Early siting methods and tools for mitigating ecological impacts of onshore centralized photovoltaics and wind farms

doi:10.17520/biods.2024063

Abstract

Abstract:

Background & Aims: In recent years, China’s rapid expansion of photovoltaics (PVs) and wind power capacity has triggered attention and discussions on their ecological issues. Effective mitigation measures and tools are urgently needed but remain underutilized. This study reviews domestic and international mitigation measures based on the ecological impacts of onshore centralized PVs and wind power plants.

Review results: Our findings indicate that early site planning is the most effective and cost-efficient approach to avoiding adverse impacts. From a landscape perspective, key planning methods for mitigating ecological impacts include the environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) and sensitivity mapping for risk screening, the Development by Design (DbD), combination of spatial planning and sensitivity mapping, and compatibility assessments between renewable energy and biological resources for integrated spatial planning. These methods help guide the renewable energy siting process based on ecological impacts and risks.

Recommendations: We propose five priorities for improving site selection and mitigation of ecological impacts in China: (1) Enhancing research on ecological impacts of PVs and wind power plants, focusing on endangered and sensitive species and their habitats, and developing mitigation strategies; (2) Simplifying siting methods and decision-making tools, and training professionals for effective implementation; (3) Strengthening cross-sector coordination to align land-use planning with solar and wind power development, and optimizing tools for ecological-friendly site selection for renewable energy projects, particularly in repurposing areas like abandoned mines. New projects must incorporate mitigation measures into design before construction; (4) Establishing a continuous ecological impact monitoring system to assess and adapt mitigation measures over time; (5) Strengthening policy support for ecological-friendly wind and solar development, by issuing technical guidelines and standards for ecological conservation and restoration. Policies should be adapted to local conditions, avoiding “one-size-fits-all” approach, and promoting innovative, eco-friendly renewable energy development models.

Key words: photovoltaics, wind power, ecological impacts, mitigation measures, renewable energy siting tools

CLC Number:

X176

Yunyue Peng, Yongmei Luo, Tong Jin, Jiaying Li, Yufeng Chen. Early siting methods and tools for mitigating ecological impacts of onshore centralized photovoltaics and wind farms[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(1): 24063.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2024063

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2025/V33/I1/24063

Figures/Tables 3

References 46

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工具 Tools	描述 Description
生物多样性综合评估工具 Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT)	提供全球生物多样性空间数据的在线平台, 包括法定保护地、IUCN红色物种名录和全球生物多样性重要区域等。 Online platform for global spatial data on biodiversity, including legally protected areas, the IUCN Red List of Species and globally important areas for biodiversity.
全球生物多样性信息服务网络平台 The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)	提供免费获取生物多样性数据的国际网络数据平台。该平台提供各种陆生和水生物种分布数据集, 同时还能追踪物种迁移。 An international web-based data platform that provides free access to biodiversity data. The platform provides datasets on the distribution of a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species and also tracks species migration.
翱翔鸟类敏感性地图工具 The Soaring Bird Sensitivity Map Tool	提供东非大裂谷-红海迁徙路线上翱翔鸟类等物种分布信息, 帮助新开发的光伏和风电项目进行负责任地选址决策。 Provide information on the distribution of species such as soaring birds along the East African Rift Valley-Red Sea migration route to help make responsible siting decisions for new photovoltaic and wind power projects.
关键地点网络工具 The Critical Sites Network Tool	提供非洲和欧亚大陆西部对近300种水鸟至关重要的分布地点信息。 Provides information on distribution sites in Africa and western Eurasia that are critical for nearly 300 species of waterbirds.
保护星球数据库 The Protected Planet Database	一个可以集中访问世界保护地数据库(World Database of Protected Areas, WDPA)、基于其他有效区域保护措施(OECMs)的数据库、全球保护地管理成效数据库(Global Database on Protected Area Management Effectiveness, GD-PAME)和相关信息的平台。 A platform that provides unified access to the World Database of Protected Areas (WDPA), databases based on other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), the Global Database on Protected Area Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME) and other related information platforms.

