孙有方
, 练健生
Youfang Sun, Jiansheng Lian
通讯作者:
收稿日期: 2017-11-21
接受日期: 2018-01-10
网络出版日期: 2018-03-20
版权声明: 2018 《生物多样性》编辑部 版权所有.《生物多样性》编辑部
基金资助:
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摘要
为评估三亚珊瑚礁国家级自然保护区珊瑚礁生态系统的健康状况, 本文选取东岛、鹿回头、大东海3个站位调查了珊瑚礁群落、珊瑚礁鱼类和大型底栖动物。通过对比分析历史资料、珊瑚礁现场生态调查与监测及组织专家评审, 筛选出一、二级指标并设置权重, 使用综合指数计算了三亚珊瑚礁保护区珊瑚礁生态系统健康指数。结果显示, 三亚珊瑚礁保护区内共有造礁珊瑚10科21属37种, 软珊瑚3种, 造礁珊瑚覆盖率和软珊瑚覆盖率分别为14.31%和0.19%, 其中鹿回头造礁珊瑚覆盖率最高, 为21.58%。珊瑚礁鱼类共14科28属36种, 其中, 雀鲷科的种类数最多, 为11种。鹿回头4 m断面珊瑚礁鱼类密度最大, 为154尾/300 m2。砗磲和龙虾极少发现, 珊瑚天敌核果螺多见。东岛、鹿回头、大东海珊瑚礁生态系统健康状况均处于“一般”。本文所采用的方法是结合常规珊瑚礁监测可获得的指标进行评价, 简便易操作, 通过在三亚珊瑚礁保护区的实践, 能够很好地反映珊瑚礁生态系统现状及其健康状况, 科研和业务化监测部门均可应用。
关键词：
Abstract
To assess the health of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve (SCRNNR), we surveyed corals, reef fish, and macrobenthos at three stations (Dongdao, Luhuitou, Dadonghai). We compared these data with historical data together with expert consultations, and identified first and second class indices of coral reef ecosystem health and their weights (coral reef ecosystem health assessment comprehensive index method). We recorded 37 species of hermatypic corals, and three species of soft corals, averaging 14.31% and 0.19% of the benthic cover, respectively. The highest cover of hermatypic corals was 21.58% at Luhuitou. Thirty-six species of coral reef fishes belonging to 14 families and 28 genera were recorded, of which Pomacentridae was the dominant family. Density of reef fishes was highest at 4 m depth on Luhuitou reef reaching up to 154/300 m2. Corallivorous snail and lobsters were rarely observed while corallivorous snails, Drupella, were common at all sites. Our results indicate that the health status of Dongdao, Luhuitou, Dadonghai coral reef ecosystems are “general”. We conclude that this survey approach provides a feasible and practical method for scientific research and management departments to assess the health status of coral reef ecosystems.
Keywords：
珊瑚礁生态系统作为热带海洋中最突出的代表性生态系统之一, 对于维持生态平衡、渔业资源再生、生态旅游观光和海洋药物开发及海岸线保护等至关重要(Rogers et al, 2015)。近50年来, 由于气候变化、海水酸化、病害、富营养化、栖息地破坏、水污染、过度捕捞等因素的影响, 全球活珊瑚覆盖率正持续下降(Bellwood et al, 2004; Hughes et al, 2013), 珊瑚礁生态系统均出现了严重退化(Bruno & Selig, 2007; Wilkinson, 2008; De’ath et al, 2012; Goatley et al, 2016)。在中国, 由于沿岸开发、污染、过度捕捞, 大陆及海南岛沿岸珊瑚覆盖率在过去30年下降了80%以上(Hughes et al, 2013)。
近年来海洋生态系统健康评价逐步成为海洋生态学研究的热点问题, 珊瑚礁因具有重要的生态学功能和社会经济学价值, 其健康状况逐渐受到重视, 国内虽已有一些对珊瑚礁生态系统健康评价的研究(纪雅宁等, 2014; 孙龙启, 2014①(①孙龙启 (2014) 广西近海生态系统健康评价. 硕士学位论文, 厦门大学, 厦门.); 李元超等, 2015; 吴钟解等, 2015b), 但相关评价研究工作起步较晚(马克明等, 2001; 牛文涛等, 2009)。我国珊瑚礁生态系统健康评价方法的定量研究主要分为两大类: 指示体系法和生物指标评价方法。指示体系法主要是基于压力-状态-响应(pressure-state-response, PSR)模型框架, 缺点是评价指标多且复杂, 有些评价指标无法在短时间内测定或不能测定, 且各子系统之间的驱动有一定的时滞②(②胡文佳 (2008) 福建深沪湾海湾生态系统评价研究. 硕士学位论文, 厦门大学, 厦门)。另外, 不同学者进行评价选取的压力、状态、响应指标又各不相同。生物指标评价方法的缺点是调查指标过于简单, 会造成健康评价系统不能最大程度地反映真实状况。
珊瑚礁生态系统作为一种自然资源, 其有效的评价与管理方式应当首先建立在了解其现状及其变化之上(王懿祥等, 2010), 以便提出适当的管理方案。本文在总结已有研究工作的基础上, 通过全面监测三亚珊瑚礁自然保护区生态现状, 并结合历史研究资料, 拟增加大型藻类、珊瑚礁鱼类、大型底栖动物等重要评价指标, 并合理地分配权重, 分析三亚珊瑚礁保护区内珊瑚礁生态系统现状, 并对其生态系统健康状况进行评价, 以期为三亚的珊瑚礁研究和管理提供科学依据。
海南三亚珊瑚礁国家级自然保护区(18°10'30''- 18°15'30'' N, 109°20'50''-109°40'30'' E)由东瑁洲岛和西瑁洲岛片区、鹿回头-榆林角片区、亚龙湾片区组成, 以保护珊瑚礁及其生态系统为主(练健生等, 2010)。2014年4月, 我们选择东岛、鹿回头、大东海3个站位(图1), 每个站位根据水深、地形, 沿珊瑚礁长轴方向布设2条断面, 分别为浅水断面(2-3 m)和深水断面(4-6 m), 每条断面设置1条60 m长的样带, 固定放置60 m的塑料卷尺, 珊瑚、大型海藻和底质类型调查采用国际上通用的截点样带法(point intercept transect)(Lam et al, 2006)。珊瑚礁鱼类、底栖无脊椎动物调查采用现场断面目测法, 即统计样带两侧各2.5 m, 面积为300 m2内出现的鱼类和大型底栖动物的数量。调查顺序为珊瑚礁鱼类, 珊瑚群落, 大型底栖动物。本文中大型底栖动物特指生活在珊瑚礁区底质表面上且肉眼可见的大型底栖生物。
图1 三亚珊瑚礁国家级自然保护区调查站位分布
Fig. 1 Station distribution in Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve
室内样带判读(珊瑚种类、底质类型等)后, 计算物种优势度指数(Y)、群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H') (Shannon & Weaver, 1949)和Pielou均匀度指数(J) (Pielou, 1969), 各指数计算公式如下:
Y = (ni/N) × fi (1)
式中, ni为第i个物种的总个体数, N为所有站位所有物种的总个体数, fi为第i个物种在各站位出现的频率。定义Y > 0.02为优势种。
H' = - $\sum\limits_{i=1}^{s}{{p}_{i}}{{\log }_{2}}{{p}_{i}}$ (2)
J = $~\frac{{{H}'}}{{{\log }_{2}}S}$ (3)
式中, S为所有物种的种类数, Pi为第i种的个体数与样品总个体数的比值。
数据的处理及分析使用Excel 2013、SPSS 15.0等软件完成。
2.2.1 评价指标选取
我们根据多年研究经验和以往成果选取造礁珊瑚、珊瑚礁鱼类、大型底栖动物等3个一级评价指标。一级指标下选取造礁珊瑚覆盖率、造礁珊瑚种类数、珊瑚礁鱼类种类数、珊瑚礁鱼类密度、大型藻类与造礁珊瑚比值、长棘海星个体数等二级指标(表1)。
表1 珊瑚礁生态系统健康评价指标的等级划分标准
Table 1 Criterion of coral reef ecosystem health assessment
| 一级指标 First assessment index | 二级指标 Second assessment index | 单位 Unit | 权重 Weight | 分级标准 Criterion | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅲ | Ⅱ | Ⅰ | ||||
