物种编目、分布、性状等是生物多样性研究的基础, 在物种起源与进化、物种形成与灭绝、生物多样性保护等研究中发挥着重要作用(Mi et al, 2021)。物种性状是生物对生存环境的响应和适应, 决定了物种在生态系统中的角色和功能(Wilman et al, 2014; Mammola et al, 2021)。物种特征与物种灭绝风险息息相关。地理分布范围小的物种有更高的灭绝风险, 因为它们更可能遭受自然灾害、遗传漂变和近亲繁殖的影响(Chichorro et al, 2019); 营养级高的物种往往容易受食物链级联效应的影响(Crooks & Soulé, 1999); 妊娠期长、窝崽数少和世代周期长的物种一般很难从种群数量下降的状态恢复(Verde-Arregoitia, 2016); 栖息地和食谱窄的物种, 一旦栖息地或食物资源受到严重破坏, 便难以生存(Boyles & Storm, 2007; Price et al., 2012); 白天活动和树栖的物种通常更容易受到狩猎和森林砍伐等人为活动影响(Tingley et al, 2013; Gaynor et al, 2018); 扩散能力弱的物种更容易受到气候变化和栖息地破坏等因素的威胁。此外, 体型大的物种往往比体型小的物种灭绝风险更高, 可能是因为前者通常数量少、繁殖慢、常常是被捕杀的目标(Cardillo et al, 2005)。在全球环境变化的背景下, 分析物种生活史、生态和地理特征差异、原因和可能后果对保护生物多样性至关重要(Jones et al, 2009; Dawson et al, 2011; Foden et al, 2019)。
目前已有多个全球尺度的脊椎动物性状数据库/数据集建立。例如, Jones等(2009)整合了现存和最近灭绝的哺乳动物的生活史、生态和地理分布特征数据, 建立了PanTHERIA数据库。Wilman等(2014)整合了多个数据源, 建立了几乎包含全球所有现存鸟类(9,993种)和哺乳动物(5,400种)的特征数据集EltonTrait 1.0。该数据集包括体型大小、食性、营养层级和活动模式等生活史特征数据。Soria等(2021)建立了集合数据库COMBINE (COalesced Mammal dataBase of INtrinsic and Extrinsic traits)。COMBINE包含6,234种现存和最近灭绝的哺乳动物的54个特征, 包括形态、繁殖、食性、生物地理、生活习性、物候、活动模式、家域范围和种群密度等信息。然而, 前述特征数据库收录中国哺乳动物最多不超过550种, 各数据库中性状的数量、数据格式不同, 并且同一物种的亚种间生态特征差别可能很大, 所以收集和整合国内的研究数据尤为必要。
中国疆域辽阔, 地貌多样, 气候迥异, 动物区系组成复杂, 是世界上哺乳动物资源最丰富的国家之一。中国也已陆续出版很多有关描述哺乳动物多样性的专著, 如《中国动物志·兽纲》(食肉目: 高耀亭等, 1987; 仓鼠科: 罗泽珣等, 2000; 海兽类: 周开亚, 2004)、《中国哺乳动物分布》(张荣祖, 1997)、《中国濒危动物红皮书: 兽类》(汪松, 1998)、《中国哺乳动物图鉴》(盛和林, 2005)、《中国哺乳动物彩色图鉴》(潘清华等, 2007)、《中国兽类野外手册》(Smith和解焱, 2009)、《中国哺乳动物多样性及地理分布》(蒋志刚等, 2015)、《中国兽类图鉴》(刘少英等, 2019, 2020)和《中国生物多样性红色名录: 脊椎动物 (第一卷)·哺乳动物》(蒋志刚等, 2021)。这些书籍在描述中国哺乳动物自然史、生态学特征、地理分布、濒危状态与保护等方面各有侧重。此外, 由于不同的学者采用不同的分类标准和收录原则, 并且随着时间的推移也不断有物种经厘定、增删和订正, 因此中国哺乳动物物种数量还存在争议(蒋志刚等, 2016, 2017; 余文华等, 2021)。例如, 蒋志刚等(2017)等发表了《中国哺乳动物多样性(第2版)》,共收录中国哺乳动物13目56科248属693种; 蒋志刚等(2021)出版了《中国生物多样性红色名录: 脊椎动物 (第一卷)·哺乳动物》, 收录了中国哺乳动物13目56科248属700种; 魏辅文等(2021)《中国兽类名录2021》收录中国现生兽类686种, 此编目不包含中国局部灭绝种, 如野水牛(Bubalus arnee)、犀牛(Rhinoceros spp.)、高鼻羚羊(Saiga tatarica)等, 未采纳偶蹄类的最新分类系统(Burgin et al, 2018; Mammal Diversity Database, 2021), 而将羚牛(Budorcas spp.)、马鹿(Cervus spp.)、盘羊(Ovis spp.)均分别视为1种; 未收入藏南地区记录的物种, 例如灰獴(Herpestes edwardsii)、印度穿山甲(Manis crassicaudata)、渔猫(Prionailurus viverrinus) (蒋志刚等, 2021)。
中国已建立生物多样性与生态安全大数据平台(
我们通过系统查阅文献和资料, 收集整理了中国754种哺乳动物的体重、脑容量、体长、尾长、前臂长、后足长、耳长、性成熟时间、妊娠期、窝崽数、年窝数、世代长度、食性、家域大小、活动模式、是否特有种、濒危等级、海拔范围、栖息地类型、生物群系、分布型、动物地理区划和分布省份或水域等24个生态特征数据。本数据集以期为哺乳动物宏生态学、进化生物学、生物地理学以及保护生物学研究提供基本信息。
1 数据采集和处理方法
