Public perception of wildlife consumption and trade during the COVID-19 outbreak

doi:10.17520/biods.2020134

Abstract

Abstract:

The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn great attention to the potential public health risks associated with the consumption and trade of wildlife. To inform legislative revision and policy changes, we conducted a web-based survey of the general public, attracting 74,040 responses. The survey examined public support for revising legislation and policy related to wildlife consumption and trade management. The results and analysis revealed: (1) The overwhelming majority (> 90%) of constituents supported more stringent policy and legislation on wildlife consumption, trade, and commercial exhibitions. (2) The consumption of wildlife is likely to fall due to COVID-19. (3) People that engaged either directly or indirectly in wildlife-related industries showed less support for more stringent policy and legislation on wildlife consumption and trade. Based on these results and concerns for public health security, a ban on wildlife consumption and revised legislation by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress was widely supported, particularly among educated, urban respondents.

Key words: wildlife consumption, wildlife trade, public health security, conservation policy

Xiangying Shi, Xiaochuan Zhang, Lingyun Xiao, Binbin V Li, Jinmei Liu, Fangyi Yang, Xiang Zhao, Chen Cheng, Zhi Lü. Public perception of wildlife consumption and trade during the COVID-19 outbreak[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(5): 630-643.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2020134

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2020/V28/I5/630

Figures/Tables 10

References 21

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变量 Variables	类型 Type	定义 Definition
背景特征 Background
性别 Gender (GND)	分类 Categorical	女: 1; 男: 0 Female, 1; Male, 0
省份 Province (PRV)	分类 Categorical	每个省生成一个虚拟变量 Provincial dummies
城乡 Urbanization (URB)	分类 Categorical	城镇: 1; 农村: 0 Urban, 1; rural, 0
年龄 Age (AGE)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): AGE1: 0-18岁; AGE2: 19-30岁; AGE3: 31-55岁; AGE4, 56岁以上 Dummies (1, 0): AGE1, 0-18 years old; AGE2, 19-30 years old; AGE3, 31-55 years old; AGE4, above 56 years old
教育程度 Education level (EDU)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): EDU1: 小学及以下; EDU2: 初高中; EDU3: 大学; EDU4: 研究生及以上 Dummies (1, 0): EDU1, Below primary school; EDU2, Middle or high school; EDU3, Graduate; EDU4, Post graduate
月收入 Monthly income level (CNY) (INC)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): INC1: 0-1,000元; INC2: 1,000-5,000元; INC3: 5,000-10,000元; INC4: 10,000- 30,000元; INC5: 大于30,000元 Dummies (1, 0): INC1, 0-1,000 CNY; INC2, 1,000-5,000 CNY; INC3, 5,000-10,000 CNY; INC4, 10,000- 30,000 CNY; INC5, above 30,000 CNY
看到周围有人吃野味次数 See surrounding people eat wildlife (times) (EAT)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): EAT1: 无; EAT2: 1-3次; EAT3: 3-10次; EAT4: 10次以上 Dummies (1, 0): EAT1, None; EAT2, 1-3 times; EAT3, 3-10 times; EAT4, above 10 times
工作/兴趣是否自然保护相关 Engaged or interested in nature conservation (CSV)	分类 Categorical	是: 1; 否: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
周围有人从事野生动物利用相关产业 Engaged either directly or indirectly in wildlife-related industries (IND)	分类 Categorical	有任意类型: 1; 无: 0 Any type, 1; None, 0
过去有消费野生动物行为 Consumed wildlife in the past (CSM)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去消费野生动物, 现在停止 Consumed wildlife in the past but tend to stop now (STOPCSM)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去有自然观察野生动物行为 Observed wildlife in the past (WAT)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去有自然观察, 现在停止 Observed wildlife in the past but stop now (STOPWAT)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去无自然观察, 现在开始 Never observe wildlife before but will start to observe wildlife now (MOREWAT)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
对相关法规了解情况 Knowledge about related laws (LAW)	有序 Ordinal	否: 1; 听说过一些: 2; 是: 3 No, 1; Some, 2; Yes, 3
对相关许可证了解情况 Knowledge about related certificates (CER)	有序 Ordinal	不了解: 1; 听过但不了解: 2; 了解: 3 No, 1; Have heard but don’t know much, 2; Know very well, 3
对立法动议的态度 Attitude towards legislation motion
取缔野味集市和餐馆 Ban on wildlife markets and restaurants (BMKT)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5
禁止消费者食用野味 Ban on wildlife eating (BEAT)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5
禁止野生动物及制品买卖 Ban on wildlife and wildlife product trade (BPDT)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5
禁止在动物园之外展示野生动物活体展演 Ban commercial exhibition of wild animals outside zoos (BSHW)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5