| 造礁珊瑚 Hermatypic coral | 造礁珊瑚覆盖率 Coverage rates of hermatypic corals | % | 0.3 | ≤ 15 | 15-35 | ≥ 35 |
| 造礁珊瑚种类数 Species number of hermatypic corals | - | 0.2 | ≤ 10 | 10-20 | ≥ 20 | |
| 半年内死亡造礁珊瑚覆盖率 Coverage rates of dead hermatypic corals in half-year | % | 0.05 | ≥ 10 | 2-10 | ≤ 2 | |
| 块状造礁珊瑚占比 Coverage rates of massive hermatypic corals | % | 0.02 | ≥ 90 | 50-90 | ≤ 50 | |
| 鹿角珊瑚占比 Coverage rates of Acropora corals | % | 0.2 | ≤ 10 | 10-20 | ≥ 20 | |
| Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index | - | 0.03 | 0-0.9 | 0.9-2.4 | ≥ 2.4 | |
| 造礁珊瑚补充量 Recruitment of hermatypic corals | 个/m2 | 0.2 | ≤ 5 | 5-20 | ≥ 20 | |
| 珊瑚礁鱼类 Coral reef fishes | 珊瑚礁鱼类种类数 Species number of coral reef fishes | - | 0.35 | ≤ 5 | 5-20 | ≥ 20 |
| 珊瑚礁鱼类密度 Density of coral reef fishes | 个/300 m2 | 0.25 | ≤ 50 | 50-100 | ≥ 100 | |
| Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index | - | 0.1 | 0-0.9 | 0.9-2.4 | ≥ 2.4 | |
| 10 cm以上珊瑚礁鱼类占比 Coverage rates of coral reef fishes over 10 cm | % | 0.2 | ≤ 1 | 1-3 | ≥ 3 | |
| 蝴蝶鱼 Butterflyfish | 个 | 0.1 | ≤ 2 | 2-5 | ≥ 5 | |
| 大型底栖动物 Macrobenthos | 大型藻类与造礁珊瑚比值 The ratio of macroalgae to hermatypic coral | - | 0.3 | ≥ 30 | 5-30 | ≤ 5 |
| 长棘海星 Crown-of-thorns starfish | 个 | 0.1 | ≥ 5 | 0-5 | 0 | |
| 核果螺 Corallivorous snail | 个 | 0.1 | ≥ 50 | 10-50 | ≤ 10 | |
| 海胆 Sea urchin | 个 | 0.2 | ≤ 5 | 5-20 | ≥ 20 | |
| 海参 Sea cucumber | 个 | 0.05 | ≤ 5 | 5-20 | ≥ 20 | |
| 砗磲 Giant clam | 个 | 0.2 | ≤ 1 | 1-5 | ≥ 5 | |
| 龙虾 Lobster | 个 | 0.05 | 0 | 1-2 | ≥ 2 | |
| 赋值 Assignment | 10 | 50 | 100 | |||
2.2.2 权重设定
采用德尔菲法(专家咨询法)进行权重赋值。一级指标中造礁珊瑚占0.5, 珊瑚礁鱼类占0.3, 大型底栖动物占0.2。每项二级评价指标均有分级标准。如, “I”、“II”、“III”级分别对应着“好”、“中”、“差”, 赋值得分分别为100、50、10 (表1)。
2.2.3 珊瑚礁生态系统健康评价公式
采用珊瑚礁生态系统健康评价综合指数(coral reef ecosystem health assessment comprehensive index, CHI)对珊瑚礁生态系统进行健康评价, 数值范围为0-100, 计算公式如下:
$CHI=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{3}{{W}_{i}}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}{{Y}_{ij}}{{W}_{ij}}$ (4)
式中, Wi表示第i个一级指标的权重, Yij表示第i个一级指标中第j个二级指标的赋值得分, Wij表示第i个一级指标中第j个二级指标的权重。
2.2.4 珊瑚礁生态系统健康评价方法
目前, 珊瑚礁生态系统健康评价并没有公认的等级划分标准, 我们根据健康程度定义75 ≤ CHI < 100为良好(good); 35 ≤ CHI < 75为一般(general); 0 ≤ CHI < 35为差(very poor)。
评价“良好”表明珊瑚礁生态系统保持其自然属性, 生物多样性及生态系统结构基本稳定, 生态系统主要服务功能正常发挥, 病害或人为活动所产生的生态压力在生态系统的承载范围之内。
评价“一般”表明珊瑚礁生态系统基本保持其自然属性, 生物多样性及生态系统结构发生一定程度的改变, 生态系统主要服务功能不能完全正常发挥, 病害或人为活动所产生的生态压力超出生态系统的承载能力, 但生态系统在去除人为干预的情况下尚能自然修复。
评价“差”表明珊瑚礁生态系统自然属性明显改变, 生物多样性及生态系统结构发生较大程度改变, 生态系统主要服务功能严重退化或丧失, 病害或人为活动所产生的生态压力超出生态系统的承载能力, 生态系统在短期内难以恢复。
此次调查发现造礁珊瑚10科21属37种, 其中东岛有7科14属18种, 鹿回头有8科14属29种, 大东海有7科10属15种。3个站位造礁珊瑚的种类组成及数量差异明显(附录1), 调查区域内优势种为丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis, Y = 0.043)。造礁珊瑚平均覆盖率为14.31%, 覆盖率在3个站位6条断面分布不均, 最高出现在鹿回头4 m断面(26.50%), 最低出现在大东海6 m断面(3.00%)。软珊瑚共发现3种, 分别是短指软珊瑚一种(Sinularia sp.)、肉质软珊瑚一种(Sarcophyton sp.)、Briareum sp.。软珊瑚覆盖率为0.19%, 最高出现在鹿回头4 m断面(5.00%), 最低出现在每个站位的浅水站位(0)(表2)。
表2 三亚珊瑚礁国家级自然保护区3个调查站位珊瑚覆盖率
Table 2 Coverage rates of corals of three sampling stations in Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve
| 东岛 Dongdao | 鹿回头 Luhuitou | 大东海 Dadonghai | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 m | 3 m | 平均 Average | 4 m | 2 m | 平均 Average | 6 m | 3 m | 平均 Average | |
| 造礁珊瑚覆盖率 Coverage rates of hermatypic corals (%) | 19.67 | 10.33 | 15.00 | 26.50 | 16.67 | 21.58 | 3.00 | 9.67 | 6.33 |
| 软珊瑚覆盖率 Coverage rates of soft corals (%) | 0.33 | 0 | 0.17 | 0.50 | 0 | 0.25 | 0.33 | 0 | 0.17 |
| 珊瑚覆盖率 Coverage rates of corals (%) | 20.00 | 10.33 | 15.17 | 27.00 | 16.67 | 21.83 | 3.33 | 9.67 | 6.50 |
鹿回头珊瑚覆盖率相对较高, 总覆盖率可达21.83%, 其中造礁珊瑚覆盖率为21.58%, 软珊瑚覆盖率为0.25%, 优势种为澄黄滨珊瑚(Porites lutea, Y = 0.021)、滨珊瑚一种(Porites sp., Y = 0.048)和斯氏角孔珊瑚(Goniopora stutchburyi, Y = 0.024)。鹿回头礁区珊瑚群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为1.41。东岛总珊瑚覆盖率可达15.17%, 其中造礁珊瑚覆盖率为15.00%, 软珊瑚覆盖率为0.17%, 优势种为丛生盔形珊瑚(Y = 0.112)。东岛礁区珊瑚群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0.69。大东海活珊瑚总覆盖率为6.50%, 其中造礁珊瑚覆盖率为6.33%, 软珊瑚覆盖率为0.17%, 无优势种珊瑚。大东海礁区珊瑚群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0.49。3个站位底质类型见表3。
表3 三亚珊瑚礁国家级自然保护区各站位底质类型
Table 3 Benthic condition in Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve
| 东岛 Dongdao | 鹿回头 Luhuitou | 大东海 Dadonghai | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 鹿角珊瑚占比 Coverage rates of Acropora corals (%) | 0 | 1.17 | 1.00 |
| 珊瑚占比 Coverage rates of corals (%) | 15.17 | 21.83 | 6.50 |