(1)本研究数据收集工作时间为2008‒2021年。根据蒋志刚等(2017, 2021)和魏辅文等(2021)确定中国哺乳动物名录。然后按照国际哺乳动物编目惯例(IUCN, 2021; Mammal Diversity Database, 2021)收入近期区域灭绝和野外灭绝种, 比如犀牛(Rhinoceros spp.)、高鼻羚羊(Saiga tatarica)、爪哇野牛(Bos javanicus)等10种; 按照最新哺乳动物分类系统(Wilson & Mittermeier, 2011; Groves & Grubb, 2013; Mammal Diversity Database, 2021)将羚牛拆分为秦岭羚牛(Budorcas bedfordi)、四川羚牛(B. xizangus)、不丹羚牛(B. whitei)和贡山羚牛(B. taxicolor) 4个独立种, 将盘羊拆分为阿尔泰盘羊(Ovis ammon)、哈萨克盘羊(O. collium)、戈壁盘羊(O. darwini)、西藏盘羊(O. hodgsoni)、华北盘羊(O. jubata)、天山盘羊(O. karelini)和帕米尔盘羊(O. polii) 7个种, 将马鹿拆分为西藏马鹿(Cervus wallichii)、东北马鹿(C. canadensis)和塔里木马鹿(C. hanglu) 3个种, 收录中国新分布记录种越南鼬獾(Melogale cucphuongensis) (Li et al, 2019); 收录藏南地区分布的粗毛兔(Caprolagus hispidus)、懒熊(Melursus ursinus)、恒河豚(Platanista gangetica)等(蒋志刚等, 2017, 2021); 同时也收录了最新发现的物种, 如冯氏白腹鼠(Niviventer fengi) (Ge et al, 2020)、李氏小飞鼠(Priapomys leonardi) (Li et al, 2021)、墨脱鼹(Uropsilus soricipes) (Chen et al, 2021), 最终收录了754种哺乳动物。本数据库收录的哺乳动物种数是目前中国哺乳动物种数的上限。
(2)以《中国濒危动物红皮书: 兽类》(汪松, 1998)、《中国哺乳动物图鉴》(盛和林, 2005)、《中国哺乳动物彩色图鉴》(潘清华, 2007)、《中国兽类野外手册》 (Smith和解焱, 2009)和《中国兽类图鉴》(刘少英等, 2019, 2020)为形态、生活史、繁殖力和生活习性等的基础数据源。以Handbook of the Mammals of the World (Wilson & Mittermeier, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2018, 2019; Wilson et al, 2016, 2017)和全球哺乳动物性状综合数据集(Soria et al, 2021)为生活史和繁殖特征补充数据源, 以Burger等(2019)和González-Suárez等(2021)为脑容量数据源。
(4)查阅《中国动物地理》(张荣祖, 2011), 获取动物分布型和动物地理区划。把其中2界3亚界7区19亚区的区划图进行了矢量化。对于此书未收录的物种使用物种分布区与区划矢量图层叠加以提取区划结果。
(5)从《中国生物多样性红色名录: 脊椎动物 (第一卷)·哺乳动物》(蒋志刚等, 2021)中收集是否中国特有种、濒危等级和分布省份等特征数据。
(6)此外, 查询了中国生物志库——动物数据库(
(7)若经过上述程序和步骤无法获取数据, 则该数据将被确定为目前缺失(not available, NA, 见数据集链接)。
(8)最后, 计算总物种数中有特征数据的物种数比例及不同目水平的特征数据数量, 即为数据完整度。
2 数据描述
24个特征中, 体重、体长、尾长、前臂长、后足长、耳长6个特征反映哺乳动物形态量度, 其中鲸豚类仅记录体重和体长, 性成熟时间、妊娠时间、窝崽数、年窝数、世代长度反映生活史和繁殖特征; 食性、活动模式反映物种生活习性, 其他分布特征则反映了生物地理状况。具体数据描述见数据集中的数据描述文件。除了是否特有种、翼手目前臂长、分布省份或水域, 其他特征数据均存在不同程度的缺失, 数据完整度为30.11%‒100% (图1)。不同目水平的特征数据完整度见附录1。各变量定义和描述详见数据集中的说明文件。需要说明的是, 由于单一文献覆盖的数据有限, 同一物种不同地理区域的样本数据可能会有差异, 所以不同数据源整合过程中可能会出现相互不一致的情况, 这时我们优先参考包含此特征的国内专著及文献, 选择以区间或者平均值形式表示这些数据。
图1
图1
中国754种哺乳动物24个生态特征数据完整度
Fig. 1
Percentage of data completeness for each of the 24 ecological traits for the 754 mammals in China
3 数据质量控制和评估
本数据集主要从数据准备、数据录入、汇总处理及数据检查四个方面进行。前期准备主要是明确数据源、讨论数据收集的方法和步骤, 并对参与人员的数据收集任务进行分工。数据汇总录入阶段, 考虑同物异名和分类学变动情况, 按照既定的数据收集方法和步骤进行, 以减少人为造成的误差。查询国内外发表的论文和哺乳动物相关性状数据库补充完善。数据检查阶段, 会同作者对获取的数据进行交叉核对, 以确保数据输入的准确性。录入的数据通过质量控制方法进行评估, 确保准确无误后入库。
4 数据使用方法和建议
目前, 中国生物资源库缺乏建设规范与数据标准, 资源质量差异较大, 存在交叉重复和空缺、共享水平参差不齐、信息化水平较低等问题(杨明等, 2021; Huang et al, 2021)。研究生物多样性格局及其成因(Safi et al, 2011)、气候变化背景下灭绝风险脆弱性评估(Zhang et al, 2019; Leclerc et al, 2020)、功能多样性变化(Vandewalle et al, 2010; Oliveira et al, 2016; Carmona et al, 2021)、物种对人类活动和城市化响应程度的种特异性(Santini et al, 2019)和物种保护及管理(Hilbers et al, 2016; Morton et al, 2021)等工作迫切需要建立和共享特征数据库。本数据集将补充和完善中国动物主题数据库(
