黄河是我国第二大河, 也是孕育中华文明的母亲河。黄河流域西起青藏高原, 东至渤海, 南自秦岭, 北抵阴山, 流经青海、四川、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、山西、陕西、河南、山东等九省区, 干流全长约5,400 km, 总流域面积超75万km2, 流域内总人口约4.2亿, 占全国人口的近1/3 (李开明等, 2013)。黄河流域既是我国的矿产资源富集区, 也是农产品主产区, 更是一道重要的生态屏障, 在我国的农业发展、经济繁荣和生态安全等方面均具有重要的战略地位(陈耀等, 2020)。然而, 由于自然和人为等多种因素的影响, 黄河流域生态环境变得极其脆弱。因此, 如何维持黄河流域生态系统的健康和稳定成为当前沿黄地区高质量发展和生态保护的核心。
生物入侵作为全球性环境问题, 严重影响着入侵地的生态安全、经济发展及人类健康(万方浩等, 2002; Ding et al, 2008)。外来物种的入侵会改变原有生物的地理分布和自然生态系统的结构与功能, 导致生态灾害暴发及生物多样性的丧失, 进而威胁到人类生存环境, 以及农林牧副渔业的发展(鞠瑞亭等, 2012; 吴昊和丁建清, 2014)。近几十年来, 随着经济的高速发展和人类活动的加剧, 大量的外来生物已经传入并占据了黄河流域生态位, 对黄河流域本土生物及生态系统造成了严重威胁(赵怀浩等, 2011)。例如, 三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)作为黄河流域常见的入侵杂草, 由于其较强的化感作用和快速生长繁殖特性, 常抑制周围植株生长并侵占自然资源, 对黄河流域的生态环境和生物多样性造成巨大威胁(李振宇和解焱, 2002; 苑晓雯, 2011; 邓玲姣和邹知明, 2012)。而从流域角度综合探究入侵生物对流域及周边生物多样性和生态安全的影响, 不仅有利于维持黄河流域生态系统的结构稳定性, 还将为制定黄河流域生物多样性的保护对策, 减少外来有害生物对当地的危害提供理论依据(邱建生等, 2019)。因此, 研究黄河流域的外来生物入侵问题, 并提出保护对策, 对于黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展具有重大意义。
目前, 已有研究报道了生物入侵对珠江和长江等流域的水生和陆生生物多样性、生态环境和水资源的影响(陈家长等, 2010; 冯洪超等, 2015; 高宇等, 2017)。然而黄河流域因其自身的特异性, 如干流长、地势多变、地形复杂, 且流域内人口众多, 发展模式以农业生产为主(陈耀等, 2020; 张红武, 2020), 急需开展生物入侵对于黄河流域(农业)生态系统和生物多样性影响的研究。虽然我国对于生物入侵的认知和防治技术已显著提高, 关于黄河流域生物入侵的研究也逐渐增多(刘庆年等, 2006; 李芳等, 2008), 但是生物入侵对黄河流域生态环境和生物多样性的影响仍然缺乏系统性研究和论述。因此, 本文在文献调研黄河流域所在九省区外来物种发生现状的基础上, 综述黄河流域九省区入侵物种的发生特点、入侵途径、成灾机制, 以及生物入侵对于黄河流域生态系统的影响, 并提出相应的防治对策。这对于黄河流域生态保护和有害生物治理具有很好的借鉴意义。
1 黄河流域所在九省区外来入侵物种的发生特点
黄河流域地貌特征复杂、气候环境多样(严昌荣等, 2006), 可以为不同种类的动植物提供合适的栖息场所。鉴于黄河流域生物入侵的报道相对较少, 而外来物种在黄河流域所在九省区的入侵势必会对黄河流域生态安全造成潜在威胁, 我们对黄河所在九省区(包含黄河流域)的生物入侵文献和书籍进行调研和整理。结果发现: 黄河流经九省区外来入侵植物达194种(附录1), 隶属于49科128属。其中种类最多的为菊科, 含24属35种; 豆科次之, 含15属26种(图1)。根据植物生活型统计, 草本植物占73.19%, 包括一年生草本植物80种, 多年生草本植物77种, 其他植物(藤本植物、肉质植物、灌木和乔木)占26.81%。外来入侵动物(昆虫纲、鱼纲、两栖纲、爬行纲等)达90种, 隶属于22目53科, 其中昆虫纲最多(7目52种), 约占入侵动物物种数的58%; 其次是鱼纲, 共计30种, 而鲈形目种数占鱼纲总数的1/4 (图1)。由此可见, 黄河流经九省区的外来动植物种类繁多, 分布区域广泛, 潜在暴发危害的风险性较大。
IUCN公布的最危险的100种入侵物种中, 有16种在黄河流经九省区建立了自然种群(附录2), 包括入侵河流、池塘、湖泊等水生生境的凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)、入侵农田生态系统的重要害虫烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)、入侵黄河自然水域的鱼类虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)、入侵草地等生境的红火蚁(Solenopsis invicta)、入侵黄河滩涂湿地的大米草(Spartina anglica)等。而生态环境部公布的71种有重大危害的外来入侵物种名单中, 已有40种入侵到黄河流经九省区(附录3), 包括有“植物杀手”之称的黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis), 该物种目前已经扩散至黄河中下游地区的河南、山东、山西境内(郑志鑫等, 2018); 自然湿地的“超级入侵植物”互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)和大米草, 目前已经广泛分布于黄河三角洲绝大多数滩涂地(解雪峰等, 2020); 滩涂地的“软体杀手”泥螺(Bullacta exarata), 目前已经遍布黄河下游滩涂地潮间带(刘童等, 2018)。这些危害性极大的入侵物种在黄河流经九省区的暴发危害及蔓延, 会为黄河流域生态系统的健康发展带来极大的安全隐患。
图1
图1
黄河流经九省区外来入侵植物(左)和动物(右)分类图
Fig. 1
Classification charts of alien invasive plants (left) and animals (right) in nine provinces along the Yellow River
在黄河九省区, 外来物种侵入的生态系统复杂多样, 目前遍布于农田、果园、牧场、城市、路域、草地、林地、湿地、淡水等陆地和水域生态系统(图2)。其中, 入侵路域生态系统的外来物种数最多, 达103种, 这表明发达的交通运输网会促进物种的入侵和扩散; 其次为农田生态系统(其中入侵动物30种, 植物59种)。而黄河流域, 尤其是中下游地区, 作为中原粮仓, 外来物种对其农田生态系统的侵入暴发势必会对粮食生产造成不利影响。值得注意的是, 淡水生态系统(河流、湖泊、池塘等)中的入侵动植物已高达64种, 这对于黄河流域的淡水供应有极大的安全隐患。此外, 我们发现这些外来物种来源于全球各大洲(南极洲除外), 其中起源于北美洲的最多, 有113种, 占总物种数的39.65%; 而原产地为非洲和大洋洲的最少, 分别占13.33%和2.46%。
图2
图2