| 半年内死亡珊瑚占比 Coverage rates of dead corals in half-year (%) | 21.50 | 7.00 | 46.83 |
| 非生物物质占比 Coverage rates of abiotic substances (%) | 39.58 | 53.08 | 19.83 |
| 大型藻类占比 Coverage rates of macroalgae (%) | 23.67 | 17.50 | 25.83 |
| 块状造礁珊瑚占比 Coverage rates of massive hermatypic corals (%) | 14.33 | 14.75 | 1.17 |
| 其他生物占比 Coverage rates of other creature (%) | 0.08 | 0.58 | 0 |
共在3个调查站位观测到鱼类617尾, 分属于14科28属36种。东岛鱼类密度为169尾/300 m2, 属于5科10属13种; 鹿回头为275尾/300 m2, 属于6科12属14种; 大东海为173尾/300 m2, 属于5科12属13种。调查区域内的优势种是褐斑长鳍天竺鲷(Archamia fucata, Y = 0.035)、胸斑海猪鱼(Halichoeres melanochir, Y = 0.038)、缘边海猪鱼(H. marginatus, Y = 0.021)、裂唇鱼(Labroides dimidiatus, Y = 0.029)、新月锦鱼(Thalassoma lunare, Y = 0.066)、班卡雀鲷(Pomacentrus bankanensis, Y = 0.227)、斑棘眶锯雀鲷(Stegastes obreptus, Y = 0.301)。
从调查站位来看, 有4种鱼在所有站位均出现, 分别是新月锦鱼、班卡雀鲷、斑棘眶锯雀鲷、裂唇鱼, 说明它们在三亚湾海域具有广布性。另有4种鱼出现在2个站位中, 分别是鰕虎鱼一种(Coryphopterus sp.)、胸斑海猪鱼、缘边海猪鱼、尾斑光鳃鱼(Chromis notata), 说明它们在此海域具有一定的广布性。所调查的鱼类种类数中, 雀鲷科的种类数最多, 为11种。所调查断面中, 鹿回头4 m断面珊瑚礁鱼类密度最大, 为154尾/300 m2。各调查断面珊瑚礁鱼类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在1.97-2.68之间波动(附录2)。
本次调查共记录到大型底栖动物1,594个。东岛记录到的底栖动物密度为634个/300 m2, 鹿回头为454个/300 m2, 大东海为135个/300 m2。底栖动物隶属于7个门, 即棘皮动物门、甲壳动物门、刺胞动物门、环节动物门、软体动物门、海绵动物门和节肢动物门。3个站位的优势种、优势度及部分底栖生物调查结果见表4和附录3。各调查站位底栖动物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数变化幅度较大, 东岛为3.07, 鹿回头为2.88, 大东海为1.85。
表4 三亚珊瑚礁国家级自然保护区3个站位底栖生物优势种及优势度
Table 4 Dominant species and dominance indices of macrobenthos in coral reefs of three sampling stations in Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve
| 总调查区 Survey area | 东岛 Dongdao | 鹿回头 Luhuitou | 大东海 Dadonghai | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 核果螺 Corallivorous snail | 0.124 | 0.1688 | 0.1322 | 0.059 |
| 海百合 Crinoid | 0.168 | 0.2776 | 0.0771 | 0.113 |
| 管虫 Tubeworms | 0.078 | 0.1751 | - | 0.022 |
| 马蹄螺 Top-snails | - | 0.0268 | - | - |
| 海绵 Sponge | - | 0.0521 | - | - |
| 寄居蟹 Hermit crab | 0.077 | 0.0615 | 0.0396 | 0.128 |
以三亚珊瑚礁保护区内3个站位的珊瑚礁生态系统常规调查结果为基础, 并结合综合指数方法, 对珊瑚礁生态系统进行健康评价。结果显示, 东岛、鹿回头、大东海珊瑚礁生态系统健康得分为44.25、58.7、40.05, 均属于一般等级。
三亚珊瑚礁保护区海域珊瑚覆盖率平均为14.50%, 造礁珊瑚覆盖率和总珊瑚覆盖率相近, 为14.31%, 软珊瑚所占比例很小(表2)。鹿回头珊瑚覆盖率从20世纪60年代的80-90%下降到如今的21.83%, 主要是人类活动影响和全球气候变化导致(Hughes et al, 2013)。对比吴钟解等(2013)在大东海(40.85%)和西岛(55.17%)的调查结果, 两站位造礁珊瑚覆盖率均有所下降。于登攀和邹仁林(1996)的调查结果显示, 鹿回头优势种是澄黄滨珊瑚, 本次调查中为澄黄滨珊瑚、滨珊瑚一种和斯氏角孔珊瑚, 说明优势种类增多。此次调查数据和赵美霞等(2008)在2005年调查鹿回头海域的珊瑚种类数相近。
本次共调查鱼类14科28属36种, 与历史记录到的32科64属130种(吴钟解等, 2015a)相差甚远, 主要原因是过度捕捞等结果, 其次与近年来三亚珊瑚礁退化明显直接相关(赵美霞等, 2008; Huang et al, 2016)。调查结果显示, 珊瑚礁鱼类以雀鲷科种数最多, 与Khalaf和Kochzius (2002)的研究结果相一致, 雀鲷科鱼类是印度洋-西太平洋区系的第一大科。调查中未发现蝴蝶鱼科、海鳝科、石斑鱼亚科等经济鱼类, 但是其他学者(刘静和田明诚, 1995; 练健生等, 2010)在三亚湾均调查到, 这些经济鱼类组成与数量的变化足以说明三亚湾珊瑚礁生态系统已经遭到破坏。保护区珊瑚礁鱼类数量和密度均呈现出下降趋势, 主要是珊瑚礁环境质量下降、渔业压力大等原因(Huang et al, 2016)。
本次采用潜水调查记录的方式来调查珊瑚礁大型底栖动物, 生活方式主要是附着、固着、穴居等, 对环境变化比较敏感(田胜艳等, 2009)。三亚海域大型底栖动物中甲壳动物是占绝对优势的类群, 说明珊瑚礁环境非常适合其生存(董栋等, 2015), 本次调查过程中, 每个站位都发现了核果螺, 而核果螺是珊瑚的敌害生物, 在健康或正常的生态系统很少或没有分布。砗磲、龙虾等指示性物种在调查区域没有或很少发现, 说明人类捕捞过度, 生态系统遭到了破坏。海胆在珊瑚礁生态系统中的主要作用是捕食大型藻类, 大型藻类增多后会遮蔽阳光而造成珊瑚死亡和珊瑚水螅体缩回(Tuya et al, 2005), 也会占据珊瑚幼虫附着基, 造成珊瑚幼体补充量减少, 从而影响珊瑚礁生态系统恢复。
指标体系建立的好坏直接关系到评价的科学性和准确程度(肖风劲等, 2004)。大部分学者使用的评价方法是指示物种法, 往往由于选取评价指标不全面等问题, 造成健康评价缺乏科学性, 因此要遵循可操作性、灵敏性和科学性原则(李静锐等, 2007; 邢韶华等, 2009), 尽量降低主观因素影响。本文在遵循以上原则的基础上, 选取了珊瑚礁群落、珊瑚礁鱼类、底栖动物等评价指标, 同时对这些评价指标进行细化, 使得各指标简便可靠、代表性强且应用广泛, 一定程度上规避了先前评价方法或体系的弊端, 最大程度上真实地反映珊瑚礁生态系统的健康状况。由于本文评价方法简便易行, 珊瑚礁生态科研和业务化监测部门均可采用。
根据本文的监测结果, 东岛、大东海、鹿回头珊瑚礁生态系统健康等级为“一般”。本文方法是结合珊瑚礁生态常规监测可获得的指标进行评价, 应用简便且可靠。通过在三亚珊瑚礁保护区的实践, 能够真实准确地反映珊瑚礁生态系统现状及其健康状况。该方法为找寻适合应用于我国海域的珊瑚礁生态系统健康评价提供了很好的科学理论和实践经验。
Appendix 1 List of coral species in Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve
http://www.biodiversity-science.net/fileup/PDF/2017312-1.pdf
Appendix 2 Fish diversity index of six trancsects in Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve
http://www.biodiversity-science.net/fileup/PDF/2017312-2.pdf
Appendix 3 Species composition of part of macrobenthos in Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve
http://www.biodiversity-science.net/fileup/PDF/2017312-3.pdf
感谢中国科学院南海海洋研究所珊瑚生物学与珊瑚礁生态学课题组各位老师和同事对野外调查工作的支持; 感谢台湾东海大学温国彰老师对鱼类鉴定提供的帮助; 感谢中国科学院南海海洋研究所廖健祖、张芳、俞晓磊等对本论文的修改提供的帮助; 感谢武宝生老师对论文格式修改提供的建议; 感谢编委和编辑辛苦的付出。
作者声明没有竞争性利益冲突.