(1)灭绝风险评估。研究发现, 生态学和生活史特征与灭绝风险显著相关(Purvis et al, 2000; Davidson et al, 2009; Ameca et al, 2014; Pearson et al, 2014)。Carmona等(2021)发现灭绝风险不是随机分布的, 而是局限在体型大、生长速度慢或繁殖力低的物种所占据的某些功能空间。这意味着物种灭绝将导致全球范围内功能集聚和同质化, 导致生态功能策略的丧失和重新排列。由于受到过度利用和生境丧失、人类干扰、气候变化、生物入侵等全球环境变化的影响, 中国有181种哺乳动物处于受威胁等级(蒋志刚等, 2021)。分析哪些特定功能特征会导致中国哺乳动物濒危灭绝, 对中国生物多样性保护有重要意义。Shuai等(2021)收集了中国453个陆生哺乳动物的生物学特征、环境因子和人为干扰数据, 从物种特征和外部因素两个方面比较分析了中国陆生哺乳动物的灭绝风险。结果显示, 物种灭绝风险在各科间并非随机分布, 猴科、长臂猿科、猫科、灵猫科、麝科、鹿科和牛科的物种濒危比例明显高于预测值, 地理分布范围大小是决定中国哺乳动物灭绝脆弱性的最重要因素。
(2)预测物种对气候变化的响应和适应。气候变化给动物的生存带来了压力, 动物正在以各种方式和策略应对全球变化, 比如迁移到更寒冷、更高海拔的地区, 改变生活史中迁徙或繁殖时间以适应物候的变化(Cohen et al, 2018)。还有一些物种, 则通过进化改变了体型, 以便更好地调节体温。例如, Ryding等(2021)发现许多温血动物的喙、腿、尾巴、耳朵的尺寸增加, 表明气候变暖可能导致动物的形态变化。由于不同物种具有不同的进化历史和生态特征, 因此气候变化对群落内物种的影响不同。Boutin和Lane (2014)发现表型可塑性和进化适应是哺乳动物应对气候变化的主要策略。理论预测和观测结果都表明动物形态、生活史和行为模式等影响物种对气候变化的响应(Ameca et al, 2013; Santini et al, 2016; Pacifici et al, 2017; McCain, 2019)。例如, Wen等(2017)研究了中国西南亚热带森林30年间(1986年至2014和2015年)气候变化下啮齿动物海拔分布范围变化, 发现气候变暖对啮齿动物在海拔分布变化上的影响呈现出明显的物种异质性。体型较大、栖息地宽度较窄以及饮食需求更专一的物种, 其物种丰度加权范围中心更有可能表现出向高海拔迁移。
(4)研究人类活动影响下野生动物生态适应机制。动物生活史和生态特征决定了物种响应环境变化和人类活动的模式, 从而影响物种和群落生态过程(Mayfield et al, 2010; Cadotte et al, 2015)。在人为干扰压力下, 野生动物的丧失会对生态系统功能产生级联效应, 扰乱自然生态系统中的生态过程和平衡(Bogoni et al, 2020)。因此, 量化研究人类活动对野生动物的影响是应对野生动物物种丧失的必要前提和基础, 可为系统保护规划和生态系统功能恢复提供科学依据。Li等(2021)基于中国横断山区45个长期红外相机监测样地的数据, 将哺乳动物分为食肉动物、草食动物和杂食动物三个营养级, 分析了不同类型人类活动对哺乳动物群落结构、功能及行为的影响及哺乳动物对人类活动的响应模式。结果表明群落中个体平均体重、食肉类占比、功能多样性均随人类活动强度和改造指数的增加而显著下降, 表明人类活动致使兽类群落功能同质化、多样性丧失以及夜行性行为显著改变。
作者分工
丁晨晨负责数据收集、整理、核对及论文撰写和修改; 梁冬妮和信文培主要承担物种特征数据补充与核对; 李春旺主要承担数据检查和论文修改; Eric I. Ameca主要承担论文构思与修改; 蒋志刚作为中国哺乳动物数据库项目(XDA19050240)负责人, 承担数据库结构、数据整理安排协调与论文修改。
附录 Supplementary Material
附录1 中国754种哺乳动物13个目24个生态特征数据完整度
Appendix 1 Percentage of data completeness for 24 traits of the 754 Chinese mammals in 13 Order
致谢
感谢审稿专家对本文提出的宝贵修改意见; 感谢中国科学院动物研究所野生动物与行为生态研究组平晓鸽、李立立、方红霞在前期数据收集工作方面的支持和帮助。
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DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.07.001
[本文引用: 1]
Biodiversity is shrinking rapidly, and despite our efforts only a small part of it has been assessed for extinction risk. Identifying the traits that make species vulnerable might help us to predict the status for those less known. We gathered information on the relationships between traits and extinction risk from 173 publications, across all taxa, spatial scales and biogeographical regions, in what we think it is the most comprehensive compilation to date. We aimed to identify (1) taxonomical and spatial biases, and (2) statistically robust and generalizable predictors of extinction risk through the use of