的记录外, 主要记录于中低海拔(1,439 ± 366 m; 分布范围972-3,858 m); 黑麝(3,899 ± 75 m; 分布范围3,881-4,214 m)、林麝(3,645 ± 77 m; 分布范围3,536-3,699 m)和马麝(4,010 ± 108 m; 分布范围3,858-4,086 m)均分布在海拔3,500 m以上的高海拔区域, 但由于捕获次数较少, 尚无法看出海拔分布的分化。
通过比较食肉动物与有蹄类动物的Pianka指数可发现, 豺和野猪的海拔分布重叠度较高(0.62), 云豹则与赤麂(0.72)的海拔分布重叠度较高。各样区内物种间的海拔分布重叠度基本符合整体的海拔分布重叠度特征。
2.3 食肉动物与有蹄类动物活动的季节分布变化
对拍摄到主要食肉动物和有蹄类动物的相机位点分旱季和雨季统计各位点该物种的相对多度, 并检验是否有显著差异(图4)。从季节分布的结果来看, 食肉动物中豺、云豹、金猫、云猫的相对多度在旱季显著高于雨季, 花面狸(Paguma larvata)则在雨季显著高于旱季; 有蹄类动物中野猪和喜马拉雅鬣羚的旱季相对多度显著高于雨季, 赤斑羚呈现同样的趋势, 但区别不显著, 其余几种有蹄类动物在两个季节的活动无明显区别, 其中羚牛的雨季记录主要集中在4月。
图4
图4
雅鲁藏布大峡谷食肉动物和有蹄类动物各位点相对多度在雨季和旱季间的差异。* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01。
Fig. 4
Relative abundance index (RAI) differences between rainy season and dry season of carnivores and ungulates in Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, China. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01.
3 讨论
3.1 丰富的物种多样性
本次监测共记录到兽类37种, 鸟类99种, 其中国家I级、II级重点保护野生动物共51种。结合已有文献中调查的结果(温立嘉等, 2014; 吴建普等, 2016; 李学友等, 2020; Li et al, 2021a, b; 李学友, 2022①(①李学友 (2022) 雅鲁藏布江大峡谷国家级自然保护区红外相机记录兽类物种多样性采样清单(2021). 国家青藏高原科学数据中心, DOI: 10.11888/HumanNat.tpdc.272650. CSTR: 18406.11.HumanNat.tpdc.272650.)), 雅鲁藏布大峡谷现有红外相机调查共记录到43科157种, 其中兽类14科45种, 鸟类29科112种。
在其他拥有丰富生物多样性的热带季雨林区域, 如高黎贡山国家级自然保护区, 红外相机调查记录的兽类在12-37种, 鸟类在5-44种, 其中国家I级、II级重点保护野生动物数量累积为41种(陈奕欣等, 2016; 高歌等, 2017; Li et al, 2019; 李学友等, 2020); 西双版纳国家级自然保护区的红外相机调查记录的兽类在12-43种, 鸟类在16-50种, 其中国家I级、II级重点保护野生动物为52种(张明霞等, 2014; 白德凤等, 2018; 贺如川等, 2020; 李学友等, 2020); 海南尖峰岭国家级自然保护区的红外相机调查记录兽类17种, 鸟类47种, 国家I级、II级重点保护野生动物21种(莫锦华等, 2019, 2021)。与以上区域相比, 本次为期一年的雅鲁藏布大峡谷红外相机调查记录的物种多样性高, 濒危物种种类多, 峡谷区域亟待更多保护与研究投入。雅鲁藏布大峡谷较高的生物多样性可能得益于峡谷内巨大的海拔落差, 多种生境类型为不同物种提供了多样的栖息地; 且雅鲁藏布大峡谷处于喜马拉雅山脉与横断山脉之间, 位于多个动物区系的交汇地带, 例如从动物地理区划看, 墨脱地区属于东洋界, 却在本次调查中记录到了棕熊(Ursus arctos)这一古北界的物种(张荣祖和郑昌琳, 1985)。
本次记录到10个之前红外相机监测(温立嘉等, 2014; 吴建普等, 2016; 李学友等, 2020; 徐婉芸等, 2020; Li et al, 2021a, b)未拍摄到的兽类和雉类物种(附录4), 即林麝、马麝、棕熊、亚洲狗獾(Meles leucurus)、黄鼬(Mustela sibirica)、灰头小鼯鼠(Petaurista caniceps)、黑白飞鼠(Hylopetes alboniger)、灰鼯鼠(Petaurista xanthotis)、白尾梢虹雉和灰腹角雉, 进一步增补了物种记录, 表明保护区内开展红外相机物种监测仍具潜力。在保护区内持续开展基于红外相机的物种调查, 有助于监测濒危物种的状态与变化、发现潜在的新记录种和新物种。
此外, 本研究有8个位点在同一位置记录到云豹和豺两种大型食肉动物。云豹和豺曾在我国多个省份有分布(张荣祖, 1997), 但目前豺仅在甘肃、西藏、青海、新疆、四川和云南有零星记录(Kamler et al, 2015; Xue et al, 2015; Li et al, 2020), 云豹更是仅记录于云南、西藏的部分区域(马子驭等, 2022)。本研究中云豹和豺的相对多度分别为0.178和0.816, 在国内的红外相机调查中处于较高的水平(施小刚等, 2017; 白德凤等, 2018; 宋志勇等, 2019)。此外, 金猫的相对多度高达0.687, 在已有国内外研究中也处于较高的水平(Azlan & Sharma, 2006; 武阿莉等, 2014; Yongdrup et al, 2019; 宋志勇等, 2019)。大型食肉动物作为其所在生态系统中的顶级捕食者, 与次级捕食者共同塑造生态系统的营养与群落结构, 因此其种群数量是一个健康完整的生态系统的重要标志(Ripple et al, 2014); 雅鲁藏布大峡谷因交通闭塞, 人类活动少于其他区域, 所以栖息地较为完整, 猎物资源相对丰富(本研究中记录有蹄类动物11种)。
3.2 不同海拔食肉动物和有蹄类动物分布
本研究显示, 保护区内不同海拔食肉动物与有蹄类动物的分布和重叠度均存在差异, 不同海拔可能均存在完整营养结构。为保护整个生态系统的稳定性与完整性, 应对保护区各海拔均开展监测与保护。
3.3 食肉动物和有蹄类动物季节活动规律变化
以往研究显示, 秦岭羚牛、喜马拉雅鬣羚随季节存在海拔迁徙, 冬季会在偏低海拔活动(Wang et al, 2010; Srivastava & Kumar, 2018)。本研究中记录到的羚牛多集中在1,000-2,000 m之间, 与以往研究相比偏低(吴鹏举和张恩迪, 2006; 陈超等, 2019), 可能的原因是羚牛雨季迁徙到高海拔区域, 而本研究高海拔相机位点未覆盖羚牛的生境, 存在采样偏差; 本研究在雨季记录的羚牛多为4月, 正值羚牛的迁徙期(Wang et al, 2010), 也解释了部分相机位点雨季羚牛的高相对多度。低海拔区域也是人类活动较为频繁的区域, 在不丹的研究显示, 豺对家畜的捕食强度与放牧的季节变化有关(Thinley et al, 2011)。后续应关注保护区内放牧情况等人类活动对野生动物的影响及人兽冲突, 特别是旱季的情况。
3.4 雅鲁藏布大峡谷保护的挑战与展望
本研究显示, 本区域物种多样性丰富, 各个海拔段食肉动物和有蹄类动物的群落结构存在差异。与雨季相比, 旱季中低海拔区域记录到的物种更加丰富。调查过程中发现本区域仍然存在猎套、兽铗等盗猎威胁。近年来, 随着交通变得便捷, 雅鲁藏布大峡谷保护区外来人为活动和工程建设越来越频繁, 可能带来垃圾、对野生动物干扰、栖息地破坏等一系列负面影响, 对中低海拔地区影响尤为明显, 因此更应加强整体保护与管理(Li et al, 2021b)。
现有的雅鲁藏布大峡谷国家级自然保护区、工布自然保护区等由于保护范围与级别等因素的限制, 无法应对本区域未来面临的各种复杂挑战; 尤其是对于大规模的工程规划建设, 其生态影响急需评估和谨慎决策。有学者呼吁选择在雅鲁藏布江下游及支流区域生态与景观价值典型、集中的区域建立国家公园, 以保护该区域生态系统的原真性和完整性(Wang et al, 2021)。