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Confronting the coral reef crisis .https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02691 URL PMID: 15215854 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract The worldwide decline of coral reefs calls for an urgent reassessment of current management practices. Confronting large-scale crises requires a major scaling-up of management efforts based on an improved understanding of the ecological processes that underlie reef resilience. Managing for improved resilience, incorporating the role of human activity in shaping ecosystems, provides a basis for coping with uncertainty, future changes and ecological surprises. Here we review the ecological roles of critical functional groups (for both corals and reef fishes) that are fundamental to understanding resilience and avoiding phase shifts from coral dominance to less desirable, degraded ecosystems. We identify striking biogeographic differences in the species richness and composition of functional groups, which highlight the vulnerability of Caribbean reef ecosystems. These findings have profound implications for restoration of degraded reefs, management of fisheries, and the focus on marine protected areas and biodiversity hotspots as priorities for conservation.
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Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific: Timing, extent, and subregional comparisons .https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000711 URL PMID: 17684557 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
A number of factors have recently caused mass coral mortality events in all of the world's tropical oceans. However, little is known about the timing, rate or spatial variability of the loss of reef-building corals, especially in the Indo-Pacific, which contains 75% of the world's coral reefs.We compiled and analyzed a coral cover database of 6001 quantitative surveys of 2667 Indo-Pacific coral reefs performed between 1968 and 2004. Surveys conducted during 2003 indicated that coral cover averaged only 22.1% (95% CI: 20.7, 23.4) and just 7 of 390 reefs surveyed that year had coral cover >60%. Estimated yearly coral cover loss based on annually pooled survey data was approximately 1% over the last twenty years and 2% between 1997 and 2003 (or 3,168 km(2) per year). The annual loss based on repeated measures regression analysis of a subset of reefs that were monitored for multiple years from 1997 to 2004 was 0.72 % (n = 476 reefs, 95% CI: 0.36, 1.08).The rate and extent of coral loss in the Indo-Pacific are greater than expected. Coral cover was also surprisingly uniform among subregions and declined decades earlier than previously assumed, even on some of the Pacific's most intensely managed reefs. These results have significant implications for policy makers and resource managers as they search for successful models to reverse coral loss.
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The 27-year decline of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208909109 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The world's coral reefs are being degraded, and the need to reduce local pressures to offset the effects of increasing global pressures is now widely recognized. This study investigates the spatial and temporal dynamics of coral cover, identifies the main drivers of coral mortality, and quantifies the rates of potential recovery of the Great Barrier Reef. Based on the world's most extensive time series data on reef condition (2,258 surveys of 214 reefs over 1985-2012), we show a major decline in coral cover from 28.0% to 13.8% (0.53% y(-1)), a loss of 50.7% of initial coral cover. Tropical cyclones, coral predation by crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), and coral bleaching accounted for 48%, 42%, and 10% of the respective estimated losses, amounting to 3.38% y(-1) mortality rate. Importantly, the relatively pristine northern region showed no overall decline. The estimated rate of increase in coral cover in the absence of cyclones, COTS, and bleaching was 2.85% y(-1), demonstrating substantial capacity for recovery of reefs. In the absence of COTS, coral cover would increase at 0.89% y(-1), despite ongoing losses due to cyclones and bleaching. Thus, reducing COTS populations, by improving water quality and developing alternative control measures, could prevent further coral decline and improve the outlook for the Great Barrier Reef. Such strategies can, however, only be successful if climatic conditions are stabilized, as losses due to bleaching and cyclones will otherwise increase.