meta-analyses. Vertebrates and the Palaearctic are the most studied taxon and region because of higher accumulation of data in these groups. Among the many traits that have been suggested to be predictors, only three had enough data for meta-analyses. Two of them are potentially useful in assessing risk for the lesser-known species: regardless of the taxon, species with small range and narrow habitat breadth are more vulnerable to extinction. Contrastingly, body size (the most studied trait) did not present a consistently positive or negative response. We hypothesize that the relationship between body size and extinction risk is shaped by different aspects, namely the phenomena represented by body size depending on the taxonomic group. To increase our understanding of the drivers of extinction, further studies should focus on understudied groups such as invertebrates and fungi and regions such as the tropics and expand the number of traits in comparative analyses that should avoid current biases.
A global synthesis of animal phenological responses to climate change
DOI:10.1038/s41558-018-0067-3 URL [本文引用: 1]
Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system
DOI:10.1038/23028 URL [本文引用: 1]
Multiple ecological pathways to extinction in mammals
Ecological correlates of the spatial co-occurrence of sympatric mammalian carnivores worldwide
DOI:10.1111/ele.2018.21.issue-9 URL [本文引用: 1]
Beyond predictions: Biodiversity conservation in a changing climate
DOI:10.1126/science.1200303 URL [本文引用: 1]
Climate change vulnerability assessment of species
The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality
DOI:10.1126/science.aar7121
[本文引用: 1]
Rapid expansion of human activity has driven well-documented shifts in the spatial distribution of wildlife, but the cumulative effect of human disturbance on the temporal dynamics of animals has not been quantified. We examined anthropogenic effects on mammal diel activity patterns, conducting a meta-analysis of 76 studies of 62 species from six continents. Our global study revealed a strong effect of humans on daily patterns of wildlife activity. Animals increased their nocturnality by an average factor of 1.36 in response to human disturbance. This finding was consistent across continents, habitats, taxa, and human activities. As the global human footprint expands, temporal avoidance of humans may facilitate human-wildlife coexistence. However, such responses can result in marked shifts away from natural patterns of activity, with consequences for fitness, population persistence, community interactions, and evolution.