本研究通过调查和分析西藏雅鲁藏布大峡谷的物种多样性, 进一步支持论证了本区域的生态价值和保护迫切性, 为未来国家公园等保护地的规划和论证提供了数据支持, 建议相关保护部门、研究机构、社会组织和社区共同合作, 进一步加强本地区完整的生态系统和生物多样性的保护和管理。
附录 Supplementary Material
附录1 部分有蹄类物种(鬣羚属、麂属、麝属)的鉴定方式
Appendix 1 Species identification methods for certain ungulates (i.e., Capricornis spp., Muntiacus spp., Moschus spp.)
附录2 雅鲁藏布大峡谷区域不同监测样区鸟兽多样性
Appendix 2 Mammals and birds at different monitoring areas in Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon area, China
附录3 犬科、猫科食肉动物与有蹄类动物海拔生态位重叠的Pianka指数
Appendix 3 Pianka index indicating elevational niche overlap of Canidae, Felidae, and ungulates
附录4 雅鲁藏布大峡谷区域红外相机新拍摄到的物种
Appendix 4 Species newly recorded by camera traps in Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon area, China
致谢
本研究得到国家林业和草原局自然保护地管理司、西藏自治区林业和草原局、林芝市林业和草原局、墨脱县人民政府和墨脱县林业和草原局的指导和支持。中国绿色碳汇基金会、北京中金公益基金会、广汽丰田对本研究的开展提供了支持。山水自然保护中心更尕依严、求尼旦土、郭钰琦等同事参加了红外相机野外数据收集和照片鉴定工作。谨此一并致谢！
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On mammals from southeastern Xizang (Tibet)
西藏东南部兽类的区系调查
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Between August 2009 and April 2013, in the Guanyingshan Nature Reserve, Shaanxi Province, we collected photo data on six ungulates (Budorcas taxicolor, Naemorhedus griseus, Elaphodus cephalophus, Capricornis milneedwardsii, Muntiacus reevesi and Moschus berezovskii) with 18 infrared cameras. Using the relative abundance index (RAI), we analyzed activity patterns and seasonal differences of these six species. The results show that: (1) their total RAI in the study area reaches 58.71%, the RAI of B. taxicolor was 28.02%, and it was 13.24% for N. griseus, 10.08% for E. cephalophus, 4.21% for C. milneedwardsii, 2.26% for M. reevesi, and 0.90% for M. berezovskii. (2) Monthly RAIs (MRAI) of six ungulates reflected seasonal activity patterns; B. taxicolor, N. griseus, E. cephalophus, C. milneedwardsii, M. reevesi exhibited similar activity patterns. These species were most active in summer, became inactive in autumn and winter, and then gradually increased activity in spring. M. berezovskii, on the other hand, was most active in winter and least active in summer. (3) The time-period relative abundance indices (TRAI) of the six ungulates reflect their daily activity patterns. B. taxicolor and N. griseus have similar daily activity patterns with an active peak at 06:00-20:00.The daily activity pattern of E. cephalophus, M. reevesi and M. berezovskii showed obvious crepuscular habits. C. milneedwardsii also has two peaks but at 02:00-06:00 and 20:00-22:00 implying nocturnal activities. (4) Comparative analyses of daily activity patterns among the four seasons showed that B. taxicolor displayed a different pattern in spring with an activity peak at 16:00-20:00. Compared with other seasons, N. gresius, E. cephalophus and C. milneedwardsii have different patterns in winter with either a delayed or advanced activity peak. In the case of M. reevesi, spring daily activity patterns showed two peaks at 00:00-10:00 and 18:00-20:00. Due to a paucity of captures, M. berezovskii showed different activity patterns in all four seasons. (5) Analysis of the nocturnality showed that C. milneedwardsii was obviously nocturnal with a nighttime relative abundance index (NRAI) of 65.81%. Our results help us to understand the activity patterns of these ungulates in Qinling, to monitor their population dynamics, and provide a theoretical basis and data support for the nature reserves to protect the ungulate animals more efficiently.