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Macrobenthic community characters of coral reef at Sanya, Hainan .https://doi.org/10.11.759/hykx20131209001 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
为了解海南省三亚市3 个典型珊瑚礁区的底栖生物群落现状, 并依此反映该区域珊瑚礁生态系统的健康现状和受扰动程度, 作者于2011 年11 月22 日~23 日在海南岛三亚西岛、鹿回头和亚龙湾3个珊瑚礁自然保护区内采用潜水方法采集底栖动物, 并对分析群落的物种组成、优势类群、丰度、生物量、Shannon-Wiener 指数、物种丰富度指数和物种均匀度指数以及生物量/丰度比较曲线特征等进行研究。结果共获得三亚珊瑚礁大型底栖动物166 种, 优势类群为甲壳动物, 优势种为珊瑚铠甲虾(Galathea coralliophilus)。调查区底栖动物平均栖息丰度为566.29 个/m2, 平均生物量为82.146 g/m2;Shannon-Wiener 指数、物种丰富度指数和均匀度指数的平均值分别为3.0581、7.9116 和0.8494。其中亚龙湾的上述3 项指数均高于其他两个采样地点。生物量/丰度比较曲线表明亚龙湾的底栖群落最稳定,受扰动程度最小。
海南岛三亚珊瑚礁区大型底栖动物群落特征 .https://doi.org/10.11.759/hykx20131209001 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
为了解海南省三亚市3 个典型珊瑚礁区的底栖生物群落现状, 并依此反映该区域珊瑚礁生态系统的健康现状和受扰动程度, 作者于2011 年11 月22 日~23 日在海南岛三亚西岛、鹿回头和亚龙湾3个珊瑚礁自然保护区内采用潜水方法采集底栖动物, 并对分析群落的物种组成、优势类群、丰度、生物量、Shannon-Wiener 指数、物种丰富度指数和物种均匀度指数以及生物量/丰度比较曲线特征等进行研究。结果共获得三亚珊瑚礁大型底栖动物166 种, 优势类群为甲壳动物, 优势种为珊瑚铠甲虾(Galathea coralliophilus)。调查区底栖动物平均栖息丰度为566.29 个/m2, 平均生物量为82.146 g/m2;Shannon-Wiener 指数、物种丰富度指数和均匀度指数的平均值分别为3.0581、7.9116 和0.8494。其中亚龙湾的上述3 项指数均高于其他两个采样地点。生物量/丰度比较曲线表明亚龙湾的底栖群落最稳定,受扰动程度最小。
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Sediments and herbivory as sensitive indicators of coral reef degradation .https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08334-210129 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Around the world, the decreasing health of coral reef ecosystems has highlighted the need to better understand the processes of reef degradation. The development of more sensitive tools, which complement traditional methods of monitoring coral reefs, may reveal earlier signs of degradation and provide an opportunity for pre-emptive responses. We identify new, sensitive metrics of ecosystem processes and benthic composition that allow us to quantify subtle, yet destabilizing, changes in the ecosystem state of an inshore coral reef on the Great Barrier Reef. Following severe climatic disturbances over the period 2011-2012, the herbivorous reef fish community of the reef did not change in terms of biomass or functional groups present. However, fish-based ecosystem processes showed marked changes, with grazing by herbivorous fishes declining by over 90%. On the benthos, algal turf lengths in the epilithic algal matrix increased more than 50% while benthic sediment loads increased 37-fold. The profound changes in processes, despite no visible change in ecosystem state, i.e., no shift to macroalgal dominance, suggest that although the reef has not undergone a visible regime-shift, the ecosystem is highly unstable, and may sit on an ecological knife-edge. Sensitive, process-based metrics of ecosystem state, such as grazing or browsing rates thus appear to be effective in detecting subtle signs of degradation and may be critical in identifying ecosystems at risk for the future.
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Can private management compensate the ineffective marine reserves in China? https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0808-3 URL PMID: 27430996 [本文引用: 2] 摘要
Abstract Marine reserves (MRs) have emerged as a preferred method to protect coral reefs from overfishing and human disturbance. However, due to ineffective enforcement by governments, many MRs have been reduced to mere "paper parks" which fail to achieve conservation goals. This is especially true in countries such as China where compliance is low and resources dedicated to enforcement may be scarce. Privately managed marine reserves (PMMRs) may be effective in areas where government enforcement is lacking. To determine if PMMRs are a viable alternative strategy to protect coral reefs, we surveyed and compared fish assemblages and coral coverage in national MRs in Sanya, China to areas of reef privately leased to and managed by dive operators and hospitality industries. We found higher fish abundances and fish sizes in PMMR sites than in MR sites. However, while PMMRs are protected from fishing, other human impacts such as marine debris and illegal coral collection were evident in most tourist sites. Despite protection, long-term monitoring data of PMMRs revealed that in recent years, fish abundances have slightly recovered but species richness has not, indicating the need for a more comprehensive coral reef management plan. We strongly recommend coupling PMMRs with expertise supported regulations as an alternative coral reef management strategy in China.
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The wicked problem of China’s disappearing coral reefs .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01957.x URL PMID: 23140101 [本文引用: 3] 摘要
We examined the development of coral reef science and the policies, institutions, and governance frameworks for management of coral reefs in China in order to highlight the wicked problem of preserving reefs while simultaneously promoting human development and nation building. China and other sovereign states in the region are experiencing unprecedented economic expansion, rapid population growth, mass migration, widespread coastal development, and loss of habitat. We analyzed a large, fragmented literature on the condition of coral reefs in China and the disputed territories of the South China Sea. We found that coral abundance has declined by at least 80% over the past 30 years on coastal fringing reefs along the Chinese mainland and adjoining Hainan Island. On offshore atolls and archipelagos claimed by 6 countries in the South China Sea, coral cover has declined from an average of >60% to around 20% within the past 1015 years. Climate change has affected these reefs far less than coastal development, pollution, overfishing, and destructive fishing practices. Ironically, these widespread declines in the condition of reefs are unfolding as China's research and reef-management capacity are rapidly expanding. Before the loss of corals becomes irreversible, governance of China's coastal reefs could be improved by increasing public awareness of declining ecosystem services, by providing financial support for training of reef scientists and managers, by improving monitoring of coral reef dynamics and condition to better inform policy development, and by enforcing existing regulations that could protect coral reefs. In the South China Sea, changes in policy and legal frameworks, refinement of governance structures, and cooperation among neighboring countries are urgently needed to develop cooperative management of contested offshore reefs.
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Establishment and application of coral reef ecosystem health indicator system based on the PSR model .https://doi.org/10.3969/J.ISSN.2095-4972.2014.03.008 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
运用压力-状态-响应(pressure-state-response,PSR)模型,采用生态系统健康理论评价珊瑚礁生态状况.借鉴国内外现有生态系统评价方法,结合珊瑚礁生态系统的特点,建立适合我国国情的珊瑚礁生态系统评价方法和模式,并对我国典型海域珊瑚礁生态健康状况进行评价,以期为我国典型珊瑚礁生态系统健康状况提供基础资料.评价结果显示东山、涠洲岛、海南东部珊瑚礁生态健康状况为健康,徐闻和西沙海域珊瑚礁生态健康状况为亚健康,评价结果与我国相关生态监控区调查结果基本一致.
基于PSR模型的珊瑚礁生态系统健康评价指标体系的构建与应用 .https://doi.org/10.3969/J.ISSN.2095-4972.2014.03.008 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
运用压力-状态-响应(pressure-state-response,PSR)模型,采用生态系统健康理论评价珊瑚礁生态状况.借鉴国内外现有生态系统评价方法,结合珊瑚礁生态系统的特点,建立适合我国国情的珊瑚礁生态系统评价方法和模式,并对我国典型海域珊瑚礁生态健康状况进行评价,以期为我国典型珊瑚礁生态系统健康状况提供基础资料.评价结果显示东山、涠洲岛、海南东部珊瑚礁生态健康状况为健康,徐闻和西沙海域珊瑚礁生态健康状况为亚健康,评价结果与我国相关生态监控区调查结果基本一致.