黄河流经九省区外来生物入侵在不同生态系统的数量分布
Fig. 2
The number of invasive species in different ecosystems in nine provinces along the Yellow River
黄河流域所在各省区均有几十种甚至上百种入侵生物发生, 且入侵物种丰富度呈现出由西往东递增的趋势(图3)。黄河下游的山东省由于地势特殊, 且黄河三角洲形成的独特湿地生态系统为外来生物提供了良好的栖息环境, 因此入侵物种丰富度最高, 约占黄河九省区入侵物种总数的15%。而位于黄河上游的宁夏和青海的入侵种较少, 各占8%左右。这可能与气候差异以及人口、交通、贸易密集程度有关。尤其是宁夏和青海两个地区的平均海拔较高, 盆地所占范围广, 且多处于荒漠地带, 地形地貌复杂, 因此大多数外来生物很难在该地区进行建群和扩散。而黄河中下游地区属于半湿润的气候环境, 人口较多, 交通运输发达, 贸易往来频繁, 这些条件均有利于外来物种的入侵和扩散。值得注意的是, 由于黄河上游四川段在纬度上偏南, 温度、光照等气候条件适宜, 地貌特征复杂, 因此四川段外来物种丰富度也较高, 约占总数的14%。
图3
图3
黄河流经九省区外来入侵生物丰富度分布图
Fig. 3
Distribution chart of alien invasive species richness in nine provinces along the Yellow River
2 外来物种入侵的主要途径及发展趋势
同多数生物入侵途径相似, 黄河流域的外来物种主要通过人类活动有意或者无意引入。其中, 作为有用物种引进、随着交通工具或者货物进入和自然扩散是三种最主要的途径。而且, 我们发现许多物种的引进扩散并非由单一途径导致(图4)。近些年, 黄河流域的运输业、旅游业及贸易往来的飞速发展以及西部大开发的推进, 为物种入侵及扩散提供了绝佳条件。
图4
图4
黄河流经九省区入侵生物引入方式分布占比
Fig. 4
Ratio of introduction mode of alien invasive species in nine provinces along the Yellow River
(1)高价值物种引进。由于在原产地表现出良好的应用价值, 许多物种被有意引入黄河九省区的陆生和水生生境。然而, 由于管理不善或者人为疏忽, 造成了物种的逃逸并在野外建立自然种群完成入侵。我们发现, 黄河流经九省区的入侵物种中有61.4% (植物136种, 动物37种)是通过人为引进有用物种的方式侵入的(图4)。例如, 用于防风固堤和改良土壤的互花米草, 被引入黄河三角洲后迅速扩张, 目前在黄河滩涂地成为优势物种(路峰和王昕, 2017; 汪方芳等, 2020); 作为饲料引种的凤眼莲和空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)在黄河中下游地区发生严重(吴彤等, 2007); 作为优良牧草引入到内蒙古地区的紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、白花草木樨(Melilotus albus)等极易排挤本地牧草, 破坏当地牧区的生态平衡(张璞进等, 2019); 用于观赏的加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)、铜锤草(Oxalis corymbosa)等, 在山东济南、河南郑州等地区的公园引入种植, 现已逸生为野生杂草(吴彤等, 2007; 李长看等, 2011); 当作宠物引入的鳄龟(Chelydra serpentine)目前已出现在黄河中游自然水域(张红星, 2010); 作为水产引种到黄河流域的泥螺、克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)等, 由于养殖管理不善, 已经扩散到自然生境并造成不同程度的危害(李成和谢锋, 2004; 刘童等, 2018)。在黄河上游地区, 许多有价值的鱼类如斑点叉尾鮰(Ietalurus punetaus)、麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)等被人为引入并在自然水域饲养, 严重影响土著物种生存(蒋红等, 2007; 张登成和郑娇莉, 2019)。有用物种的引入对当地的经济社会发展无疑有促进作用, 但同时又为生物入侵提供了条件。作为黄河流域外来物种入侵的最重要途径, 如何引入和规范管理有价值的外来物种是保护黄河流域生物多样性急需解决的重要问题。
(2)发达的交通工具和网络。交通工具和货物运输是大多数物种入侵我国的主要途径(吴昊和丁建清, 2014)。通过文献调研发现, 38.25%的入侵物种通过交通工具或者货物侵入黄河流域所在九省区。黄河流域, 尤其是中下游地区, 地处中国南北过渡带, 交通发达, 人口众多且流动性大, 贸易往来频繁, 旅游业繁盛, 这对于物种入侵和扩散提供了便利条件。而西部大开发的推进, 交通运输网的进一步完善, 将会加大黄河上游地区物种入侵的速度。此外, 黄河流域滩涂地保护、退耕还林、水土流失控制、防风固沙、水域污染治理等措施的进一步实施, 均需大面积引进和种植外来物种, 这会增加外来物种入侵黄河流域的风险。随着黄河流域农业、经济及社会一体化发展, 人类活动导致的外来物种入侵及传播速度将会进一步加快。
(3)自然扩散传入。大多数外来种自身扩散能力有限, 但是可以借助风力、水流等自然力传播。而黄河九省区有31.57%的外来物种通过自然扩散进入。如近年在全球暴发危害的迁飞性害虫草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda), 2016年首次在非洲暴发危害, 然而借助气象条件, 短短16个月入侵了超过21个国家和地区(Stokstad, 2017)。在中国, 2019年1月首次发现草地贪夜蛾侵入云南省江城县, 但至5月就已经快速扩散到黄河流域的四川、河南等地(姜玉英等, 2019)。
3 外来种成灾机制
3.1 黄河变道和人类活动的影响
大量研究表明, 丰富的生物多样性和复杂的生态系统是抵御外来物种入侵的重要基础(White & Shurin, 2007; Frankow-Lindberg et al, 2009)。诸多理论如干扰假说(disturbance hypothesis)、空生态位假说(empty niche hypothesis)、多样性阻抗假说(biotic resistance hypothesis)等均表明, 生物多样性较低的生境更容易被外来生物成功入侵(徐承远等, 2001; 王明娜等, 2014)。而黄河变道和人类开垦活动使得黄河流域陆生和水生生境严重破坏, 导致生态结构极不稳定, 生物多样性丧失, 对外来生物的抵抗力减弱, 这使得外来物种在黄河流域可能极易建立种群, 并快速扩散。