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DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.140073
[本文引用: 1]
2009年8月至2013年4月期间, 在陕西观音山自然保护区, 利用18台红外相机收集到羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)、川西斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus)、中华鬣羚(Capricornis milneedwardsii)、毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)、小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)、林麝(Moschus berezovskii) 6种有蹄类动物的照片数据, 通过相对丰富度指数分析了它们的活动规律及季节性差异。结果表明: (1)6种有蹄类动物在研究区域总丰富度达到了58.71%, 其中羚牛的相对丰富度是28.02%, 川西斑羚13.24%, 毛冠鹿10.08%, 中华鬣羚4.21%, 小麂2.26%, 林麝0.90%。(2)6种有蹄类动物的月相对丰富度反映了其年活动格局, 其中羚牛、川西斑羚、毛冠鹿、中华鬣羚、小麂表现出一致性, 即夏季活动最为频繁, 秋季减弱, 冬季达到活动低谷, 春季逐渐回升; 而林麝则在冬季活动最为频繁, 夏季最弱。(3)日时间段相对丰富度反映了动物全年的日活动规律, 其中川西斑羚和羚牛相似, 主要以白天活动为主; 毛冠鹿、小麂、林麝具有明显的晨昏活动习性; 中华鬣羚活动高峰出现在02:00-06:00和20:00-22:00, 以夜间活动为主。(4)分析不同季节6种有蹄类动物日活动规律, 羚牛在春季出现一定的差异, 活动高峰出现在16:00-20:00; 川西斑羚、毛冠鹿、中华鬣羚在冬季表现出一定的差异, 活动高峰相对延迟或者提前; 小麂春季表现出差异, 活动主要集中在00:00-10:00和18:00-20:00; 林麝由于数据相对较少, 在4个季节表现出不同的活动规律。(5)夜行性分析得到中华鬣羚具有较强的夜间活动能力, 夜间相对丰富度达到了65.81%。这些研究结果有助于监测有蹄类动物种群的变化, 为保护区有效保护管理提供了数据支持。
China’s mammal diversity (2nd edition)
DOI:10.17520/biods.2017098 URL [本文引用: 2]
中国哺乳动物多样性(第2版)
DOI:10.17520/biods.2017098
[本文引用: 2]
鉴于哺乳动物分类系统的修订、中国哺乳动物的新发现以及保育实践的需要, 有必要更新中国哺乳动物多样性编目。在收集整理2015年3月以来发表的中国哺乳动物新种和新分布记录种的基础上, 我们采用新的分类系统, 综合作者的最新研究, 补充了以前知之甚少的藏南地区哺乳动物信息, 更新了中国哺乳动物多样性编目。主要修改有: (1)将鲸偶蹄类(Cetartiodactyla)列为总目, 将鲸类与偶蹄类恢复为鲸目(Cetacea)和偶蹄目(Artiodactyla); (2)劳亚食虫目增加了新种霍氏缺齿鼩(Chodsigoa hoffmanni)、林猬一新种(Mesechinus sp.)及由亚种提升为种的烟黑缺齿鼩(Chodsigoa furva); (3)翼手目增补了梵净山管鼻蝠(Murina fanjingshanensis)、渡濑氏鼠耳蝠(Myotis rufoniger)和葛氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus subbadius), 删除了毛须鼠耳蝠(Myotis hirsutus)和琉球长翼蝠(Miniopterus fuscus); (4)灵长目增补了高黎贡白眉长臂猿(Hoolock tianxing)、戴帽叶猴(Trachypithecus pileatus)、懒猴(Nycticebus coucang)和西白眉长臂猿(Hoolock hoolock); (5)食肉目增补了分布在中国藏南的懒熊(Melursus ursinus)、亚洲胡狼(Canis aureus)、孟加拉狐(Vulpes bengakensis)、灰獴(Herpestes edwardsii)和渔猫(Felis viverrinus); (6)依据Wilson和Mittermeier Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2, Ungulates (2012)的偶蹄类分类系统, 重新厘定了中国偶蹄目动物分类。偶蹄目增加了阿尔泰盘羊(Ovis ammon)、哈萨克盘羊(O. collium)、高黎贡羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)和印度麂(Muntiacus muntjak)。将中国境内的梅花鹿合并为Cervus nippon、驼鹿合并为Alces alces。删去了阿拉善马鹿(Cervus alashanicus)、四川马鹿(C. macneilli)和矮岩羊(Psuodois sharferi)。将分布在西双版纳的小鼷鹿定为鼷鹿未定种(Tragulus sp.); (7)鲸目增加了恒河豚(Platanista gangetica), 删除了长喙真海豚(Delphinus capensis), 将短喙真海豚(D. delphis)的中文名修改为真海豚; (8)啮齿目增加了小板齿鼠(Bandicota bengalensis)、小猪尾鼠(Typhlomys nanus)、墨脱松田鼠(Neodon medogensis)、聂拉木松田鼠(N. nyalamensis)以及由亚种提升为种的大猪尾鼠(Typhlomys daloushanensis); 还增加了甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalax cansus)、比氏鼯鼠(Biswamoyopterus biswasi)、白腹鼠(Niviventer niviventer)、印度小鼠(Mus booduga)。