工具 Tools	描述 Description
生物多样性综合评估工具 Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT)	提供全球生物多样性空间数据的在线平台, 包括法定保护地、IUCN红色物种名录和全球生物多样性重要区域等。 Online platform for global spatial data on biodiversity, including legally protected areas, the IUCN Red List of Species and globally important areas for biodiversity.
全球生物多样性信息服务网络平台 The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)	提供免费获取生物多样性数据的国际网络数据平台。该平台提供各种陆生和水生物种分布数据集, 同时还能追踪物种迁移。 An international web-based data platform that provides free access to biodiversity data. The platform provides datasets on the distribution of a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species and also tracks species migration.
翱翔鸟类敏感性地图工具 The Soaring Bird Sensitivity Map Tool	提供东非大裂谷-红海迁徙路线上翱翔鸟类等物种分布信息, 帮助新开发的光伏和风电项目进行负责任地选址决策。 Provide information on the distribution of species such as soaring birds along the East African Rift Valley-Red Sea migration route to help make responsible siting decisions for new photovoltaic and wind power projects.
关键地点网络工具 The Critical Sites Network Tool	提供非洲和欧亚大陆西部对近300种水鸟至关重要的分布地点信息。 Provides information on distribution sites in Africa and western Eurasia that are critical for nearly 300 species of waterbirds.
保护星球数据库 The Protected Planet Database	一个可以集中访问世界保护地数据库(World Database of Protected Areas, WDPA)、基于其他有效区域保护措施(OECMs)的数据库、全球保护地管理成效数据库(Global Database on Protected Area Management Effectiveness, GD-PAME)和相关信息的平台。 A platform that provides unified access to the World Database of Protected Areas (WDPA), databases based on other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), the Global Database on Protected Area Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME) and other related information platforms.

工具 Tools	描述 Description
生态系统服务工具包 Ecosystem Services Toolkit (EST)	定性或定量评估生态系统服务的工具。 Tools for qualitative or quantitative assessment of ecosystem services.
保护地效益评估工具 Protected Areas Benefits Assessment Tool (PA-BAT)	从不同利益相关方的角度出发, 标准化地评估保护地生态系统效益。 Standardized assessment of ecological benefits of protected areas from different stakeholders’ perspectives.
生态系统服务站点评估工具包 Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-based Assessment (TESSA)	基于GIS的在景观尺度上模拟生态系统服务的工具包, 指导识别特定地点的重要生态环境服务、获取测量所需的数据。 A GIS-based toolkit for modeling ecosystem services at the landscape scale, guiding the identification of important ecosystem services at a given site and the acquisition of data needed for measurement.
生态系统服务人工智能平台 Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services (ARIES)	为综合模拟和评估社会、经济和环境状况而设计的生态系统服务模型平台。 An ecosystem services modeling platform designed for integrated simulation and assessment of social, economic and environmental conditions.
自然成本评估 Co$ting Nature (C$N)	用于生态系统空间分析和评估人类干预的影响的基于Web的建模工具, 可评估生态系统、保护优先级、经济价值、协同效益、压力和威胁等。 Web-based modeling tools for spatial analysis of ecosystems and assessment of the impact of human interventions, assessing ecosystems, conservation priorities, economic values, co-benefits, pressures and threats.
生态系统服务评估软件 Integrate Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST)	用于在不同情景下量化模拟生态系统服务过程、评估生态系统服务及其经济价值的软件模型, 可支持生态系统管理和决策。 Software models for the quantitative simulation of ecosystem service processes and the valuation of ecosystem services and their economic value under different scenarios to support ecosystem management and decision-making.
生态系统服务多尺度综合模型 Multiscale Integrated Models of Ecosystem Services (MIMES)	旨在整合不同生态和经济模型来模拟生态系统服务过程的模型。 Models designed to integrate different ecological and economic models to simulate ecosystem service processes.
生态系统服务社会价值评估模型 Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES)	基于ArcGIS的生态系统服务社会价值评估模型, 可识别和分析群体社会价值认知, 如美学和娱乐价值。 An ArcGIS-based model for assessing the social value of ecosystem services identifies and analyzes group perceptions of social value, such as aesthetic and recreational values.
水世界 WaterWorld	采用定量的生物物理指标模拟在当前条件下以及不同情景下相关的水文服务, 可了解水文生态系统服务、水资源和水相关的风险因素。 The use of quantitative biophysical indicators to model hydrological services under current conditions and relevant hydrological services under different scenarios provides insights into hydrological ecosystem services, water resources and water-related risk factors.
Aqueduct水风险图集 Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas	全球水资源风险地图工具, 帮助用户了解全球水资源风险和机遇。 Global Water Risk Map tool to help users understand global water risks and opportunities.
拉姆萨尔湿地信息服务 Ramsar Site Information Service	查找全球所有国际重要湿地信息的平台。 A platform to find information on all internationally important wetlands around the world.
减缓和监测实践工具 Mitigation and Monitoring Practices Tool	通过分类和筛选减缓和监测措施来评估管理成效的工具。 Tools for assessing management effectiveness by categorizing and screening mitigation and monitoring measures.
巴黎实践——探索全球清洁能源潜力 Paris to Practice—Exploring Global Clean Energy Potential	探索在改造后的土地上开发低影响可再生能源的潜力, 实现国家自主贡献目标(NDCs)。 Explore the potential for low-impact renewable energy development on converted lands to meet Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) targets.
为风能正确选址 Site Wind Right	一种基于GIS的交互式在线地图技术, 结合风力资源、野生动物栖息地、土地利用和基础设施的数据, 提供美国中部大平原17个州的风能选址决策信息。 A GIS-based interactive online mapping technology that combines wind resource, wildlife habitat, land use, and infrastructure data to provide information for wind energy siting decisions in 17 states in the Central Great Plains of the United States.