据史料记载(阎海青, 2009), 黄河曾经历过8次变道, 每次变道均对生态系统稳定性造成毁灭性打击, 这也为外来物种的入侵提供了机会。近200年内, 黄河发生过两次大的变道。1855年, 黄河在河南铜瓦厢改道, 使得黄水北徙。河患下移至黄河下游, 且发生频率增多, 对黄河下游生态系统稳定性和生物多样性造成更严重的危害(韩广轩等, 2011)。据统计, 自1855年黄河改道至清末的57年间, 黄河下游每年均有大小不等的黄河决溢事件发生, 致使大面积的草木、庄稼、动物等被淹没。洪水及其所携带的大量泥沙, 破坏了三角洲地区的自然地貌, 毁坏植被, 淤塞河道, 造成水系紊乱。此外, 由于洪水灾害, 形成大面积的盐碱地, 危害农林作物的生长(杨立建等, 2020)。1938年郑州花园口黄河决堤, 致使洪水泛滥于豫、苏、皖3省44县市, 几十亿吨的泥沙顺着决口涌入平原, 淤塞河道, 淹没田野, 改变地质, 形成危害严重的黄泛区。每年汛期, 洪水都会泛滥回流倒灌, 淹没农田和植被。洪水过后常引起蝗灾, 蝗虫取食进一步毁坏农林作物和地表植被, 对当地农林牧副渔业及生态环境稳定性造成严重破坏(钮本良, 1996; 喻宗仁等, 2004)。黄河变道导致的原有生物多样性降低、生境破坏和空白生态位的出现等均为外来物种的侵入定殖提供了条件。
人类活动的过度干扰导致黄河流域环境不断恶化, 生物多样性丧失, 从而使生态系统结构与稳定性进一步降低, 使得黄河流域极易被外来生物侵入并暴发危害。黄河的主要特点是“水少沙多、水沙异源、时空分布不均匀” (王颖和张永战, 1998)。因此, 流域周边的耕作理念多以“广种薄收、围湖造田”为主, 这导致黄河流域耕作无序、毁林开荒现象严重, 致使黄河流域植被破坏和水土流失逐年加剧, 生态环境不断恶化(张小云, 2015; 王威和夏如兵, 2019)。据考古和历史记载, 黄河中游曾经草木茂盛, 生物种类繁多, 但是由于土地肥沃, 气候适宜, 交通及灌溉引水便利, 黄河中下游滩涂地一直是我国重要的粮棉和畜牧产品生产基地(郑利民, 2007; 吴泽宁等, 2019)。然而, 过度开发利用以及黄河水患常年发生导致下游滩区生态环境恶化, 同时大量垦殖、发展农牧业导致了流域中生物多样性锐减, 如: 随着围湖造田面积日益增加, 湿地面积日益减少, 使得三角洲大量植物或水生动物消失, 尤其是近岸流域的浮游生物、底栖生物及洄游性生物减少和死亡的现象频发, 而黄河口的大多水域已丧失保护鱼类产卵功能, 甚至发生赤潮灾害(高玉玲等, 2004; 李红娟等, 2009)。此外, 在农业生产过程中, 人们为了提高土壤质量, 保证作物生长, 往往会向土壤中大量输入化学肥料, 而这些肥料恰好成为入侵植物的温床, 例如, 氮磷添加对黄河三角洲入侵植物互花米草的研究证明, 土壤中氮磷含量的增加可显著增强互花米草对本土芦苇(Phragmites communis)的竞争能力（ 王炳臣 (2014) 氮磷添加对黄河三角洲滨海湿地互花米草入侵影响. 硕士学位论文, 青岛科技大学, 山东青岛.）。
3.2 较强的适应进化能力的影响
无论是动物还是植物, 入侵种通常具有较强的环境适应能力, 尤其是在较差的生境仍可以成功存活, 这使得外来种在与土著种竞争中具有空白资源优势, 这也是内禀优势假说(inherent superiority hypothesis)的核心观点。例如, 黄河中下游区域作为中国重要的粮食主产区, 干旱缺水一直是粮食生产的一大难题(曹永强等, 2014)。而入侵黄河中下游农田系统的节节麦(Aegilops tauschii)对干旱有较强的耐受性, 其可通过改变叶片形态和生理特性以快速适应生境变化, 从而提高自身的竞争力(王宁等, 2019)。再如, 入侵黄河流域四川段的马缨丹(Lantana camara)生命力和适应性极强, 在极度缺水和土壤贫瘠生境仍能快速生长, 并且对不同生境表现出高度的适应性, 在旷野、山沟底、山坡、草地、路边等生境均能定殖扩繁(林英等, 2008; 张春梅等, 2016)。此外, 黄河水环境的恶化会对多数水生动物造成严重影响, 而入侵动物自身的较强适应性反而成为其快速入侵繁殖的有利条件。比如: 入侵黄河上游地区的克氏原螯虾, 由于具有生境适应性广、抗逆性强等特点, 所以当逃逸到水生动物较少的污染水环境后, 能够迅速建立野生种群, 形成单一优势群落, 进一步影响水生生物的多样性(蔡凤金等, 2010)。
3.3 天敌逃逸的影响
自然界中, 每种生物均有自身的天敌。生物与其天敌长期的适应进化, 相互制约, 使其种群数量能够保持动态平衡。然而, 外来种传入新的生境, 通常会缺失专食性天敌制约, 导致生物控制机制丧失, 使得外来物种的种群数量短期内大幅增加, 暴发成灾(Keane & Crawley, 2002; Ren & Zhang, 2009)。而且, 由于天敌的缺失, 外来生物可以把更多的能量分配于自身生长繁殖、抗逆性增强和竞争能力提高等方面, 进而加速自身的扩散(Blossey & Nötzold, 1995; Huang et al, 2010; Jack & Friesen, 2019)。例如, 在黄河流域河南段普遍发生的空心莲子草, 由于逃离了其原产地专食性昆虫和病原微生物的制约, 对于广食性昆虫和温度胁迫的抗性能力显著强于本土同属植物, 这导致未来气候变暖趋势下, 入侵植物竞争力还会进一步提高(潘晓云等, 2007; 刘珍, 2019（ 刘珍 (2019) 增温对入侵植物空心莲子草与本土植食性昆虫互作关系的影响. 硕士学位论文, 河南大学, 开封.）)。
4 生物入侵对黄河流域生态系统的危害
4.1 对生物多样性的影响
外来生物在入侵地大量的繁殖和疯狂的扩张, 不但占据空生态位, 而且会通过竞争挤占本土物种的生态位, 导致本地种生活习性、生长繁殖、种群动态发生改变, 甚至引起本地物种的灭绝, 进而引发连锁性灭绝效应, 降低生物多样性。例如, 引种到黄河三角洲进行养殖的泥螺, 在养殖过程中由于出现逃逸现象, 使得适应力极强的泥螺在自然生境内迅速繁殖和扩散, 短时间内成为黄河三角洲区域滩涂地的优势种, 对本地传统贝类的生存产生极大威胁(蒋万钊, 2014)。同时其体表能分泌一种毒素黏液, 导致其他贝类缺氧窒息死亡, 降低滩涂地生物多样性, 严重破坏黄河三角洲的生态平衡(赵文溪等, 2017; Chen et al, 2020)。互花米草引入黄河三角洲后快速扩繁, 其密布区几乎已无其他本土植物存活, 而仅存互花米草单一群落(张俪文等, 2018; Xie et al, 2019)。此外, 互花米草导致滩涂地栖息环境发生变化, 使得土著物种如盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)和芦苇开始向陆地迁移（ 乔沛阳 (2019) 黄河三角洲入侵植物互花米草物理, 化学防治研究. 硕士学位论文, 内蒙古大学, 呼和浩特.）。而这又会影响以本土植物群落为食或作为栖息地的微生物种群、昆虫种群、大型游泳动物和鸟类等的多样性和丰富度, 使得生物多样性显著降低(侯栋梁等, 2015; Yang et al, 2018; 解雪峰等, 2020)。
4.2 对群落生态系统的影响
外来物种的暴发还会引起入侵地生境的极大改变, 导致本土生物不再适宜生存, 造成环境恶化, 破坏生态系统的结构和功能, 严重影响群落生态系统的稳定性。例如, 作为饲料引入中国的凤眼莲, 目前广泛分布于黄河流域(潘怀剑和田家怡, 2001; 杜卫兵等, 2002; 黄文邺等, 2019), 其以较强的繁殖能力和逆境适应能力, 可以快速扩繁甚至覆盖整个池塘、湖泊等水生生境, 从而形成致密的草垫(附录4), 遮挡了光线, 并过度消耗水体内氧气和养分, 增强了水体的酸性, 改变了水体的理化性质, 从而严重影响水体中的其他植物和动物的生存, 而动植物的大量死亡又为病原体的滋生提供了适宜场所, 从而使得水质恶化, 水生生态系统彻底失衡(丁建清, 2002; 李礼等, 2018)。