删去了休氏壮鼠(Hadromys humei)。同时厘清了我国田鼠亚科Arvicolini族的分类; (9)兔形目增加了粗毛兔(Caprolagus hispidus)和尼泊尔黑兔(Lepus nigricollis)。理清了鼠兔属(Ochotona)的分类, 降级了5个鼠兔种, 提升了4个鼠兔亚种为种, 增加了5个新种。中国有29种鼠兔分布, 北美鼠兔(O. princeps)、斑颈鼠兔(O. collaris)、荷氏鼠兔(O. hoffinanni)、阿富汗鼠兔(O. rufescens)和草原鼠兔(O. pusilla)在中国没有分布。与2015年的《中国哺乳动物多样性》比较, 本编目删除了21个种, 新增了41个种, 其中, 新增了藏南地区分布的哺乳动物16种。截至2017年8月底, 中国记录到哺乳动物13目56科248属693种, 比《中国哺乳动物多样性》多1目1科3属20种。人们对18种中国哺乳动物的分类地位尚存在争议。中国有146种特有哺乳动物, 占中国哺乳动物总数的21%。兔形目、劳亚食虫目和偶蹄目中的特有种比率分别为37%、35%和25%。
Reproductive and social behaviour of the dhole, Cuon alpinus (Canidae)
DOI:10.1111/jzo.1982.198.issue-4 URL [本文引用: 1]
Diet, prey selection, and activity of Asian golden cats and leopard cats in northern Laos
DOI:10.1093/jmammal/gyaa113
URL
[本文引用: 1]
The Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) occurs in small, declining, and highly fragmented populations throughout Southeast Asia, whereas the smaller leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is common and widespread. In contrast to leopard cats, little is known about the ecology of Asian golden cats, and resource partitioning between these species has not been studied. We used DNA-confirmed scats, camera-trap data, and prey surveys, to determine the diet, prey selection, and activity, of Asian golden cats and leopard cats in a protected area in northern Laos. The two felids had different diets: Asian golden cats consumed mostly ungulates (35% biomass consumed), murid rodents (23%), and carnivores (15%), whereas leopard cats consumed mostly murid rodents (79%). Asian golden cats were not random in their consumption of ungulates, because muntjac (Muntiacus spp.) were selectively consumed over larger ungulates, indicating muntjac were preyed upon rather than scavenged. Dietary overlap between the two felid species was moderate (R0 = 0.60), and the dietary niche breadth of Asian golden cats (B = 8.44) was nearly twice as high as that of leopard cats (4.54). The mean (± SD) scat diameter was greater for Asian golden cats (2.1 ± 0.3 cm) than leopard cats (1.8 ± 0.2 cm), although diameters of leopard cat scats were considerably larger than previously assumed for this species. The felid species differed in their activity patterns, because Asian golden cats were diurnal, whereas leopard cats were nocturnal, although they did not differ in their use of elevation, suggesting there was no habitat segregation. Overall, leopard cats appeared to coexist with Asian golden cats, a potential predator and competitor, by exhibiting dietary and temporal partitioning. Our results showed that muntjac were important prey of Asian golden cats, suggesting the management of muntjac might be important for conserving populations of Asian golden cats.