变量 Variables	类型 Type	定义 Definition
背景特征 Background
性别 Gender (GND)	分类 Categorical	女: 1; 男: 0 Female, 1; Male, 0
省份 Province (PRV)	分类 Categorical	每个省生成一个虚拟变量 Provincial dummies
城乡 Urbanization (URB)	分类 Categorical	城镇: 1; 农村: 0 Urban, 1; rural, 0
年龄 Age (AGE)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): AGE1: 0-18岁; AGE2: 19-30岁; AGE3: 31-55岁; AGE4, 56岁以上 Dummies (1, 0): AGE1, 0-18 years old; AGE2, 19-30 years old; AGE3, 31-55 years old; AGE4, above 56 years old
教育程度 Education level (EDU)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): EDU1: 小学及以下; EDU2: 初高中; EDU3: 大学; EDU4: 研究生及以上 Dummies (1, 0): EDU1, Below primary school; EDU2, Middle or high school; EDU3, Graduate; EDU4, Post graduate
月收入 Monthly income level (CNY) (INC)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): INC1: 0-1,000元; INC2: 1,000-5,000元; INC3: 5,000-10,000元; INC4: 10,000- 30,000元; INC5: 大于30,000元 Dummies (1, 0): INC1, 0-1,000 CNY; INC2, 1,000-5,000 CNY; INC3, 5,000-10,000 CNY; INC4, 10,000- 30,000 CNY; INC5, above 30,000 CNY
看到周围有人吃野味次数 See surrounding people eat wildlife (times) (EAT)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): EAT1: 无; EAT2: 1-3次; EAT3: 3-10次; EAT4: 10次以上 Dummies (1, 0): EAT1, None; EAT2, 1-3 times; EAT3, 3-10 times; EAT4, above 10 times
工作/兴趣是否自然保护相关 Engaged or interested in nature conservation (CSV)	分类 Categorical	是: 1; 否: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
周围有人从事野生动物利用相关产业 Engaged either directly or indirectly in wildlife-related industries (IND)	分类 Categorical	有任意类型: 1; 无: 0 Any type, 1; None, 0
过去有消费野生动物行为 Consumed wildlife in the past (CSM)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去消费野生动物, 现在停止 Consumed wildlife in the past but tend to stop now (STOPCSM)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去有自然观察野生动物行为 Observed wildlife in the past (WAT)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去有自然观察, 现在停止 Observed wildlife in the past but stop now (STOPWAT)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去无自然观察, 现在开始 Never observe wildlife before but will start to observe wildlife now (MOREWAT)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
对相关法规了解情况 Knowledge about related laws (LAW)	有序 Ordinal	否: 1; 听说过一些: 2; 是: 3 No, 1; Some, 2; Yes, 3
对相关许可证了解情况 Knowledge about related certificates (CER)	有序 Ordinal	不了解: 1; 听过但不了解: 2; 了解: 3 No, 1; Have heard but don’t know much, 2; Know very well, 3
对立法动议的态度 Attitude towards legislation motion
取缔野味集市和餐馆 Ban on wildlife markets and restaurants (BMKT)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5
禁止消费者食用野味 Ban on wildlife eating (BEAT)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5
禁止野生动物及制品买卖 Ban on wildlife and wildlife product trade (BPDT)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5
禁止在动物园之外展示野生动物活体展演 Ban commercial exhibition of wild animals outside zoos (BSHW)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5

变量 Variables	停止消费 Stop consumption		停止观察 Stop observation		增加观察 More observation		变量 Variables	停止消费 Stop consumption		停止观察 Stop observation		增加观察 More observation
IND	-1.175^***	(-9.54)	-0.100^*	(-1.67)	0.094^*	(1.75)	EDU2	0.608^**	(2.34)	0.109	(0.82)	0.249^**	(2.18)
CSV	-0.485^***	(-2.92)	-2.089^***	(-46.58)	1.872^***	(46.85)	EDU3	1.078^***	(4.02)	-0.393^***	(-2.95)	0.031	(0.27)
WAT	-0.423^***	(-2.69)	-		-		EDU4	0.972^***	(3.31)	-0.629^***	(-4.43)	-0.217^*	(-1.78)
CSM	-		0.104^*	(1.76)	0.271^***	(4.83)	INC2	0.264	(1.29)	0.156^**	(2.16)	0.151^**	(2.56)
URB	0.487^***	(2.83)	-0.641^***	(-10.45)	-0.274^***	(-5.31)	INC3	0.026	(0.12)	-0.017	(-0.21)	0.097	(1.54)
GND	1.329^***	(7.98)	0.355^***	(7.74)	-0.039	(-1.00)	INC4	-0.196	(-0.82)	-0.208^**	(-2.32)	-0.001	(-0.01)
EAT2	0.408^***	(2.67)	-0.198^***	(-3.80)	0.147^***	(3.30)	INC5	-0.291	(-1.06)	-0.111	(-0.90)	0.197^*	(1.76)
EAT3	0.245	(1.29)	-0.075	(-0.94)	0.101	(1.34)	PRV	YES		YES		YES
EAT4	-0.575^***	(-3.23)	0.191^*	(1.87)	0.592^***	(6.21)	截距 Constant	1.573^***	(3.42)	0.187	(0.97)	-2.963^***	(-17.53)
AGE2	-0.433	(-1.39)	-0.086	(-0.69)	0.352^***	(3.16)	样本量 Observations	6,166		20,234		34,220
AGE3	0.365	(1.16)	0.174	(1.40)	0.522^***	(4.69)	准R² Pseudo R²	0.182		0.217		0.151
AGE4	1.103^***	(2.72)	0.129	(0.92)	0.508^***	(4.15)	似然比 Loglikelihood	-1,106		-7,612		-11,525