4.3 对人类健康福祉和经济财产的影响
多样化的生物群落和稳定的生态系统可以为人类提供稳定的生态系统服务(ecosystem services), 这对于人类生存至关重要(Díaz et al, 2019; Weiskopf et al, 2020)。然而, 外来种的侵入暴发会严重影响生态系统的服务功能, 对人类的生命财产安全造成不良影响。首先, 外来物种暴发会降低生态系统的农产品供给服务, 直接造成重大的农林牧渔业等的经济损失。如入侵农田生态系统的恶性杂草节节麦和毒麦(Lolium temulentum), 因其竞争力极强, 严重影响小麦等粮食作物的产量, 目前节节麦在黄河流域的陕西、河南等小麦产区已有较多分布(田朝阳等, 2005; 苏亚蕊等, 2011)。迁飞型入侵害虫(如草地贪夜蛾)寄主范围极其广泛, 对农作物安全造成极大的影响(杨普云等, 2019)。林木业生产上的重大检疫害虫美国白蛾(Hyphantria cunea)和松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)一旦暴发, 其危害对于林业生产往往是毁灭性打击, 目前在黄河中下游地区已有发生危害的报道(褚栋等, 2009)。而黄河流域作为我国农产品的主产区, 尤其是黄河流经的中下游地区是我国的主要粮仓, 生物入侵在农田生态系统的暴发危害将会对我国的粮食生产以及社会稳定造成严重影响。然而, 目前近90种外来生物已经侵入黄河流域的农田生态系统中, 若不及时有效控制, 将会给我国粮食生产带来巨大打击(闫素丽等, 2011; 郭屹立等, 2013; 陈怡平和傅伯杰, 2019; 耿明全, 2020)。外来物种暴发还会降低生态系统水资源的供应, 目前黄河流域水体污染严重, 可利用水资源十分紧张, 而外来生物的入侵大大降低了黄河水资源的可利用性(章光新等, 2004; 张晓龙, 2005; 姜文来, 2010; 刘峰, 2015), 例如, 在黄河三角洲, 反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)作为外来入侵植物, 种子在含水量较高的环境下能够迅速萌发, 其暴发危害需吸收大量土壤水分, 严重影响其他植物的水资源供给(鲁萍等, 2010; 赵怀浩等, 2011)。相似地, 牛筋草(Eleusine indica)在黄河流域广泛分布, 其根系发达, 有效截获土壤水分, 亦可造成土壤中水资源的短缺（ 王新玲 (2016) 牛筋草与棉花的竞争作用及对草甘膦的抗药性研究.硕士学位论文, 中国农业科学院, 北京.）。此外, 除了直接的经济损失, 国家每年需要投入大量的人力和物力治理暴发危害的入侵生物。例如, 全国范围内每年投入上百亿元治理凤眼莲, 但凤眼莲极快的扩繁速度, 使得治理工作收效甚微, 因此呈现出年年治理、年年泛滥的现象(李博等, 2004)。
再者, 外来物种入侵还会影响生态系统的文化服务功能, 如河道、湖泊等被凤眼莲入侵, 会导致水质恶化, 臭气熏天, 影响人们的休闲生活。已入侵黄河中下游地区的豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia)会引起严重的过敏反应, 如哮喘和皮炎等, 是世界性毒草(周忠实等, 2015)。在豚草开花季节, 过敏体质的人不得不带上口罩或者远离豚草发生地, 严重影响正常的生活(附录5)。
5 黄河流域生物入侵防治对策
5.1 政府部门统筹安排, 加大基础理论研究
政府统筹安排, 加强立法监督, 加大执法力度, 对于破坏生态系统行为予以严厉处罚, 加强对黄河流域原有生态系统和生物多样性的保护和修复, 提高其自身抵抗和恢复水平。整合黄河流域各大高校、科研单位相关资源, 加大生物入侵的基础研究和人才培养, 并通过实地调查进一步探明黄河流域生物入侵种类、数量和发生程度, 探究入侵机制, 建立模型预测适生区域及潜在生态危害等, 为有效的防控措施提供理论基础。此外, 建立外来物种相关信息数据库, 实现区域信息共享, 方便相关部门和公众查看。同时, 利用先进的分子科学技术, 建立黄河流域外来物种种质基因库和数据库, 加强基因水平的研究, 探究防控新途径。最终建立黄河流域科学有效的生物入侵防控体系, 从而实现长治久安的良好生态局面。
5.2 严格规范引种制度, 完善引种后的监管
目前, 人为引种是黄河流域外来物种入侵的重要途径, 近半数的外来动植物入侵是有用物种引入后逃逸造成的。然而, 经济发展和人们精神文化的供给又离不开外来物种的引进。因此, 建立严格的外来物种准入制度, 立法完善引种后的监管势在必行。引种时应加强动植物检疫, 从源头上控制外来物种的入侵。针对黄河流域现状, 建立统一的引种综合评价中心, 从严要求引种前申报、专家评估及审批; 强化引种过程中检疫部门的科学检疫, 避免有害生物的带入; 重视引种后的监管, 建立引入物种档案追踪制度, 并实现网络共享, 实行“谁引进谁负责”机制, 避免人为管理不善导致的自然逃逸而造成的外来物种的入侵危害。此外, 由于黄河流域植树造林、滩涂地改造、环境绿化等需要引入大量的苗木, 引种后可先通过区域示范, 明确外来种在当地的生态扩繁表现, 在确定安全无害后, 再进行大面积的应用和推广。
5.3 提高监测预警水平, 加强民众防范意识
提高外来生物入侵的监测预警水平, 建立覆盖全区域的动态监测网。针对外来种发生情况分级别监测和防控, 如低等级别监控尚在人工饲养或种植阶段的外来种; 中等级别预警和铲除已经逃逸并未建立稳定自然种群的外来种; 重点部署和防控已经局部暴发危害和具有暴发危害潜力的外来种。此外, 对于具有较强迁飞能力的外来物种如草地贪夜蛾、东亚飞蝗(Locusta migratoria manilensis)等, 因其一旦侵入, 危害迅速且巨大, 应该建立专门的监测预警中心, 并制定相应的应急处理措施。由于黄河滩涂地土质松软, 土壤理化性质适宜, 极为适合蝗虫产卵繁殖, 这也是过去黄河流域蝗灾频发的重要原因, 因此滩涂地的自然保护区要重点监测蝗虫的发生动态, 以免发生大规模的蝗灾。同时, 加强宣传教育, 提高民众的科学防范意识和处置能力, 形成全民参与氛围, 及时发现并处理已形成自然群落的外来物种, 杜绝危险的外来物种饲养和放生, 使得外来物种在可控阈值内最大程度为当地居民带来经济利益。
5.4 因地制宜, 加强流域分段式管理, 生态保护与农业发展协同推进
由于黄河流域自身的特异性, 既是我国重要的生态屏障, 也是农业生产的主要区域。因此, 防治生物入侵既要考虑生态环境, 又要关注农业生产, 而不能简单地把防治措施应用于黄河的全部流域, 避免“一刀切”的管理方式。
根据习近平总书记的指导思想, 生物入侵的治理也要从实际出发, 注重生态环境的保护。在整体流域上统筹谋划, 上、中、下游和干支流协同推进治理。同时, 流域内进行分段式管理, 将黄河流域治理划分责任区至各个州县, 从排查、引种到监管、治理都有相对应的部门负责。还应建立相关的研究站以供实时监测, 从而更好地把各个流域的特点和当地入侵现状相结合, 为黄河流域生态保护提出科学有效的治理办法。