Food habits and activity patterns of the Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia
DOI:10.3106/1348-6160-33.4.173 URL [本文引用: 1]
The zonation of vegetation in the Mt. Namjagbarwa region
南迦巴瓦峰地区植被水平地带
White-cheeked macaque (Macaca leucogenys): A new macaque species from Medog, southeastern Tibet
DOI:10.1002/ajp.22394
PMID:25809642
[本文引用: 1]
We describe a newly discovered Macaca species from the Medog, in southeastern Tibet, China, Macaca leucogenys sp. nov or the "white-cheeked macaque". Based on 738 photos taken during direct observations and captured by camera traps this new species appears to be distinct from the Macaca sinica species group. Moreover, the species is distinguished from all potential sympatric macaque species (M. mulatta, M. thibetana, M. assamensis, and M. munzala) in exhibiting a suite of pelage characteristics including relatively uniform dorsal hair pattern, hairy ventral pelage, relative hairless short tail, prominent pale to white side- and chin-whiskers creating a white cheek and round facial appearance, dark facial skin on the muzzle, long and thick hairs on its neck, and a round rather than arrow-shaped male genitalia. This new macaque species was found to exploit a diverse set of habitat types from tropical forest at 1395 m, to primary and secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest at 2000 m, as well as mixed broadleaf-conifer forest at 2700 m. Its range may extend to neighboring counties in Tibet and the part of southeastern Tibet controlled by India. The white-cheeked macaque is threatened by illegal hunting and the construction of hydropower stations. Discovery of this new primate species further highlights the high value for biodiversity conservation of southeastern Tibet and calls for more intensive surveys, studies, and environmental protection in this area.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China
DOI:10.11609/jott.2019.11.11.14391-14470 URL [本文引用: 1]
Camera-trapping in wildlife research and conservation in China: Review and outlook
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14203
[本文引用: 1]
During the last two decades, infrared-triggered camera-trapping has been widely used in wildlife and biodiversity research and conservation. In the areas of wildlife ecology research, animal species inventory, biodiversity monitoring and protected area management in China, considerable outputs have been produced by scientific research and conservation applications based on camera-trapping. This technique has been successfully used to detect rare or elusive species, conduct biodiversity inventory, study animal behavior, estimate population parameters, and evaluate the effectiveness of protected area management. Along with the rapid development of modern ecological analysis and modeling tools, camera-trapping will play a more important role in wildlife research at various levels. Meanwhile, along with improvements in techniques, decreasing cost and increasing application interests, camera-trapping will be adopted by more researchers, wildlife managers and protected areas, and can be used for systematic wildlife monitoring using standard protocols. Efforts devoted to its future development and applications should focus on establishing systematically-designed monitoring networks and data-sharing protocols, and developing new analytical approaches and statistical models specifically based on camera-trapping data.
红外相机技术在我国野生动物研究与保护中的应用与前景
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14203
[本文引用: 1]
20年来, 红外相机技术在国内外野生动物研究、监测与保护中得到了广泛应用。基于红外相机技术, 我国在野生动物生态学研究、动物行为学研究、稀有物种的探测与记录、动物本底资源调查、生物多样性监测及保护地管理与保护评价等领域取得了众多成果。目前, 数学模型、统计分析方法和新的概念正在促进红外相机技术在野生动物监测研究与保护管理中的发展和推广应用。同时, 随着红外相机技术的成熟、成本降低和应用普及, 这一技术也将会被更多的野生动物研究人员、管理人员和自然保护区管理者所采用, 并成为全国各级保护地和区域生物多样性监测研究的关键技术和方法。今后, 建立并完善系统化的监测网络和数据共享平台、开发新一代的数据分析方法与模型, 将是此项技术进一步发展和应用的主要方向。
Retreat of large carnivores across the giant panda distribution range
Camera-trapping monitoring platform for mammals and pheasants in the Longitudinal Range and Gorge Region of Southwest China: Protocol, progress and future outlook
DOI:10.17520/biods.2020105 URL [本文引用: 4]
西南纵向岭谷区兽类及雉类红外相机监测平台: 方案、进展与前景
Camera-trap surveys reveal high diversity of mammals and pheasants in Medog, Tibet
DOI:10.1017/S0030605319001467
URL
[本文引用: 6]
Medog County lies within the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot, but biodiversity in the region remains largely unexplored as there was no permanent road access until 2014. Here we present data from camera-trap surveys in five areas of Medog County, to ascertain the occurrence and occupancy of threatened wildlife species. With a total survey effort of 4,570 trap days we detected 23 medium and large terrestrial mammal species and six pheasant species, 13 of which are categorized as Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List and 19 of which are categorized as regionally threatened on the China Species Red List. Carnivora was the most diverse order, with 15 species recorded. Our study produced the first camera-trap photographic evidence of the Bengal tiger Panthera tigris tigris in China. In addition, we detected the dhole Cuon alpinus, golden cat Catopuma temminckii, marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata and mainland clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa, highlighting the conservation value of the region. The occupancy of muntjac Muntiacus spp. was high (52.7%), indicating prey for large carnivores was abundant. People, livestock and domestic dogs were also recorded frequently, suggesting the fauna are potentially threatened by human disturbance. In the light of recent development in the region, conservation efforts are urgently required, to prevent prey depletion and habitat degradation in this priority region for conservation.
Human disturbance and prey occupancy as predictors of carnivore richness and biomass in a Himalayan hotspot
DOI:10.1111/acv.v24.1 URL [本文引用: 3]
Research on glacial/rock fall-landslide-debris flows in Sedongpu basin along Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet
雅鲁藏布江色东普沟崩滑-碎屑流堵江灾害初步研究
Study on ecology and resources of black bear in Tibet
西藏黑熊生态学和资源状况研究
On the behavioural biology of the mainland serow: A comparative study
DOI:10.3390/ani10091669
URL
[本文引用: 1]
Comparative behavioural studies help reconstruct the phylogeny of closely related species. In that respect, the serows Capricornis spp. occupy an important position as they have been assumed to be the closest forms to the ancestors of Caprinae. In spite of that, information on the behavioural repertoire of the mainland serow Capricornis sumatraensis is exceedingly poor. In this paper, we report data on the activity rhythms and social behaviour of rutting mainland serows in captivity (Central Thailand, January 1986; January–February 1987). Activity was bimodal with peaks in mid-afternoon and late night. Resting and ruminating peaked at noon and twilight. Four patterns of marking behaviour were observed out of a total of 1900 events. Males and females were found to use different marking sites and frequencies. A total of 33 social behaviour patterns were observed: 18 patterns concerned agonistic behaviour, whereas 15 patterns were relevant to courtship behaviour. A comparison across Caprinae species with unritualised piercing weapons (i.e., Capricornis, Naemorhedus, Rupicapra, Budorcas, and Hemitragus) has shown that inter-sexual direct forms of aggressive behaviour are used significantly more often than indirect ones, but for chamois, confirming Rupicapra spp. as the most advanced genus among them in terms of an early ritualisation of weapons. Conversely, horns of the goral Nemorhaedus spp. and the serow lie on the same plane of the frontal bones, thus making possible the usage of a dominance display through frontal pushing.