工具 Tools	描述 Description
生态系统服务工具包 Ecosystem Services Toolkit (EST)	定性或定量评估生态系统服务的工具。 Tools for qualitative or quantitative assessment of ecosystem services.
保护地效益评估工具 Protected Areas Benefits Assessment Tool (PA-BAT)	从不同利益相关方的角度出发, 标准化地评估保护地生态系统效益。 Standardized assessment of ecological benefits of protected areas from different stakeholders’ perspectives.
生态系统服务站点评估工具包 Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-based Assessment (TESSA)	基于GIS的在景观尺度上模拟生态系统服务的工具包, 指导识别特定地点的重要生态环境服务、获取测量所需的数据。 A GIS-based toolkit for modeling ecosystem services at the landscape scale, guiding the identification of important ecosystem services at a given site and the acquisition of data needed for measurement.
生态系统服务人工智能平台 Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services (ARIES)	为综合模拟和评估社会、经济和环境状况而设计的生态系统服务模型平台。 An ecosystem services modeling platform designed for integrated simulation and assessment of social, economic and environmental conditions.
自然成本评估 Co$ting Nature (C$N)	用于生态系统空间分析和评估人类干预的影响的基于Web的建模工具, 可评估生态系统、保护优先级、经济价值、协同效益、压力和威胁等。 Web-based modeling tools for spatial analysis of ecosystems and assessment of the impact of human interventions, assessing ecosystems, conservation priorities, economic values, co-benefits, pressures and threats.
生态系统服务评估软件 Integrate Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST)	用于在不同情景下量化模拟生态系统服务过程、评估生态系统服务及其经济价值的软件模型, 可支持生态系统管理和决策。 Software models for the quantitative simulation of ecosystem service processes and the valuation of ecosystem services and their economic value under different scenarios to support ecosystem management and decision-making.
生态系统服务多尺度综合模型 Multiscale Integrated Models of Ecosystem Services (MIMES)	旨在整合不同生态和经济模型来模拟生态系统服务过程的模型。 Models designed to integrate different ecological and economic models to simulate ecosystem service processes.
生态系统服务社会价值评估模型 Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES)	基于ArcGIS的生态系统服务社会价值评估模型, 可识别和分析群体社会价值认知, 如美学和娱乐价值。 An ArcGIS-based model for assessing the social value of ecosystem services identifies and analyzes group perceptions of social value, such as aesthetic and recreational values.
水世界 WaterWorld	采用定量的生物物理指标模拟在当前条件下以及不同情景下相关的水文服务, 可了解水文生态系统服务、水资源和水相关的风险因素。 The use of quantitative biophysical indicators to model hydrological services under current conditions and relevant hydrological services under different scenarios provides insights into hydrological ecosystem services, water resources and water-related risk factors.
Aqueduct水风险图集 Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas	全球水资源风险地图工具, 帮助用户了解全球水资源风险和机遇。 Global Water Risk Map tool to help users understand global water risks and opportunities.
拉姆萨尔湿地信息服务 Ramsar Site Information Service	查找全球所有国际重要湿地信息的平台。 A platform to find information on all internationally important wetlands around the world.
减缓和监测实践工具 Mitigation and Monitoring Practices Tool	通过分类和筛选减缓和监测措施来评估管理成效的工具。 Tools for assessing management effectiveness by categorizing and screening mitigation and monitoring measures.
巴黎实践——探索全球清洁能源潜力 Paris to Practice—Exploring Global Clean Energy Potential	探索在改造后的土地上开发低影响可再生能源的潜力, 实现国家自主贡献目标(NDCs)。 Explore the potential for low-impact renewable energy development on converted lands to meet Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) targets.
为风能正确选址 Site Wind Right	一种基于GIS的交互式在线地图技术, 结合风力资源、野生动物栖息地、土地利用和基础设施的数据, 提供美国中部大平原17个州的风能选址决策信息。 A GIS-based interactive online mapping technology that combines wind resource, wildlife habitat, land use, and infrastructure data to provide information for wind energy siting decisions in 17 states in the Central Great Plains of the United States.