黄河流域农业生态复杂, 类型多样, 而黄河流域上、中、下游在农林牧副渔业上的发展各有特点, 在进行防治过程中, 应因地制宜, 针对发生情况采取相应的预防或治理措施。黄河上游地区以牧业发展为主, 辅以旱作农业, 过度放牧给外来毒杂草提供了入侵机会。因此应提前进行杂草入侵的风险预估, 以预防为主, 避免大面积危害农田和草地生态系统, 同时应加强改善草地退化现象, 维持生态平衡。而黄河中下游地区是重要的农业发展区域, 受自然和人为因素影响, 入侵生物在该地区农田生态系统中发生种类较多, 但多数还处于潜伏阶段, 尚未暴发成灾, 应重点以监测为主, 辅助进行针对性防治, 为促进黄河全流域高质量发展奠定基石。
附录 Supplementary Material
附录1 黄河流经九省区中的外来入侵植物和入侵动物
Appendix 1 Alien invasive plants and animals in nine provinces of the Yellow River
附录2 IUCN公布的最危险入侵物种在黄河九省区的分布情况
Appendix 2 Distribution of the most dangerous invasive species announced by IUCN in nine provinces along the Yellow River
附录3 生态环境部公布的重大危害外来物种在黄河九省区的分布情况
Appendix 3 Distribution of the most harmful alien species announced by Ministry of Ecology and Environment in nine provinces of the Yellow River
附录4 凤眼莲在池塘暴发危害场景
Appendix 4 The outbreak of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in ponds
附录5 居民区附近处于开花期的豚草
Appendix 5 Ambrosia artemisiifolia in flowering stage near residential area
参考文献
Evolution of increased competitive ability in invasive nonindigenous plants: A hypothesis
DOI:10.2307/2261425 URL [本文引用: 1]
Research progress in invasion ecology of Procambarus clarkia
Procambarus clarkii is native to southern USA and northern Mexico,and regarded as one of the well-known invasive species. As one of the fishery economic resources, it has spread around the world. Owing to its wide habitat adaptability, rapid growth, and high reproduction rate, P. clarkii can establish wild populations rapidly. The studies in recent decade indicated that P. clarkii invasion had given great threat on the survival of native aquatic plants, amphibian, and aquatic invertebrate, and decreased the local biodiversity via predation and resource competition. Since P. clarkii is one kind of important fishery species, it will continue to spread with the help of human. In order to understand and to decrease the ecological impact of P. clarkii’s invasion on local habitats, following studies are urgent: 1) ecological damage of P. clarkia in China, 2) population regulation and control of P. clarkia, and 3) ecological restoration on damaged habitats by P. clarkii.]]>
克氏原螯虾的入侵生态学研究进展
Revision and application of the PDSI index in the Yellow River Basin
黄河流域帕尔默干旱指数的修正及应用
Investigation and study on the aquaculture alien species in the lower reaches of Yangtze River
The lower reaches of Yangze River is one of the central areas of freshwater shallow lakes in China and has the diversity climates ,such as warm temperate zone and sub-tropical zone, which make it become one of the best areas for aquaculture, therefore nearly all of the aquaculture species from the world can live in the area. So it is important for perfecting alien aquaculture species information data-base and environmental risk assessment system to investigate and study the aquaculture alien species in the lower reaches of Yangze River. The results showed that the number of aquaculture alien species in the lower reaches of Yangze River is 45 species, including 33 species of fishes, 4 species of shellfish, 7 species of crustaceans and 1 species of amphibian. Most of alien species are from America and the main transmitting way is intentional introducing.