An update on the current distribution and key habitats of the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) populations in China
中国云豹种群分布现状与关键栖息地信息更新
A survey of mammals and birds diversity in Jianfengling District of Hainan Province by using camera-trapping
利用红外相机调查海南尖峰岭地区兽类和鸟类多样性
Camera-trapping survey on mammals and birds in a forest dynamics plot in Hainan Jianfengling National Nature Reserve
DOI:10.17520/biods.2020350 URL [本文引用: 1]
海南尖峰岭国家级自然保护区森林动态监测样地鸟类和兽类多样性
Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape
DOI:10.1017/S1367943003003172 URL [本文引用: 2]
The structure of lizard communities
DOI:10.1146/ecolsys.1973.4.issue-1 URL [本文引用: 1]
Distribution and population status of Himalayan musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in the Machiara National Park, AJ&K
Status and ecological effects of the world’s largest carnivores
A mathematical theory of communication
DOI:10.1002/bltj.1948.27.issue-3 URL [本文引用: 1]
Camera-trapping surveys of the mammal and bird diversity in Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province
DOI:10.17520/biods.2017193
[本文引用: 1]
Wolong National Nature Reserve is the core nature reserve in the reserve network found in the Qionglai Mountains. Between 2014 and 2016, we conducted a baseline survey in Wolong on large fauna using camera-trapping. After an extensive survey effort comprised of 10,961 camera-days from 83 camera stations in 58 survey blocks (1 km × 1 km each), we recorded 32 wild and 4 domestic mammal species (belonging to 6 orders and 15 families) with 2,095 detections. Five and eleven mammals were listed as Class I and Class II Nationally Protected Wildlife, respectively, and 4, 6, and 4 species were listed as EN, VU, and NT species, respectively, according to the IUCN Red List. Among the recorded wild mammals, Carnivora was the order with the greatest species richness (16 from 6 families), followed by Artiodactyla (8 from 4 families) and Rodentia (5 from 2 families), whereas Artiodactyla was the order with greatest detection (accounting for 63.33% of all mammal detections), followed by Carnivora (20.01%) and Rodentia (5.73%). The most detected species in Carnivora was the hog badger (Arctonyx collaris, RAI = 12.23), and tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus, RAI = 32.21) in Artiodactyla. Three large apex carnivores were detected in Wolong, including snow leopard (Panthera uncia), wolf (Canis lupus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus). We recorded 59 bird species (belonging to 5 orders and 18 families) with a total detection of 655, including 4 newly recorded species in the reserve. Pheasants (Galliformes) had the highest detection of bird groups and accounted for 56.76% of all bird detections. Our results provide basic information on the community structure, spatial distribution and relative abundance of terrestrial wild mammals and birds in Wolong, which provide support and guidelines for reserve management and long-term monitoring of Wolong.
利用红外相机调查四川卧龙国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性
DOI:10.17520/biods.2017193
[本文引用: 1]
卧龙国家级自然保护区位于邛崃山脉东南坡, 地处邛崃山自然保护区群的核心地带。2014-2016年, 我们在卧龙保护区内使用红外相机技术开展大中型兽类与鸟类的本底调查。经过10,961个相机工作日的调查, 完成有效调查位点83个, 覆盖58个公里网格。共鉴定出分属6目15科的32种野生兽类和4种家畜, 探测数总计2,095次, 其中国家一、二级重点保护野生动物分别有5、11种, 被IUCN红色名录评估为濒危(EN)、易危(VU)、近危(NT)的动物分别有4、6、4种。野生兽类中, 食肉目物种数最多, 共6科16种, 其次为偶蹄目(4科8种)和啮齿目(2科5种)。偶蹄目是有效拍摄数最多的类群(占总探测数的63.33%), 其次为食肉目(20.01%)和啮齿目(5.73%)。食肉目中相对多度最高的物种是猪獾(Arctonyx collaris, RAI = 12.23), 偶蹄目中最高的物种是毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus, RAI = 32.21)。记录到雪豹(Panthera uncia)、狼(Canis lupus)、豺(Cuon alpinus) 3种大中型顶级食肉兽类。鸟类探测数655 次, 鉴定出分属5目18科的59种鸟类, 其中国家一、二级重点保护野生动物分别有3、9种, 保护区新记录鸟类4种。鸡形目是探测数最高的类群, 占全部鸟类探测数的56.76%。本次调查了解了区内兽类和鸟类的物种组成、空间分布和相对多度, 提供了区内大中型兽类和鸟类群落的初步本底信息, 为后续的保护管理规划和长期监测提供了数据支持和指导。
Application of infrared camera technology in biodiversity monitoring of mammals and birds in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve
红外相机技术在西双版纳国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类多样性监测中的运用
A tribute to Claude Shannon (1916-2001) and a plea for more rigorous use of species richness, species diversity and the ‘Shannon-Wiener’ Index