Molecular phylogeny and morphological diversity of the Niviventer fulvescens species complex with emphasis on species from China
The role of brain size on mammalian population densities
DOI:10.1111/1365-2656.13397
PMID:33354764
[本文引用: 1]
The local abundance or population density of different organisms often varies widely. Understanding what determines this variation is an important, but not yet fully resolved question in ecology. Differences in population density are partly driven by variation in body size and diet among organisms. Here we propose that the size of an organism' brain could be an additional, overlooked, driver of mammalian population densities. We explore two possible contrasting mechanisms by which brain size, measured by its mass, could affect population density. First, because of the energetic demands of larger brains and their influence on life history, we predict mammals with larger relative brain masses would occur at lower population densities. Alternatively, larger brains are generally associated with a greater ability to exploit new resources, which would provide a competitive advantage leading to higher population densities among large-brained mammals. We tested these predictions using phylogenetic path analysis, modelling hypothesized direct and indirect relationships between diet, body mass, brain mass and population density for 656 non-volant terrestrial mammalian species. We analysed all data together and separately for marsupials and the four taxonomic orders with most species in the dataset (Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla, Primates, Rodentia). For all species combined, a single model was supported showing lower population density associated with larger brains, larger bodies and more specialized diets. The negative effect of brain mass was also supported for separate analyses in Primates and Carnivora. In other groups (Rodentia, Cetartiodactyla and marsupials) the relationship was less clear: supported models included a direct link from brain mass to population density but 95% confidence intervals of the path coefficients overlapped zero. Results support our hypothesis that brain mass can explain variation in species' average population density, with large-brained species having greater area requirements, although the relationship may vary across taxonomic groups. Future research is needed to clarify whether the role of brain mass on population density varies as a function of environmental (e.g. environmental stability) and biotic conditions (e.g. level of competition).© 2020 British Ecological Society.
An allometric approach to quantify the extinction vulnerability of birds and mammals
Methods to quantify the vulnerability of species to extinction are typically limited by the availability of species-specific input data pertaining to life-history characteristics and population dynamics. This lack of data hampers global biodiversity assessments and conservation planning. Here, we developed a new framework that systematically quantifies extinction risk based on allometric relationships between various wildlife demographic parameters and body size. These allometric relationships have a solid theoretical and ecological foundation. Extinction risk indicators included are (1) the probability of extinction, (2) the mean time to extinction, and (3) the critical patch size. We applied our framework to assess the global extinction vulnerability of terrestrial carnivorous and non-carnivorous birds and mammals. Irrespective of the indicator used, large-bodied species were found to be more vulnerable to extinction than their smaller counterparts. The patterns with body size were confirmed for all species groups by a comparison with IUCN data on the proportion of extant threatened species: the models correctly predicted a multimodal distribution with body size for carnivorous birds and a monotonic distribution for mammals and non-carnivorous birds. Carnivorous mammals were found to have higher extinction risks than non-carnivores, while birds were more prone to extinction than mammals. These results are explained by the allometric relationships, predicting the vulnerable species groups to have lower intrinsic population growth rates, smaller population sizes, lower carrying capacities, or larger dispersal distances, which, in turn, increase the importance of losses due to environmental stochastic effects and dispersal activities. Our study is the first to integrate population viability analysis and allometry into a novel, process-based framework that is able to quantify extinction risk of a large number of species without requiring data-intensive, species-specific information. The framework facilitates the estimation of extinction vulnerabilities of data-deficient species. It may be applied to forecast extinction vulnerability in response to a changing environment, by incorporating quantitative relationships between wildlife demographic parameters and environmental drivers like habitat alteration, climate change, or hunting.