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Community structure and biogeography of shore fishes in the gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea .https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-001-0090-y URL 摘要
Shore fish community structure off the Jordanian Red Sea coast was determined on fringing coral reefs and in a seagrass-dominated bay at 6聽m and 12聽m depths. A total of 198 fish species belonging to 121 genera and 43 families was recorded. Labridae and Pomacentridae dominated the ichthyofauna in terms of species richness and Pomacentridae were most abundant. Neither diversity nor species richness was correlated to depth. The abundance of fishes was higher at the deep reef slope, due to schooling planktivorous fishes. At 12聽m depth abundance of fishes at the seagrass-dominated site was higher than on the coral reefs. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a strong influence on the fish assemblages by depth and benthic habitat. Fish species richness was positively correlated with hard substrate cover and habitat diversity. Abundance of corallivores was positively linked with live hard coral cover. The assemblages of fishes were different on the shallow reef slope, deep reef slope and seagrass meadows. An analysis of the fish fauna showed that the Gulf of Aqaba harbours a higher species richness than previously reported. The comparison with fish communities on other reefs around the Arabian Peninsula and Indian Ocean supported the recognition of an Arabian subprovince within the Indian Ocean. The affinity of the Arabian Gulf ichthyofauna to the Red Sea is not clear.
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A comparison of video and point intercept transect methods for monitoring subtropical coral communities .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.009 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This study evaluated the use of video transects obtained from SCUBA divers or remote operated vehicle (ROV) and point intercept transect (PIT) method from divers for monitoring subtropical coral communities. Comparisons were made between the datasets obtained by the ROV and SCUBA diver video transect (‘Diver’) and the PIT method on three nearby coral sites with different hydrographies, scleractinian coral composition, dominant species and percentage cover. There was no significant difference between the ROV and ‘Diver’ datasets whereas the PIT method tended to over-estimate percentage cover at sites where corals are not extensive. Power analysis showed that the minimum detectable change in coral percentage cover, δ, had low mean values between 0.39% and 1.65% for the ROV dataset, 0.66% for the “Diver’ dataset, and 12.11% for the PIT dataset. This implied that the ROV and SCUBA survey methods can produce higher precision in terms of detecting temporal changes in coral communities and are thus more suitable for scientific research and management purposes than the PIT method. Other advantages of using video transects by SCUBA divers or ROV include provision of permanent records for subsequent studies and public information, less field time incurred and wider survey areas.
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The establishment of forest ecosystem health assessment index .[本文引用: 1] 摘要
中国是一个森林覆盖率低、森林资源匮乏的国家。由于各种因素,森林生态系统有不同程度的退化。因此,研究中国森林生态系统健康状况,对保护现有的森林资源以及提高森林生态系统的质量具有重要作用。从森林生态系统的结构和功能的角度出发,选用复合结构功能指标评价方法。同时,在生态系统健康理论基础上,以活力(V)、组织结构(O)和恢复力(R)为评价指标,根据中美合作项目八达岭森林健康研究的数据,对八达岭地区森林生态系统的健康状况进行评价,建立一套相应的森林健康评价指标体系。
森林生态系统健康评价指标体系的建立 .[本文引用: 1] 摘要
中国是一个森林覆盖率低、森林资源匮乏的国家。由于各种因素,森林生态系统有不同程度的退化。因此,研究中国森林生态系统健康状况,对保护现有的森林资源以及提高森林生态系统的质量具有重要作用。从森林生态系统的结构和功能的角度出发,选用复合结构功能指标评价方法。同时,在生态系统健康理论基础上,以活力(V)、组织结构(O)和恢复力(R)为评价指标,根据中美合作项目八达岭森林健康研究的数据,对八达岭地区森林生态系统的健康状况进行评价,建立一套相应的森林健康评价指标体系。
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| [12] |
Health status and influencing factors of coral reef ecosystems in Houhai waters, Sanya, Hainan Province .摘要
分别采用鹞式调查法和断面监测法调查了海南三亚后海海域珊瑚的物种多样性、覆盖率、病害和补充量等指标,利用健康指数(CI)评估了后海珊瑚礁生态系统的健康状况,并初步分析了影响该区域珊瑚礁健康状况的主要因素。调查发现:后海海域造礁石珊瑚54种,覆盖率达到50%以上,珊瑚病害及死亡率低,珊瑚补充量高达4.5个·m-2,CI值介于1.87~2.27,表明后海海域的珊瑚礁生态系统非常健康。分析认为:后海海域浅水区域存在的海草床和大型藻类,以及珊瑚礁区高密度的植食性动物和夏季上升流的存在是该区域珊瑚礁生态系统健康的主要原因。海草和海藻将陆源污染物过滤吸收,确保进入珊瑚礁生态系统的水质良好;数量众多的植食性动物(如魔鬼海胆Diadema setosum等)调控了大型藻类和珊瑚之间的竞争关系,保证大型海藻不会威胁到珊瑚的健康生长;而后海海域夏季上升流的出现使得该海域珊瑚礁生态系统不会受到高温的影响,不会产生热白化现象。这样,多个因素的共同作用保证了后海珊瑚礁生态系统的健康。
海南三亚后海海域珊瑚礁生态系统的健康状况及其影响因素 .摘要
分别采用鹞式调查法和断面监测法调查了海南三亚后海海域珊瑚的物种多样性、覆盖率、病害和补充量等指标,利用健康指数(CI)评估了后海珊瑚礁生态系统的健康状况,并初步分析了影响该区域珊瑚礁健康状况的主要因素。调查发现:后海海域造礁石珊瑚54种,覆盖率达到50%以上,珊瑚病害及死亡率低,珊瑚补充量高达4.5个·m-2,CI值介于1.87~2.27,表明后海海域的珊瑚礁生态系统非常健康。分析认为:后海海域浅水区域存在的海草床和大型藻类,以及珊瑚礁区高密度的植食性动物和夏季上升流的存在是该区域珊瑚礁生态系统健康的主要原因。海草和海藻将陆源污染物过滤吸收,确保进入珊瑚礁生态系统的水质良好;数量众多的植食性动物(如魔鬼海胆Diadema setosum等)调控了大型藻类和珊瑚之间的竞争关系,保证大型海藻不会威胁到珊瑚的健康生长;而后海海域夏季上升流的出现使得该海域珊瑚礁生态系统不会受到高温的影响,不会产生热白化现象。这样,多个因素的共同作用保证了后海珊瑚礁生态系统的健康。
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| [13] |
Coral Reef and It’s Biological Diversity of Sanya .
本书共分为6章。“第一章三亚珊瑚礁概况”，包括三亚的自然地理、社会经济、海洋环境以及自然保护区简况；“第二章三亚珊瑚礁生物多样性调查研究历史、内容与方法”，简单介绍了我国三亚海域造礁石珊瑚研究的历史背景和本次珊瑚礁生物多样性调查的内容和方法；“第三章三亚珊瑚礁的生物多样性”，主要描述本次珊瑚礁调查获得的现状信息，包括浮游动物、浮游植物、底栖生物（重点是造礁石珊瑚）和珊瑚礁鱼类，我国首次采用水下目测法进行了珊瑚礁鱼类调查；“第四章生物多样性热点分析”，主要结合历史资料进行生物多样性的热点及其变化分析；“第五章三亚珊瑚礁存在的问题与对策”，主要根据生物多样性调查反映的信息以及对主要利益相关者的知识和认知情况调查所反映的问题提出对策与建议；“第六章三亚珊瑚礁自然保护区珊瑚礁监测与管理”，介绍了一套简易的生物多样性长期监测规程以及数据库与GIS管理平台和方案；本书附录提供了三亚珊瑚礁浮游动植物、造礁石珊瑚和珊瑚礁鱼类的种名录与地理分布。
三亚珊瑚礁及其生物多样性 .