DOI:10.1046/j.1466-822X.2003.00015.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Seasonal habitat use in three species of wild ungulates in Sikkim Himalaya
DOI:10.1016/j.mambio.2017.11.013 URL [本文引用: 2]
Seasonal diet of dholes (Cuon alpinus) in northwestern Bhutan
DOI:10.1016/j.mambio.2011.02.003 URL [本文引用: 1]
Status and perspective of the research on Paguma larvata
果子狸研究现状与展望
Add Himalaya’s Grand Canyon to China’s first national parks
Primary study on black bear biology in west Sichuan Plateau
川西高原黑熊生物学的初步研究
Migration patterns of two endangered sympatric species from a remote sensing perspective
Coat pattern variation and activity rhythm of Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) in Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve of Tibet, China
DOI:10.17520/biods.2019070 URL [本文引用: 2]
西藏雅鲁藏布大峡谷国家级自然保护区金猫的色型类别与活动节律
Investigation on the population of wild Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Medog, Tibet
西藏墨脱县孟加拉虎种群数量调查
Verification of the vertical distribution pattern of species diversity of non-flying small mammal in the Lebu Valley of Eastern Himalayas, China
东喜马拉雅勒布沟非飞行小型兽类物种多样性垂直分布格局
Avifauna of Medog Region, Xizang
西藏墨脱地区的鸟类区系
Seaborn: Statistical data visualization
DOI:10.21105/joss URL [本文引用: 1]
Catalogue of mammals in China (2021)
中国兽类名录(2021版)
DOI:10.16829/j.slxb.150595
[本文引用: 1]
中国是全球兽类物种多样性最高的国家之一，掌握我国兽类物种多样性和分类地位是兽类学研究的基础前提，也是科学保护野生种群的前提。为厘清中国兽类的物种数量及分类地位等关键分类学信息，中国动物学会兽类学分会组织国内长期致力于兽类各类群分类的科学研究人员，在总结前人研究的基础上，根据最新的形态学和分子遗传学证据，综合现代兽类分类学家意见，经编委会充分讨论，形成了最新的中国兽类名录，包括我国现阶段兽类12目59科254属686种。该中国兽类名录使用基于系统发生关系的分类系统，并对物种有效性进行了充分慎重的确认和讨论。
Preliminary analysis of mammal and bird diversity monitored with camera traps in Medog, Tibet
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13256 [本文引用: 4]
西藏墨脱鸟兽红外相机监测初报
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13256 [本文引用: 4]
Shooting rate of Catopuma temminckii by auto-induction infrared camera and estimation of population density in Changqing Nature Reserve
长青保护区自动感应红外相机金猫拍摄率与种群密度
Monitoring mammals and birds with camera traps at different altitudes of Medog, Tibet
DOI:10.17520/biods.2015106 [本文引用: 4]
西藏墨脱不同海拔区鸟兽红外相机监测
DOI:10.17520/biods.2015106 [本文引用: 4]
Preliminary observation on diet of black bear in Qinling Mountains
秦岭黑熊食性的初步观察
Habitat selection and its seasonal change of serow (Capricornis sumatraensis) in Cibagou Nature Reserve, Tibet
西藏慈巴沟自然保护区鬣羚生境选择的季节性变化
2001 年12 月至2002 年8 月, 在西藏察隅慈巴沟国家级自然保护区采用设立固定样方的方法, 调查鬣羚对植被类型, 海拔、坡度、郁闭度、隐蔽度以及水源距离等指标的选择利用情况。通过计算Ivlev 的选择性指数,对鬣羚植被类型选择及其季节性变化进行了研究。研究发现, 鬣羚冬季主要选择箭竹—针叶林型, 到春季向下迁移, 对针阔混交林的选择性最大, 而夏季向上迁移, 利用范围扩大, 选择类型包括针阔混交林、箭竹—针叶林、杜鹃—针叶林。鬣羚对植被与对海拔高度选择趋势呈极显著相关( P < 0.01), 表明海拔高度和植被类型对鬣羚活动分布有着相似的影响。食物的季节性变化可能是鬣羚对植被类型和垂直高度选择变化的主要原因。鬣羚在春季和冬季对平缓坡利用最大, 夏季对急陡坡利用最大, 这可能是因为随坡位变化而表现出的冬春与夏季差异。但鬣羚对隐蔽度、郁闭度和水源距离这3 个因子的选择并没有表现出明显的季节变化, 仅表现为利用中隐蔽度、高郁闭度和距离水源较近的地方。
Habitat selection of takin (Budorcas taxicolor) in Cibagou Nature Reserve of Tibet, China
西藏慈巴沟自然保护区羚牛栖息地选择
2001 年12 月至2002 年8 月,笔者在西藏慈巴沟自然保护区对羚牛栖息地选择性及其季节变化进行了调查研究。调查中,沿慈巴沟河谷随机选择起始点,系统地设置了187个10 m×10 m 的固定样方,记录了样方所在位置的植被类型、海拔、坡度、坡向、距水源距离、乔木密度、灌木密度、箭竹密度、郁闭度和隐蔽度等,并分别在冬、春、夏三季检查样方是否被羚牛利用。本文通过计算Vanderloeg 选择系数和Scavia 选择指数来研究羚牛对植被的选择性,结果发现羚牛冬季对杜鹃针叶林、箭竹针叶林和针阔混交林具有正选择性,春季则对箭竹针叶林和针阔混交林、夏季对高山灌丛草甸和杜鹃针叶林具有正选择性。对9 个数量化因子进行分组处理,利用Vanderloeg 选择系数和Scavia 选择指数,计算了这些因子在各个季节不同的选择性,进一步分析了羚牛对栖息地的选择性。对9 个数量化因子的判别分析表明,冬、夏及春、夏之间有极显著差异,海拔对判别函数的贡献最大,其它因子如箭竹密度、隐蔽度、郁闭度和乔木密度等贡献也较大,说明这些因子的季节分离明显。而羚牛的冬、春之间判别分析不显著,季节分离的程度较小。在结合其它分布区羚牛栖息地研究的基础上,本文探讨了食物和盐源在羚牛栖息地选择季节变化中的作用。
Applications of camera trapping to wildlife surveys in China
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14244 [本文引用: 1]
红外相机技术在我国野生动物监测研究中的应用
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14244 [本文引用: 1]
Molecular dietary analysis of two sympatric felids in the Mountains of Southwest China Biodiversity Hotspot and conservation implications
DOI:10.1038/srep41909
PMID:28195150
[本文引用: 1]