Wildlife conservation and management in China: Achievements, challenges and perspectives
Red List of China’s Vertebrates
中国脊椎动物红色名录
China’s mammal diversity (2nd edition)
DOI:10.17520/biods.2017098 URL [本文引用: 4]
中国哺乳动物多样性(第2版)
DOI:10.17520/biods.2017098
[本文引用: 4]
鉴于哺乳动物分类系统的修订、中国哺乳动物的新发现以及保育实践的需要, 有必要更新中国哺乳动物多样性编目。在收集整理2015年3月以来发表的中国哺乳动物新种和新分布记录种的基础上, 我们采用新的分类系统, 综合作者的最新研究, 补充了以前知之甚少的藏南地区哺乳动物信息, 更新了中国哺乳动物多样性编目。主要修改有: (1)将鲸偶蹄类(Cetartiodactyla)列为总目, 将鲸类与偶蹄类恢复为鲸目(Cetacea)和偶蹄目(Artiodactyla); (2)劳亚食虫目增加了新种霍氏缺齿鼩(Chodsigoa hoffmanni)、林猬一新种(Mesechinus sp.)及由亚种提升为种的烟黑缺齿鼩(Chodsigoa furva); (3)翼手目增补了梵净山管鼻蝠(Murina fanjingshanensis)、渡濑氏鼠耳蝠(Myotis rufoniger)和葛氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus subbadius), 删除了毛须鼠耳蝠(Myotis hirsutus)和琉球长翼蝠(Miniopterus fuscus); (4)灵长目增补了高黎贡白眉长臂猿(Hoolock tianxing)、戴帽叶猴(Trachypithecus pileatus)、懒猴(Nycticebus coucang)和西白眉长臂猿(Hoolock hoolock); (5)食肉目增补了分布在中国藏南的懒熊(Melursus ursinus)、亚洲胡狼(Canis aureus)、孟加拉狐(Vulpes bengakensis)、灰獴(Herpestes edwardsii)和渔猫(Felis viverrinus); (6)依据Wilson和Mittermeier Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2, Ungulates (2012)的偶蹄类分类系统, 重新厘定了中国偶蹄目动物分类。偶蹄目增加了阿尔泰盘羊(Ovis ammon)、哈萨克盘羊(O. collium)、高黎贡羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)和印度麂(Muntiacus muntjak)。将中国境内的梅花鹿合并为Cervus nippon、驼鹿合并为Alces alces。删去了阿拉善马鹿(Cervus alashanicus)、四川马鹿(C. macneilli)和矮岩羊(Psuodois sharferi)。将分布在西双版纳的小鼷鹿定为鼷鹿未定种(Tragulus sp.); (7)鲸目增加了恒河豚(Platanista gangetica), 删除了长喙真海豚(Delphinus capensis), 将短喙真海豚(D. delphis)的中文名修改为真海豚; (8)啮齿目增加了小板齿鼠(Bandicota bengalensis)、小猪尾鼠(Typhlomys nanus)、墨脱松田鼠(Neodon medogensis)、聂拉木松田鼠(N. nyalamensis)以及由亚种提升为种的大猪尾鼠(Typhlomys daloushanensis); 还增加了甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalax cansus)、比氏鼯鼠(Biswamoyopterus biswasi)、白腹鼠(Niviventer niviventer)、印度小鼠(Mus booduga)。删去了休氏壮鼠(Hadromys humei)。同时厘清了我国田鼠亚科Arvicolini族的分类; (9)兔形目增加了粗毛兔(Caprolagus hispidus)和尼泊尔黑兔(Lepus nigricollis)。理清了鼠兔属(Ochotona)的分类, 降级了5个鼠兔种, 提升了4个鼠兔亚种为种, 增加了5个新种。中国有29种鼠兔分布, 北美鼠兔(O. princeps)、斑颈鼠兔(O. collaris)、荷氏鼠兔(O. hoffinanni)、阿富汗鼠兔(O. rufescens)和草原鼠兔(O. pusilla)在中国没有分布。与2015年的《中国哺乳动物多样性》比较, 本编目删除了21个种, 新增了41个种, 其中, 新增了藏南地区分布的哺乳动物16种。截至2017年8月底, 中国记录到哺乳动物13目56科248属693种, 比《中国哺乳动物多样性》多1目1科3属20种。人们对18种中国哺乳动物的分类地位尚存在争议。中国有146种特有哺乳动物, 占中国哺乳动物总数的21%。兔形目、劳亚食虫目和偶蹄目中的特有种比率分别为37%、35%和25%。
PanTHERIA: A species-level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals
Future climate change vulnerability of endemic island mammals
DOI:10.1038/s41467-020-18740-x URL [本文引用: 1]
Phylogenetic and morphological significance of an overlooked flying squirrel (Pteromyini, Rodentia) from the eastern Himalayas with the description of a new genus
First record of the ferret-badger Melogale cucphuongensis Nadler et al, 2011 (Carnivora: Mustelidae), with description of a new subspecies, in southeastern China
Functional diversity loss and change in nocturnal behavior of mammals under anthropogenic disturbance
Competition and coexistence among terrestrial mammalian carnivores
DOI:10.17520/biods.2020359 URL [本文引用: 1]
陆生食肉动物竞争与共存研究概述
Establishing China infrastructure for big biodiversity data
中国生物多样性大数据平台建设
Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.7) [Data set]
Concepts and applications in functional diversity
DOI:10.1111/fec.v35.9 URL [本文引用: 1]
What does species richness tell us about functional trait diversity? Predictions and evidence for responses of species and functional trait diversity to land-use change
Assessing the risks to United States and Canadian mammals caused by climate change using a trait-mediated model
The global significance of biodiversity science in China: An overview
Impacts of wildlife trade on terrestrial biodiversity
Species and functional diversity accumulate differently in mammals