本书共分为6章。“第一章三亚珊瑚礁概况”，包括三亚的自然地理、社会经济、海洋环境以及自然保护区简况；“第二章三亚珊瑚礁生物多样性调查研究历史、内容与方法”，简单介绍了我国三亚海域造礁石珊瑚研究的历史背景和本次珊瑚礁生物多样性调查的内容和方法；“第三章三亚珊瑚礁的生物多样性”，主要描述本次珊瑚礁调查获得的现状信息，包括浮游动物、浮游植物、底栖生物（重点是造礁石珊瑚）和珊瑚礁鱼类，我国首次采用水下目测法进行了珊瑚礁鱼类调查；“第四章生物多样性热点分析”，主要结合历史资料进行生物多样性的热点及其变化分析；“第五章三亚珊瑚礁存在的问题与对策”，主要根据生物多样性调查反映的信息以及对主要利益相关者的知识和认知情况调查所反映的问题提出对策与建议；“第六章三亚珊瑚礁自然保护区珊瑚礁监测与管理”，介绍了一套简易的生物多样性长期监测规程以及数据库与GIS管理平台和方案；本书附录提供了三亚珊瑚礁浮游动植物、造礁石珊瑚和珊瑚礁鱼类的种名录与地理分布。
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| [14] |
A preliminary study and review of the coral reef fishes from Hainan Island .海南岛珊瑚礁鱼类的初步研究及前景探讨 . |
| [15] |
Ecosystem health assessment: Methods and directions .[本文引用: 1] 摘要 生态系统健康评价: 方法与方向 .[本文引用: 1] 摘要 |
| [16] |
Research progress of the health assessment method of coral reef ecosystem .[本文引用: 1] 摘要 珊瑚礁生态系统健康评价方法的研究进展 .[本文引用: 1] 摘要 |
| [17] |
An introduction to mathematical ecology .https://doi.org/10.2307/3799632 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This book covers population dynamics, spatial patterns in 1-species populations, spatial relations of 2 or more species and of many-species populations. FAS.
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| [18] |
Anticipative management for coral reef ecosystem services in the 21st century .https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12725 URL PMID: 25179273 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Under projections of global climate change and other stressors, significant changes in the ecology, structure and function of coral reefs are predicted. Current management strategies tend to look to the past to set goals, focusing on halting declines and restoring baseline conditions. Here, we explore a complementary approach to decision making that is based on the anticipation of future changes in ecosystem state, function and services. Reviewing the existing literature and utilizing a scenario planning approach, we explore how the structure of coral reef communities might change in the future in response to global climate change and overfishing. We incorporate uncertainties in our predictions by considering heterogeneity in reef types in relation to structural complexity and primary productivity. We examine 14 ecosystem services provided by reefs, and rate their sensitivity to a range of future scenarios and management options. Our predictions suggest that the efficacy of management is highly dependent on biophysical characteristics and reef state. Reserves are currently widely used and are predicted to remain effective for reefs with high structural complexity. However, when complexity is lost, maximizing service provision requires a broader portfolio of management approaches, including the provision of artificial complexity, coral restoration, fish aggregation devices and herbivore management. Increased use of such management tools will require capacity building and technique refinement and we therefore conclude that diversification of our management toolbox should be considered urgently to prepare for the challenges of managing reefs into the 21st century.
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| [19] |
The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois, Chicago . |
| [20] |
Role of macrobenthos in marine ecosystem .
大型底栖动物生活在海洋环境的"底栖区",由于对海洋环境污染反应敏感,因此大型底栖动物一直是污染监测领域研究的焦点.大型底栖动物是海洋生态系统物质循环和能量流动中积极的参与者,并且通过生物沉降和生物扰动对水层一底栖耦合以及生物地球化学循环过程的贡献十分显著.文中主要讨论大型底栖动物在海洋生态系统中的作用,并对我国关于大型底栖动物的研究现状进行了概述.
大型底栖动物在海洋生态系统中的作用 .
大型底栖动物生活在海洋环境的"底栖区",由于对海洋环境污染反应敏感,因此大型底栖动物一直是污染监测领域研究的焦点.大型底栖动物是海洋生态系统物质循环和能量流动中积极的参与者,并且通过生物沉降和生物扰动对水层一底栖耦合以及生物地球化学循环过程的贡献十分显著.文中主要讨论大型底栖动物在海洋生态系统中的作用,并对我国关于大型底栖动物的研究现状进行了概述.
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| [21] |
Sea urchin Diadema antillarum: Different functions in the structure and dynamics of reefs on both sides of the Atlantic .https://doi.org/10.3354/meps302307 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
ABSTRACT The long-spined black sea urchin Diadema antillarum has been involved in phase shifts between 'desired' and 'undesired' states in the organization of shallow reefs on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean between 18 and 33 degrees N, but with significantly different ecological outcomes. In the western Atlantic, high densities of D. antillarum previously exerted considerable grazing pressure on reefs where corals and turf algae were the main biological engineers; however, subsequent to a massive die-off of D. antillarum from disease in 1983-1984, many reefs have gradually become dominated by foliose algae. In contrast, hyperabundances of D. antillarum (> 10 ind. m(-2)) in the eastern Atlantic have caused the elimination of erect vegetative frameworks with the subsequent creation of 'barrens'. As a result, this invertebrate is directly implicated in the 'health' of important components of the biogenic frameworks of reefs on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Efforts in the western Atlantic are concentrated on the restoration of populations of D. antillarum to enhance coral abundance, recruitment and survivorship, while ecologists and managers in the eastern Atlantic focus on possible mechanisms to control hyperabundances of this species. We believe that the disproportionate effects of a single herbivorous species in mediating transitions between alternate states on the 2 sides of the Atlantic Ocean may be a direct consequence of a decline in the resilience of coastal ecosystems to disturbance. This decline was principally caused by decreased diversity of many of the functional groups that inhabit the Atlantic Ocean; both the western and eastern Atlantic Ocean have experienced large reductions in predatory and other fish populations.