变量 Variables	停止消费 Stop consumption		停止观察 Stop observation		增加观察 More observation		变量 Variables	停止消费 Stop consumption		停止观察 Stop observation		增加观察 More observation
IND	-1.175^***	(-9.54)	-0.100^*	(-1.67)	0.094^*	(1.75)	EDU2	0.608^**	(2.34)	0.109	(0.82)	0.249^**	(2.18)
CSV	-0.485^***	(-2.92)	-2.089^***	(-46.58)	1.872^***	(46.85)	EDU3	1.078^***	(4.02)	-0.393^***	(-2.95)	0.031	(0.27)
WAT	-0.423^***	(-2.69)	-		-		EDU4	0.972^***	(3.31)	-0.629^***	(-4.43)	-0.217^*	(-1.78)
CSM	-		0.104^*	(1.76)	0.271^***	(4.83)	INC2	0.264	(1.29)	0.156^**	(2.16)	0.151^**	(2.56)
URB	0.487^***	(2.83)	-0.641^***	(-10.45)	-0.274^***	(-5.31)	INC3	0.026	(0.12)	-0.017	(-0.21)	0.097	(1.54)
GND	1.329^***	(7.98)	0.355^***	(7.74)	-0.039	(-1.00)	INC4	-0.196	(-0.82)	-0.208^**	(-2.32)	-0.001	(-0.01)
EAT2	0.408^***	(2.67)	-0.198^***	(-3.80)	0.147^***	(3.30)	INC5	-0.291	(-1.06)	-0.111	(-0.90)	0.197^*	(1.76)
EAT3	0.245	(1.29)	-0.075	(-0.94)	0.101	(1.34)	PRV	YES		YES		YES
EAT4	-0.575^***	(-3.23)	0.191^*	(1.87)	0.592^***	(6.21)	截距 Constant	1.573^***	(3.42)	0.187	(0.97)	-2.963^***	(-17.53)
AGE2	-0.433	(-1.39)	-0.086	(-0.69)	0.352^***	(3.16)	样本量 Observations	6,166		20,234		34,220
AGE3	0.365	(1.16)	0.174	(1.40)	0.522^***	(4.69)	准R² Pseudo R²	0.182		0.217		0.151
AGE4	1.103^***	(2.72)	0.129	(0.92)	0.508^***	(4.15)	似然比 Loglikelihood	-1,106		-7,612		-11,525

变量 Variables	对相关法规了解情况 Knowledge about related laws		对相关许可证了解情况 Knowledge about related certificates		变量 Variables	对相关法规了解情况 Knowledge about related laws		对相关许可证了解情况 Knowledge about related certificates
IND	0.458^***	(10.11)	0.642^***	(14.39)	EDU3	0.143^*	(1.65)	0.400^***	(4.85)
CSV	0.416^***	(11.69)	0.398^***	(11.33)	EDU4	0.033	(0.36)	0.487^***	(5.52)
WAT	0.251^***	(6.91)	0.366^***	(10.32)	INC2	0.169^***	(3.87)	0.121^***	(2.76)
CSM	-0.058	(-1.26)	0.070	(1.57)	INC3	0.171^***	(3.56)	0.135^***	(2.85)
EAT2	0.193^***	(5.73)	0.270^***	(8.13)	INC4	0.132^**	(2.41)	0.116^**	(2.16)
EAT3	0.264^***	(4.32)	0.430^***	(7.82)	INC5	0.064	(0.78)	0.167^**	(2.15)
EAT4	0.507^***	(5.95)	0.626^***	(7.87)	PRV	YES		YES
URB	0.104^***	(3.42)	0.209^***	(6.81)	截距项1 Constant cut1	-0.016	(-0.13)	0.223^*	(1.95)
GND	-0.161^***	(-5.95)	-0.350^***	(-12.95)	截距项2 Constant cut2	2.766^***	(22.19)	2.973^***	(25.67)
AGE2	-0.329^***	(-3.71)	-0.610^***	(-7.54)	样本量 Observations	54,315		54,310
AGE3	0.058	(0.66)	-0.545^***	(-6.73)	准R² Pseudo R²	0.0376		0.0518
AGE4	0.483^***	(5.05)	-0.298^***	(-3.33)	似然比 Loglikelihood	-52,011		-49,248
EDU2	0.206^**	(2.36)	0.246^***	(2.96)