长江下游流域水产养殖外来物种调查研究
Monitoring early stage invasion of exotic Spartina alterniflora using deep-learning super-resolution techniques based on multisource high-resolution satellite imagery: A case study in the Yellow River Delta, China
Ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River basin
黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展
On the construction of ecological civilization in the Yellow River Basin
关于黄河流域生态文明建设的思考
Current status of biological invasion in Shandong Province and its management strategies: Thoughts on invasion of alien species Hyphantria cunea (Drury)
山东省生物入侵的现状及其防控对策——由入侵物种美国白蛾大暴发引发的思考
Growth regularity, seed propagation and control effect of Bidens pilosa
三叶鬼针草生长、繁殖规律与防除效果研究
Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services
The mechanism of biological invasion and its effect on ecosystem safety
外来生物的入侵机制及其对生态安全的影响
China’s booming economy is sparking and accelerating biological invasions
Study on the foreing harmful plant in Henan
河南主要外来有害植物的初步研究
Harm of aquatic plant invasion on aquatic ecosystem
水生植物入侵对水生态系统的危害
Biodiversity effects on yield and unsown species invasion in a temperate forage ecosystem
DOI:10.1093/aob/mcp008
URL
PMID:19168861
[本文引用: 1]
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Current agricultural practices are based on growing monocultures or binary mixtures over large areas, with a resultant impoverishing effect on biodiversity at several trophic levels. The effects of increasing the biodiversity of a sward mixture on dry matter yield and unsown species invasion were studied. METHODS: A field experiment involving four grassland species [two grasses--perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata)--and two legumes--red clover (Trifolium pratense) and white clover (Trifolium repens)], grown in monocultures and mixtures in accordance with a simplex design, was carried out. The legumes were included either as single varieties or as one of two broad genetic-base composites. The experiment was harvested three times a year over three years; dry matter yield and yield of unsown species were determined at each harvest. Yields of individual species and interactions between all species present were estimated through a statistical modelling approach. KEY RESULTS: Species diversity produced a strong positive yield effect that resulted in transgressive over-yielding in the second and third years. Using broad genetic-base composites of the legumes had a small impact on yield and species interactions. Invasion by unsown species was strongly reduced by species diversity, but species identity was also important. Cocksfoot and white clover (with the exception of one broad genetic-base composite) reduced invasion, while red clover was the most invaded species. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that it is possible to increase, and stabilize, the yield of a grassland crop and reduce invasion by unsown species by increasing its species diversity.
Escaped aquacultural species promoted the alien species invasion in the Yangtze River: A case study of sturgeons
水产养殖逃逸对长江外来种入侵影响: 以鲟鱼为例
Thoughts on the conservation of fish resources in the Yellow River
关于黄河鱼类资源保护的思考
Analysis on the comprehensive improvement project of the Yellow River control and protection in Henan Province
黄河下游河南段治理与保护综合提升工程分析
Distribution patterns of alien herbs in the Yiluo River basin
DOI:10.5846/stxb URL [本文引用: 2]
伊洛河流域外来草本植物分布格局
Evolution process and related driving mechanisms of Yellow River Delta since the diversion of Yellow River
i.e., 1976-1985, 1986-1995, and 1996-2009, and the increasing rate of the Delta decreased with the stages. The coastline and area of the Delta were significantly exponentially correlated to the sediment accumulated at Lijin station, and the inter-annual variation of the precipitation of the Yellow River Basin had a strong correlation with that of the sediment at Lijin station, suggesting that the annual variation of the precipitation in Yellow River Basin was the main factor affecting the runoff and sediment discharge into sea.]]>
黄河改道以来黄河三角洲演变过程及其驱动机制
Influence of invasive Spartina alterniflora on soil ecosystem in coastal wetland
入侵种互花米草影响我国滨海湿地土壤生态系统的研究进展
Resource allocation to defense and growth are driven by different responses to generalist and specialist herbivory in an invasive plant
DOI:10.1111/jec.2010.98.issue-5 URL [本文引用: 1]
Comparative study on biomass in water hyacinth and several raw water plants
凤眼莲与几种水生植物所含生物质的比较研究
Rapid evolution of Medicago polymorpha during invasion shifts interactions with the soybean looper
DOI:10.1002/ece3.5572
URL
PMID:31632647
[本文引用: 1]
The Enemy Release Hypothesis posits that invasion of novel habitats can be facilitated by the absence of coevolved herbivores. However, a new environment and interactions with unfamiliar herbivores may impose selection on invading plants for traits that reduce their attractiveness to herbivores or for enhanced defenses compared to native host plants, leading to a pattern similar to enemy release but driven by evolutionary change rather than ecological differences. The Shifting Defense Hypothesis posits that plants in novel habitats will shift from specialized defense mechanisms to defense mechanisms effective against generalist herbivores in the new range. We tested these ideas by comparing herbivore preference and performance of native (Eurasia)- and invasive (New World)-range Medicago polymorpha, using a generalist herbivore, the soybean looper, that co-occurs with M. polymorpha in its New World invaded range. We found that soybean loopers varied in preference and performance depending on host genotype and that overall the herbivore preferred to consume plant genotypes from naive populations from Eurasia. This potentially suggests that range expansion of M. polymorpha into the New World has led to rapid evolution of a variety of traits that have helped multiple populations become established, including those that may allow invasive populations to resist herbivory. Thus, enemy release in a novel range can occur through rapid evolution by the plant during invasion, as predicted by the Shifting Defense Hypothesis, rather than via historical divergence.
Changes of fish assemblages after construction of Ertan Reservoir in Yalongjiang River
二滩水电站水库形成后鱼类种类组成的演变
Study on the adaptive strategy for China’s water resources problems
应对我国水资源问题适应性战略研究
Study on the distribution, growth and control techniques of mud snails in the Yellow River Delta
黄河三角洲泥螺分布、生长规律的演变及控制技术研究
Observation on law of diffusion damage of Spodoptera frugiperda in China in 2019
2019年我国草地贪夜蛾扩散为害规律观测
Progress of biological invasions research in China over the last decade
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.31148
URL
[本文引用: 1]
As one of the five major global environmental problems, invasive species have posed serious threats to native ecosystems, public health, and regional economies. Although much progress has been made in the field of biological invasions research in China over the last decade, there are still large knowledge gaps. This paper reviews progress in the field of biological invasions research since 2000 as it relates to China, covering the diversity, colonization and immigration patterns of invasive species, mechanisms and ecological effects of biological invasions, and management and control of invasive species. In China, 529 invasive alien species have been identified, which originated primarily from South and North America, and the major taxa included terrestrial plants, terrestrial invertebrates, and microorganisms. We found a higher prevalence of invasive species in the eastern and southern provinces, compared to the western and northern provinces in China. This pattern is likely due to the differences in the level of economic development and environmental suitability between the two regions. Moreover, with further economic development, China may face more serious biological invasions in the future. These invasions of alien species are largely the combined results of the interactions between the intrinsic traits of these species along with resource opportunities and disturbances by human beings. Many mechanisms are responsible for successful invasions of alien species, but phenotypic plasticity, adaptive evolution, enemy release, interspecific mutualism or commensalism, and new allelochemicals may be primary causative factors. Biological invasions in China have caused serious impacts on native ecosystems, including biodiversity and ecosystem services, alteration of biogeochemical cycles, threats to agricultural and forestry production, traffic and shipping, environmental safety, and public facilities. China has also made progress in the detection and monitoring of invasive species, risk analysis, biological control, radical elimination, and ecological restoration of degraded ecosystems. We suggest several issues that need to be addressed in invasive species research in the future, including territory-wide inventories, evolutionary ecology and genomics, direct and indirect ecosystem-level consequences, interactions between major components of global change and biological invasions, and management and control technologies.