DOI:10.1111/geb.2016.25.issue-9 URL [本文引用: 1]
Species’ traits influenced their response to recent climate change
DOI:10.1038/nclimate3223 URL [本文引用: 1]
Life history and spatial traits predict extinction risk due to climate change
DOI:10.1038/nclimate2113 URL [本文引用: 1]
Tempo of trophic evolution and its impact on mammalian diversification
Shape-shifting: Changing animal morphologies as a response to climatic warming
DOI:10.1016/j.tree.2021.07.006 URL [本文引用: 1]
Understanding global patterns of mammalian functional and phylogenetic diversity
A trait-based approach for predicting species responses to environmental change from sparse data: How well might terrestrial mammals track climate change?
DOI:10.1111/gcb.13271
PMID:27073017
[本文引用: 1]
Estimating population spread rates across multiple species is vital for projecting biodiversity responses to climate change. A major challenge is to parameterise spread models for many species. We introduce an approach that addresses this challenge, coupling a trait-based analysis with spatial population modelling to project spread rates for 15 000 virtual mammals with life histories that reflect those seen in the real world. Covariances among life-history traits are estimated from an extensive terrestrial mammal data set using Bayesian inference. We elucidate the relative roles of different life-history traits in driving modelled spread rates, demonstrating that any one alone will be a poor predictor. We also estimate that around 30% of mammal species have potential spread rates slower than the global mean velocity of climate change. This novel trait-space-demographic modelling approach has broad applicability for tackling many key ecological questions for which we have the models but are hindered by data availability.© 2016 The Authors. Global Change Biology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
One strategy does not fit all: Determinants of urban adaptation in mammals
DOI:10.1111/ele.13199
PMID:30575254
[本文引用: 1]
Urbanisation exposes wildlife to new challenging conditions and environmental pressures. Some mammalian species have adapted to these novel environments, but it remains unclear which characteristics allow them to persist. To address this question, we identified 190 mammals regularly recorded in urban settlements worldwide, and used phylogenetic path analysis to test hypotheses regarding which behavioural, ecological and life history traits favour adaptation to urban environments for different mammalian groups. Our results show that all urban mammals produce larger litters; whereas other traits such as body size, behavioural plasticity and diet diversity were important for some but not all taxonomic groups. This variation highlights the idiosyncrasies of the urban adaptation process and likely reflects the diversity of ecological niches and roles mammals can play. Our study contributes towards a better understanding of mammal association to humans, which will ultimately allow the design of wildlife-friendly urban environments and contribute to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts.© 2018 The Authors. Ecology Letters published by CNRS and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Prey partitioning and livestock consumption in the world’s richest large carnivore assemblage
DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.067 URL [本文引用: 1]
Ecological correlates of extinction risk in Chinese terrestrial mammals
DOI:10.1111/ddi.v27.7 URL [本文引用: 1]
COMBINE: A coalesced mammal database of intrinsic and extrinsic traits
Life-history traits and extrinsic threats determine extinction risk in New Zealand lizards
DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.05.028 URL [本文引用: 1]