Dietary information is lacking in most of small to mid-sized carnivores due to their elusive predatory behaviour and versatile feeding habits. The leopard cat (LPC; Prionailurus bengalensis) and the Asiatic golden cat (AGC; Catopuma temminckii) are two important yet increasingly endangered carnivore species in the temperate mountain forest ecosystem in Southwest China, a global biodiversity hotspot and a significant reservoir of China's endemic species. We investigated the vertebrate prey of the two sympatric felids using faecal DNA and a next-generation sequencing (NGS)/metabarcoding approach. Forty vertebrate prey taxa were identified from 93 LPC and 10 AGC faecal samples; 37 taxa were found in the LPC diet, and 20 were detected in the AGC diet. Prey included 27 mammalian taxa, 11 birds, one lizard and one fish, with 73% (29/40) of the taxa assigned to the species level. Rodents and pikas were the most dominant LPC prey categories, whereas rodents, pheasant, fowl and ungulates were the main AGC prey. We also analysed the seasonal and altitudinal variations in the LPC diet. Our results provide the most comprehensive dietary data for these felids and valuable information for their conservation planning.
Analyzing species tolerance to human disturbance in Southeast Tibet using infrared camera data
利用红外相机数据分析藏东南地区物种对人为干扰的耐受性
Records of the dhole (Cuon alpinus) in an arid region of the Altun Mountains in western China
DOI:10.1007/s10344-015-0947-z URL [本文引用: 1]
Evolutionary conservation genomics reveals recent speciation and local adaptation in threatened takins
DOI:10.1093/molbev/msac111
URL
[本文引用: 1]
Incorrect species delimitation will lead to inappropriate conservation decisions, especially for threatened species. The takin (Budorcas taxicolor) is a large artiodactyl endemic to the Himalayan–Hengduan–Qinling Mountains and is well known for its threatened status and peculiar appearance. However, the speciation, intraspecies taxonomy, evolutionary history, and adaptive evolution of this species still remain unclear, which greatly hampers its scientific conservation. Here, we de novo assembled a high-quality chromosome-level genome of takin and resequenced the genomes of 75 wild takins. Phylogenomics revealed that takin was positioned at the root of Caprinae. Population genomics based on the autosome, X chromosome, and Y chromosome SNPs and mitochondrial genomes consistently revealed the existence of two phylogenetic species and recent speciation in takins: the Himalayan takin (B. taxicolor) and the Chinese takin (B. tibetana), with the support of morphological evidence. Two genetically divergent subspecies were identified in both takin species, rejecting three previously proposed taxonomical viewpoints. Furthermore, their distribution boundaries were determined, suggesting that large rivers play important roles in shaping the genetic partition. Compared with the other subspecies, the Qinling subspecies presented the lowest genomic diversity, higher linkage disequilibrium, inbreeding, and genetic load, thus is in urgent need of genetic management and protection. Moreover, coat color gene (PMEL) variation may be responsible for the adaptive coat color difference between the two species following Gloger’s rule. Our findings provide novel insights into the recent speciation, local adaptation, scientific conservation of takins, and biogeography of the Himalaya–Hengduan biodiversity hotspot.
Abundance and distribution of Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii Vigors and Horsfield) and clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa Grifith) in Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhutan
DOI:10.17102/cnr URL [本文引用: 1]
Camera trap survey of animals in Xishuangbanna forest dynamics plot, Yunnan
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14064 [本文引用: 1]
利用红外相机监测西双版纳森林动态样地的野生动物多样性
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14064 [本文引用: 1]
The geographical distribution of mammals and the evolution of mammalian fauna in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau
青藏高原哺乳动物地理分布特征及区系演变
DOI:10.11821/xb198503004
[本文引用: 1]
动物地理学的研究,早已明确第四纪以来欧亚大陆发生过数次冰期,大量第三纪喜暖动物,总的趋势是向南部撤退或被消灭。同时,一些适应于冰缘地带的喜寒种类在北方形成,动物区系产生古北界与东洋界的分化。
Herpetological surveys of Xizang Autonomous Region 2. Medog
西藏两栖爬行动物考察报告2. 墨脱
Diet of an opportunistically frugivorous carnivore, Martes flavigula, in subtropical forest
DOI:10.1644/10-MAMM-A-296.1 URL [本文引用: 2]