近十年中国生物入侵研究进展
Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis
DOI:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02499-0 URL [本文引用: 1]
Strategic management of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), an invasive alien plant
入侵植物凤眼莲管理中的若干生态学问题
Invasion of bullforg (Rana catesbeinan Show) in China and its management strategies
牛蛙入侵新案例与管理对策分析
Research on investigation into the alien invasive biological species in Henan Province and measure for it
河南省生物入侵种调查及对策研究
Present situation and problems on fish introduction in Yellow River system
黄河流域鱼类引种现状及存在问题
Research progress of aquatic biological resources in the Yellow River basin
黄河流域水生生物资源研究进展
Research on the environmental effect caused by climate change in the source region of the Yellow River
DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0133
URL
[本文引用: 1]
Based on the data of precipitation and air temperature from weather stations in the source regions of the Yellow River and data of runoff from Madoi, Darlag, Maqu, Tangnag and Lanzhou hydrologic stations, the changes of precipitation, air temperature and runoff during the past several decades are investigated. Meanwhile, changes in land use patterns and their reasons in these regions are studied. It is revealed that an obvious increase in air temperature and decrease in precipitation and runoff in these regions. Changes in land use indicate that the wetland is affected by human activity and climate change. The change is resulted from the combinations of nature factors and human activity. Thus the eco-environment in the source regions of the Yellow River will deteriorate further. Artificial intervention is needed to protect and to improve the eco-environment in the source regions of the Yellow River.
黄河源区气候变化的环境效应研究
Review on biological characteristics and management strategies of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms
入侵植物凤眼莲的生物学特性及生态管理对策
A study survey and prospect on invasive condition and invasive mechanism of Lantana camara L
入侵植物马缨丹(Lantana camara)入侵状况及入侵机理研究概况与展望
Preliminary Study of Pollution, Degradation and Remediation in Aquatic Ecosystem of Yellow River Delta Wetland
黄河三角洲湿地水生态系统污染、退化与湿地修复的初步研究
Preliminary study on the alien invasive and harmful biotics in the Yellow River Delta
黄河三角洲外来入侵有害生物的初步研究
Biological characteristic of Bullacta exarata population in intertidal zone of Yellow River Delta, China
黄河口三角洲潮间带泥螺群体的生物学特性研究
General situation of the introduction and genetic diversity of Spartina alterniflora
互花米草引种及遗传多样性研究进展
Research progress on exotic invasive weed Amaranthus retroflexus
Amaranthus retroflexus is native to America but a widely distributed exotic invasive weed in China. This paper summarized the researches on its seed biological characters, allelopathy, phenotypic plasticity, eco-physiological characters as a typical C4 plant, competition with crops, invasive expansion process and limiting environmental factors in China, responses to increased UV-B radiation, and control methods. Some biological characteristics of A. retroflexus contribute to its strong invasion. A. retroflexus is a prolific seed producer, and its seeds can germinate over a wide range of temperature. A. retroflexus has strong allelopathic effects on the growth of many crops, and exhibits high photosynthetic capacity no matter at high temperature and high light intensity or at low temperature and low light intensity. It can also show high phenotypic plasticity to the spatiotemporal changes of environmental conditions and adapt to a wide range of temperature and humidity, and thus, can invade many different types of habitats. Aiming at the deficiencies of the studies on A. retroflexus, following issues were proposed: 1) the adaptation mechanisms of A. retroflexus in response to large-range environmental gradient, 2) the responses of A. retroflexus to resources fluctuation in agroecosystem, 3) the allelopathic mechanisms of A. retroflexus, and 4) the effective integrated weed control techniques of A. retroflexus.]]>
外来入侵杂草反枝苋的研究进展
Fifty years of harnessing the lower reaches of the Yellow River
黄河下游治理五十年述要
Alien harmful plants in Shandong Province
山东省的外来有害植物
Invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides: Biology, ecology and management
入侵植物喜旱莲子草——生物学、生态学及管理
Influence of invasive alien species on people’s livelihood and ecology in North & South Pan River and Hongshui River Valley
外来入侵物种对南北盘江及红水河流域民生和生态的影响研究
The relative generality of plant invasion mechanisms and predicting future invasive plants
DOI:10.1111/wre.2009.49.issue-5 URL [本文引用: 1]
New crop pest takes Africa at lightning speed
Screening and analysis of pre-harvest sprouting resistant germplasm from Aegilops tauschiis in the middle reaches of the Yellow River
黄河中游地区节节麦抗穗发芽的鉴定与分析
Studies on the alien invasive plants and their control in Henan Province
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-3268.2005.07.011 URL [本文引用: 1]
河南外来入侵植物及防除研究
Alien invasive species in China: Their damages and management strategies
The impacts and invasion method of alien invasive species (AIS), and prevention and management of biological invasion are discussed. Biological invasion is becoming one of the most important factors threatening biodiversity and stability of various ecological systems in China. The impacts of these biological invasions are becoming a more serious problems with development and increase of global trade, transportation, international travel and ecological tourism. Harmful AIS often leads to irreversible species extinction, and results in substantial economic losses within managed and natural ecosystems, including agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal production. Newly invading weeds, insect pests and plant diseases frequently result in large scale outbreaks and persistent use of chemical pesticides. Successful invasion and spread of some major insect pests and weeds in China were caused by man made factors. These include decision mistakes and unintentional introduction of some plants, such as water hyacinth and alligator weed as pig food, irresponsible introduction actions taken by individual/group without any ecological concerns, and lack of rapid response mechanism for eradicating potentially AIS as soon as they appear. China is an agricultural country. Any biological invasion will be a "big bomb" for our agriculture and inevitably result in ecological and economic losses in specific ecosystem and specific geographic regions. Prevention of biological invasion is an important aspect for safeguarding the state′s ecological safety. Development and researches should focus on building the state capacity, research capacity, and management capacity for addressing AIS problem. Based on the urgent situation of AIS in China, priority for research and action plans concentrate on: developing methods to identify the origin and pathways of invasive population; understanding the biological and ecological bases of AIS; developing environmentally friendly methods for control of AIS; developing environmental impact assessment and risk analysis methods for AIS; and developing methods for the recovery of habitats after control of AIS.