Functional traits as indicators of biodiversity response to land use changes across ecosystems and organisms
DOI:10.1007/s10531-010-9798-9 URL [本文引用: 1]
Biases, gaps, and opportunities in mammalian extinction risk research
DOI:10.1111/mam.12049 URL [本文引用: 1]
A dataset on the life-history and ecological traits of Chinese birds
DOI:10.17520/biods.2021201 URL [本文引用: 1]
中国鸟类的生活史和生态学特征数据集
DOI:10.17520/biods.2021201
[本文引用: 1]
中国现有1,445种鸟类, 是世界上鸟类物种数最多的国家之一。物种特征反应了生物有机体的功能和适合度, 在生态学、进化生物学和保护生物学研究中具有重要作用。但是, 目前还没有关于我国鸟类生活史、生态学和地理分布等物种特征的完整数据库。通过系统查阅文献和各种数据资料, 本文共收集整理出了中国1,445种鸟类17个功能特征数据: 体重、体长、嘴峰长、翅长、尾长、跗蹠长、食性、窝卵数、卵大小、卵体积、巢址、巢的类型、集群状况、迁徙状况、是否特有种、地理分布范围和分布省份等。在这些特征中, 除迁徙状况、是否特有种、地理分布范围和分布省份外, 其余特征数据均存在不同程度的缺失, 数据的完整度为60.83%‒100%。本数据库是目前关于中国鸟类最新和最全的物种特征数据库, 期望能为我国鸟类生态学、进化生物学、生物地理学、保护生物学等研究提供支持。 数据库(集)基本信息简介 数据库(集)名称 中国鸟类的生活史和生态学特征数据集 作者 王彦平, 宋云枫, 钟雨茜, 陈传武, 赵郁豪, 曾頔, 吴亦如, 丁平 通讯作者 王彦平(wangyanping@njnu.edu.cn) 时间范围 截止到2021年5月 地理区域 地理区域为全中国, 包括香港、台湾和澳门等地区 文件大小 1.0 MB 数据格式 *.xlsx 数据链接 http://dataopen.info/home/datafile/index/id/222 http://doi.org/10.24899/do.202109003 https://www.biodiversity-science.net/fileup/1005-0094/DATA/2021201.zip 数据库(集)组成 数据集共包括1个数据文件, 包括中国1,445种鸟类的17个物种特征
Catalogue of mammals in China (2021)
中国兽类名录(2021版)
Heterogeneous distributional responses to climate warming: Evidence from rodents along a subtropical elevational gradient
DOI:10.1186/s12898-017-0128-x URL [本文引用: 1]
EltonTraits 1.0: Species-level foraging attributes of the world’s birds and mammals
Main progress of biodiversity conservation in China and some suggestions for further work
我国生物多样性保护的主要进展及工作建议
Taxonomic and systematic research progress of mammals in China
中国兽类分类与系统演化研究进展
Biodiversity science and macroecology in the era of big data
DOI:10.17520/biods.2017037
[本文引用: 1]
High-quality biodiversity data are the scientific basis for understanding the origin and maintenance of biodiversity and dealing with its extinction risk. Currently, we identify at least seven knowledge shortfalls or gaps in biodiversity science, including the lack of knowledge on species descriptions, species geographic distributions, species abundance and population dynamics, evolutional history, functional traits, interactions between species and the abiotic environment, and biotic interactions. The arrival of the current era of big data offers a potential solution to address these shortfalls. Big data mining and its applications have recently become the frontier of biodiversity science and macroecology. It is a challenge for ecologists to utilize and effectively analyze the ever-growing quantity of biodiversity data. In this paper, I review several biodiversity-related studies over global, continental, and regional scales, and demonstrate how big data approaches are used to address biodiversity questions. These examples include forest cover changes, conservation ecology, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and the effect of climate change on biodiversity. Furthermore, I summarize the current challenges facing biodiversity data collection, data processing and data analysis, and discuss potential applications of big data approaches in the fields of biodiversity science and macroecology.
大数据时代的生物多样性科学与宏生态学
DOI:10.17520/biods.2017037
[本文引用: 1]
高质量的生物多样性数据是认知生物多样性的起源和维持机制及应对其丧失风险的科学基础。当前, 在新物种发现、已知物种的地理分布、种群数量与时空动态、物种进化史、功能性状、物种与环境之间以及物种与物种之间的相互作用等7个方面都存在着知识上的空缺。大数据时代的到来为弥补这些知识空缺提供了可能,大数据的挖掘及其应用最近已成为国际生物多样性与宏生态学研究的前沿内容。如何有效地利用和分析不断增长的生物多样性大数据是生物多样性研究面临的一个极大挑战。本文通过全球、大陆和区域尺度上的研究案例展示了大数据在生物多样性研究中应用的新进展, 内容涉及森林覆盖变化、保护生态学、生物多样性与生态系统功能、气候变化对生物多样性的影响等。最后, 对大数据在生物多样性研究中存在的数据采集、处理和分析等方面的问题进行了总结, 并对其潜在应用前景进行了探讨。
Global assessment of primate vulnerability to extreme climatic events
DOI:10.1038/s41558-019-0508-7 URL [本文引用: 1]