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| [22] |
Present situation and prospect of forest ecosystem health assessment .[本文引用: 1] 摘要 森林生态系统健康评价现状及展望 .[本文引用: 1] 摘要 |
| [23] |
Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2008. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Australia . |
| [24] |
Preliminary survey and analysis of the resources of hermatypic corals in Hainan Island .摘要 海南岛造礁石珊瑚资源初步调查与分析 .摘要 |
| [25] |
Species distribution and diversity of the coral reef fishes in the shallow reefs along the east and south coasts of Hainan Island .https://doi.org/10.11964jfc.20150109688 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
根据2004—2013年海南岛东岸、南岸浅水礁区珊瑚礁鱼类监控数据,利用截线样条法、分类学多样性指数、相对丰富度及相似性指数等方法技术对海南岛东岸、南岸浅水礁区珊瑚礁鱼类种类组成及生物多样性进行研究。结果显示,海南东岸、南岸浅水礁区近10年调查珊瑚礁鱼类共计6目32科64属130种,其中鲈形目居绝对优势;珊瑚礁鱼类密度大致呈现由南向北逐渐递减的趋势;科级多样性平均值为4.41,属级多样性指数平均值为3.09,标准化的GF指数平均值为0.30;鲈形目珊瑚礁鱼类相对丰富度占有绝对优势,相对丰富度较高的6个科分别为雀鲷科、隆头鱼科、蝴蝶鱼科、天竺鲷科、四齿鲀科及玻甲鱼科;珊瑚礁鱼类在目级极为相似,相似性指数在0.86~1之间;科、属、种级相似性指数较低,均在0.5以下,通过Jaccard’s种类相似性指数分析,海南岛东岸、南岸珊瑚礁鱼类种类较多,物种丰富。珊瑚礁鱼体长范围6~10 cm区间的数量最多,其次为0~5 cm区间,21~40 cm区间的珊瑚礁鱼类在浅水礁区分布极少。本研究通过对海南岛东岸、南岸浅水礁区珊瑚礁鱼类近10 a的种类分布及多样性进行探讨,旨在为海南岛珊瑚礁生态系统及珊瑚礁鱼类保护与研究提供基础数据及理论依据。
海南岛东岸、南岸浅水礁区近10年珊瑚礁鱼类种类分布及多样性探讨 .https://doi.org/10.11964jfc.20150109688 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
根据2004—2013年海南岛东岸、南岸浅水礁区珊瑚礁鱼类监控数据,利用截线样条法、分类学多样性指数、相对丰富度及相似性指数等方法技术对海南岛东岸、南岸浅水礁区珊瑚礁鱼类种类组成及生物多样性进行研究。结果显示,海南东岸、南岸浅水礁区近10年调查珊瑚礁鱼类共计6目32科64属130种,其中鲈形目居绝对优势;珊瑚礁鱼类密度大致呈现由南向北逐渐递减的趋势;科级多样性平均值为4.41,属级多样性指数平均值为3.09,标准化的GF指数平均值为0.30;鲈形目珊瑚礁鱼类相对丰富度占有绝对优势,相对丰富度较高的6个科分别为雀鲷科、隆头鱼科、蝴蝶鱼科、天竺鲷科、四齿鲀科及玻甲鱼科;珊瑚礁鱼类在目级极为相似,相似性指数在0.86~1之间;科、属、种级相似性指数较低,均在0.5以下,通过Jaccard’s种类相似性指数分析,海南岛东岸、南岸珊瑚礁鱼类种类较多,物种丰富。珊瑚礁鱼体长范围6~10 cm区间的数量最多,其次为0~5 cm区间,21~40 cm区间的珊瑚礁鱼类在浅水礁区分布极少。本研究通过对海南岛东岸、南岸浅水礁区珊瑚礁鱼类近10 a的种类分布及多样性进行探讨,旨在为海南岛珊瑚礁生态系统及珊瑚礁鱼类保护与研究提供基础数据及理论依据。
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| [26] |
Spatial distribution and ecosystem health assessment of hermatypic corals in surrounding waters of Ximaozhou Island, Hainan .https://doi.org/10.3969/J.ISSN.2095-4972.2015.01.017 URL 摘要
采用截线样条法(line intercept transect)于2011年3月对海南省西瑁洲岛周边海域的造礁石珊瑚进行调查,同时采集水样及生物样品进行分析,并结合2006~2011年海南西瑁洲岛南部造礁石珊瑚监测数据,探讨西瑁洲岛周边海域造礁石珊瑚的空间分布及其生态系统健康状况.结果显示,2011年西瑁洲岛周边区域造礁石珊瑚有13科43种,优势种为丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis),活造礁石珊瑚平均覆盖率范围为0.80%~34.83%;死造礁石珊瑚平均覆盖率范围为0~12.50%,造礁石珊瑚平均补充量范围为0.03~0.90ind./m2,活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率与珊瑚补充量在浮泸仔周边海域相对较高,在堆头附近海域最低;死造礁石珊瑚覆盖率高值区在角头顶及牛鼻岭周边海域,其他地方死造礁石珊瑚覆盖率差别较小.受人为活动影响,西瑁洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统目前处于亚健康状态,其中水环境和生物残毒处于健康状态,栖息地与生物指标处于亚健康状态.
海南西瑁洲岛周边海域造礁石珊瑚空间分布及其生态系统健康评价 .https://doi.org/10.3969/J.ISSN.2095-4972.2015.01.017 URL 摘要
采用截线样条法(line intercept transect)于2011年3月对海南省西瑁洲岛周边海域的造礁石珊瑚进行调查,同时采集水样及生物样品进行分析,并结合2006~2011年海南西瑁洲岛南部造礁石珊瑚监测数据,探讨西瑁洲岛周边海域造礁石珊瑚的空间分布及其生态系统健康状况.结果显示,2011年西瑁洲岛周边区域造礁石珊瑚有13科43种,优势种为丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis),活造礁石珊瑚平均覆盖率范围为0.80%~34.83%;死造礁石珊瑚平均覆盖率范围为0~12.50%,造礁石珊瑚平均补充量范围为0.03~0.90ind./m2,活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率与珊瑚补充量在浮泸仔周边海域相对较高,在堆头附近海域最低;死造礁石珊瑚覆盖率高值区在角头顶及牛鼻岭周边海域,其他地方死造礁石珊瑚覆盖率差别较小.受人为活动影响,西瑁洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统目前处于亚健康状态,其中水环境和生物残毒处于健康状态,栖息地与生物指标处于亚健康状态.
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| [27] |
Forest ecosystem health assessment indicators and methods .https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6622.2004.01.007 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
介绍了森林生态系统健康的概念及其特征,以及在中国进行森林健康 评价的必要性.以森林生态系统的稳定性、可持续性和整合性为目标,提出了包括森林生态系统组成、结构、生物多样性、NPP等森林生态系统健康的评价指标体 系;同时在遥感和地理信息系统的支撑下,结合现代数学统计方法进行生态系统健康的定量化研究,提出了森林生态系统健康评价的模式,对森林资源及其健康状况 进行科学动态管理.
森林生态系统健康评价指标与方法 .https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6622.2004.01.007 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
介绍了森林生态系统健康的概念及其特征,以及在中国进行森林健康 评价的必要性.以森林生态系统的稳定性、可持续性和整合性为目标,提出了包括森林生态系统组成、结构、生物多样性、NPP等森林生态系统健康的评价指标体 系;同时在遥感和地理信息系统的支撑下,结合现代数学统计方法进行生态系统健康的定量化研究,提出了森林生态系统健康评价的模式,对森林资源及其健康状况 进行科学动态管理.
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| [28] |
Forest ecosystem health research progress .[本文引用: 1] 摘要 森林生态系统健康研究进展 .[本文引用: 1] 摘要 |
| [29] |
Study on the species diversity of the scleratinan coral community on Luhuitou fringing reef .URL 摘要
定量分析鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚群落的种类组成，选择α－多样性和β－多样性的度量方法，分析 了该群落造礁石珊瑚种、属和科的多样性及其与所处生境的关系。结果表明：鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚群落的物种比较丰富，多样性和均匀度指数都较高，但在不同地 段之间存在着明显的差异。水深中等的地段（2.４-5.0ｍ）的多样性指数高于较浅（1.5-2.0ｍ）和较深（5.5-6.5ｍ）地段；潮间带与潮下带 之间和礁平台与向海斜坡之间
鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚物种多样性的研究 .URL 摘要
定量分析鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚群落的种类组成，选择α－多样性和β－多样性的度量方法，分析 了该群落造礁石珊瑚种、属和科的多样性及其与所处生境的关系。结果表明：鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚群落的物种比较丰富，多样性和均匀度指数都较高，但在不同地 段之间存在着明显的差异。水深中等的地段（2.４-5.0ｍ）的多样性指数高于较浅（1.5-2.0ｍ）和较深（5.5-6.5ｍ）地段；潮间带与潮下带 之间和礁平台与向海斜坡之间
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Spatial pattern of coral diversity in Luhuitou fringing reef, Sanya .[本文引用: 1] 摘要 三亚鹿回头石珊瑚物种多样性的空间分布 .[本文引用: 1] 摘要 |
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