中国外来入侵生物的危害与管理对策
Decomposition characteristics of vegetation litter of Suaeda salsa and Spartina alterniflora in saltmarsh of the Yellow River Estuary, China
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20200219 URL [本文引用: 1]
黄河口盐沼湿地盐地碱蓬和互花米草凋落物的分解特征
Main hypotheses and research progress of invasive mechanism of alien plants
外来植物入侵机制主要假说及其研究进展
Effects of drought stress and rewatering on growth and physiological characteristics of invasive Aegilops tauschii seedlings
干旱胁迫及复水对入侵植物节节麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响
On the reasons for the increase of floods in the Yellow River during the little ice age in Ming and Qing dynasties—Based on the perspective of climate change
试论明清小冰期黄河水患增多的原因——基于气候变化的视角
Human activities and the influence of the Yellow River cutoff and coastal environment
人类活动与黄河断流及海岸环境影响
Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resource management in the United States
Diversity effects on invasion vary with life history stage in marine macroalgae
DOI:10.1111/oik.2007.116.issue-7 URL [本文引用: 1]
Recent progress in invasion ecology
入侵生态学最新研究动态
Floristic characteristics and spatial distribution patterns of alien plants in Shandong Province
diversity and ecosystems, being one of the hotspots in current ecological research. Based on literature consultation and field survey, the database of alien plants in Shandong Province was established, with their components, geographical flora and spatial distribution patterns statistically analyzed. The results showed that there were 827 species of alien plants, belonging to 122families and 416 genera, among which, 348 species were imported from other countries. The alien plant species had a higher proportion, occupying 39.03% of the flora in the province, and were of the obvious dominant families and typical families. The diverse geographic distribution patterns of genera were characterized by 52.51% of temperate zone components and 44.06% of tropical zone components. The relatively centralized origins and distribution of alien species suggested the co-impacts of environment factors and human actions. Alien plants originated from temperate zone were more invasive in Shandong Province than those from other origins.]]>
山东省外来植物的区系特征及空间分布
Study on the value and spatial distribution of water resources in agricultural system of the Yellow River Basin
黄河流域农业系统水资源价值及其空间分布研究
Effects of mechanical and chemical control on invasive Spartina alterniflora in the Yellow River Delta, China
Impact of Spartina alterniflora invasion on coastal wetland ecosystem: Advances and prospects
DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202001.006
URL
PMID:31957374
[本文引用: 2]
Endangered plant species are an important part of global biodiversity. To understand the competition patterns and mechanisms of endangered tree species from plant growth forms in the middle subtropical forest ecosystems, we examined the differences in intra- and inter-specific competitions between Toona ciliate var. pubescens (an intolerant of shade, deciduous species) and Taxus chinensis var. mairei (a tolerant of shade, evergreen species) in the Jiulingshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province. The results showed that intra-specific competition was dominant in the T. ciliate var. pubescens population, accounting for 66.4% of the total competition intensity. In contrary, the competitive intensity of T. chinensis var. mairei was dominated by the inter-specific competition, which accounted for 68.7% of the total competition intensity. The intra- and inter-specific competition intensity of both species decreased gradually with increasing tree diameter, indicating that competitive pressure was prevalent in small trees. T. ciliate var. pubescens was mainly affected by self-thinning due to intra-specific competition, whereas T. chinensis var. mairei was dominated by alien-thinning due to inter-specific competition. The small individuals of both species could develop into mature stage only after experiencing intense competitive selection during stand regeneration. Considering the substantial difference in the sources of competition pressures, different biodiversity conservation measures should be taken for the two endangered species with contrasting growth forms in the middle subtropical regions.
互花米草入侵对滨海湿地生态系统影响研究进展
Progress in studies on mechanisms of biological invasion
生物入侵机制研究进展
Status and characteristics of conservation tillages in Yellow River Basin
黄河流域保护性耕作技术的应用现状及特点
The influence of the diversion of the Yellow River on the Yellow River Delta in 1855
1855年黄河改道对黄河三角洲的影响
Effects of replacement control with four forage species on bacterial diversity of soil invaded by Flaveria bidentis
四种牧草植物替代控制对黄顶菊入侵土壤细菌多样性的影响
Impacts of channel shifts and interannual sediment load reducing of the Yellow River on the grain size characteristics of sediments in the Shandong mud wedge over the past 100 years
近百年来黄河改道及输沙量变化对山东半岛泥质楔沉积物粒度特征的影响
Strategy and advice for managing the fall armyworm in China
我国草地贪夜蛾的防控对策与建议
Alterations in soil bacterial community in relation to Spartina alterniflora Loisel. invasion chronosequence in the eastern Chinese coastal wetlands
Relationship between changes of Dongping Lake and shifting of the Yellow River in Shandong Province
山东东平湖的变迁与黄河改道的关系
Physiological response and subcellular distribution of copper in Lantana camara L
马缨丹对铜的生理响应及亚细胞分布特征
Preliminary study on invasion of alien fish species after construction of hydropower projects
水电工程建设前后外来鱼类入侵问题初步研究
Groundwater crisis and sustainable agricultural development in North China
我国北方地下水危机与可持续农业的发展
Problems and countermeasures in the protection and development of the Yellow River basin
黄河流域保护和发展存在的问题与对策
The ecological threat of alien turtle or turtle category to original types in Yellow River Basin
黄河中游流域外来龟、鳖类对原有种类的生态威胁
Genetic variation and spread of Spartina alternifora in the Yellow River Delta
黄河三角洲互花米草的遗传变异和扩散
Risk assessment of alien invasive plants in Inner Mongolia
内蒙古外来植物入侵风险评价
The Environmental Change and Degradation of Modern Yellow River Delta Coastal Wetland. PhD dissertation, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong
(in Chinese with English abstract)
现代黄河三角洲滨海湿地环境演变及退化研究
The relationship between the Yellow River flood and the ecological environment change of the Yellow River Delta in the Qing Dynasty—A case study of the Dongying section of the Yellow River
清代黄河水患与黄河三角洲生态环境变迁的关系——以黄河东营段为例
Distribution of alien invasive pest species and its comprehensive control in Yellow River Delta
黄河三角洲地区外来入侵有害生物的种类分布与防治
Research progress on invasion and dispersion of Bullacta exarata in the Yellow River Delta
黄河三角洲区域泥螺入侵与扩散研究进展
Grain safety in water diversion areas in lower reaches of the Yellow River
黄河下游引黄灌区粮食安全问题浅析
The geographic distribution pattern and spatiotemporal dynamic of the invasive alien plant Flaveria bidentis (Asteraceae) in China
外来入侵植物黄顶菊在我国的地理分布格局及其时空动态
