全球中华鲎资源保护现状及对策建议
收稿日期: 2019-12-18
录用日期: 2020-01-24
网络出版日期: 2020-03-08
基金资助
国家自然科学基金(41706183);广西自然科学基金联合资助培育项目(2019JJA150098);广西自然科学基金(2017GXNSFBA198181);广西高校引进海外高层次人才“百人计划”;广西八桂青年学者人才专项
Global conservation of Tachypleus tridentatus: Present status and recommendations
Received date: 2019-12-18
Accepted date: 2020-01-24
Online published: 2020-03-08
鲎是古老的海洋节肢动物。中华鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)是世界现存4种鲎中体型最大的一种, 是河口生态系统的标志物种, 同时其血液被用于生产医用检验试剂――鲎试剂。中华鲎的自然地理分布范围相当狭窄, 仅局限于日本濑户内海向南延伸至印度尼西亚爪哇岛北岸以北的太平洋西岸海域, 其中在中国东岸和日本南部海域的历史产量较高。自20世纪50年代以来中华鲎种群数量出现了显著减少, 2019年中华鲎在IUCN红色名录中的濒危等级正式更新为濒危(EN), 明确了中华鲎资源呈现全球性衰退的状态, 究其原因可归纳为鲎生境破坏和过度捕捞两个方面。在开展鲎资源保护的实践工作中, 作者深刻反思当前鲎资源保护在海洋保护区划定、增殖放流及科普和野生动物保护法宣传中存在的问题并提出相应建议, 包括加快完善种群基线数据, 制定标准化种群和生境基线监测指南, 构建科学放流体系等, 以期推进全球范围内的中华鲎资源保护与科学管理。
朱俊华, 吴宙, 冯炳斌, 邓帅帅, 甄文全, 廖永岩, 颉晓勇, Kit Yue Kwan . 全球中华鲎资源保护现状及对策建议[J]. 生物多样性, 2020 , 28(5) : 621 -629 . DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019401
Horseshoe crabs are an ancient group of marine arthropods. The Chinese horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) is the largest among the four extant species. Tachypleus tridentatus is regarded as the indicator species of estuarine ecosystems. Meanwhile, its blood is used to manufacture biomedical testing kits, i.e., Tachypleus amebocyte lysate. The geographic distribution of T. tridentatus is constrained to the western Pacific Ocean, ranging from the Seto Inland Sea of Japan southwards to the North Jawa waters. A high historical population size of T. tridentatus was recorded in eastern China and southern Japan. Tachypleus tridentatus population decline has become apparent since the 1950s, and the species has been upgraded to “Endangered (EN)” under the IUCN Red List in 2019, depicting its global declining trend. Habitat destruction and overfishing are identified as the primary threats. We reexamined current conservation measures targeting T. tridentatus, including marine protected area establishment, captive breeding and restocking, and awareness programs and regulations. We provide recommendations to enhance the conservation and management of global T. tridentatus populations through: (1) expediting population baseline data collection; (2) developing standards for population/habitat monitoring; and (3) establishing scientifically sound restocking programs.
| [1] | Botton ML (2001) The conservation of horseshoe crabs: What can we learn from the Japanese experience? In: Limulus in the Limelight: A Species 350 Million Years in the Making and in Peril? (ed. Tanacredi JT), pp. 41-51. Springer, New York. |
| [2] | Botton ML, Itow T (2009) The effects of water quality on horseshoe crab embryos and larvae. In: Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs (eds Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR), pp. 439-454. Springer, New York. |
| [3] | Brockmann HJ, Smith MD (2009) Reproductive competition and sexual selection in horseshoe crabs. In: Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs (eds Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR), pp. 199-221. Springer, New York. |
| [4] | Carmichael RH, Brush E (2012) Three decades of horseshoe crab rearing: A review of conditions for captive growth and survival. Reviews in Aquaculture, 4, 32-43. |
| [5] | Carmichael RH, Rutecki D, Valiela I (2003) Abundance and population structure of the Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus in Pleasant Bay, Cape Cod. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 246, 225-239. |
| [6] | Chen CP, Fan HQ, Liao YY, Qiu GL, Hsieh HL, Lin WY (2015) Horseshoe crab, the living fossil, is facing survival threats. Science, 67(3), 60-62. (in Chinese) |
| [6] | [ 陈章波, 范航清, 廖永岩, 邱广龙, 谢蕙莲, 林吴颖 (2015) 面临生存困境的动物活化石——鲎. 科学, 67(3), 60-62.] |
| [7] | Chen CP, Yang MC, Fan LF, Qiu GL, Liao YY, Hsieh HL (2015) Co-occurrence of juvenile horseshoe crabs Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda in an estuarine bay, southwestern China. Aquatic Biology, 24, 117-126. |
| [8] | Christianus A, Saad CR (2007) Horseshoe crabs in Malaysia and the world. Fishery Mail, 16, 8-9. |
| [9] | Fu Y, Huang S, Wu Z, Wang CC, Su M, Wang X, Xu P, Huang X, Wu H, Wang Y, Wang J (2019) Socio-demographic drivers and public perceptions of consumption and conservation of Asian horseshoe crabs in northern Beibu Gulf, China. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 29, 1268-1277. |
| [10] | Gauvry G (2015) Current horseshoe crab harvesting practices cannot support global demand for TAL/LAL: The pharmaceutical and medical device industries’ role in the sustainability of horseshoe crabs. In: Changing Global Perspectives on Horseshoe Crab Biology, Conservation and Management (eds Carmichael RH, Botton ML, Shin PKS, Cheung SG), pp. 475-482. Springer International Publishing, Cham. |
| [11] | Hong S, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Xu H (2009) Effect of sediment type on growth and survival of juvenile horseshoe crabs (Tachypleus tridentatus). In: Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs (eds Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR), pp. 535-540. Springer, New York. |
| [12] | Hong SG (2011) Biology of Horseshoe Crabs, Tachypleus tridentatus. Xiamen University Press, Xiamen. (in Chinese) |
| [12] | [ 洪水根 (2011) 中华鲎生物学研究. 厦门大学出版社, 厦门.] |
| [13] | Hsieh HL, Chen CP (2009) Conservation program for the Asian horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus in Taiwan: Characterizing the microhabitat of nursery grounds and restoring spawning grounds. In: Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs (eds Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR), pp. 417-438. Springer, New York. |
| [14] | Hsieh HL, Chen CP (2015) Current status of Tachypleus tridentatus in Taiwan for Red List assessment. In: Changing Global Perspectives on Horseshoe Crab Biology, Conservation and Management (eds Carmichael RH, Botton ML, Shin PKS, Cheung SG), pp. 383-396. Springer International Publishing, Cham. |
| [15] | Hu MH, Wu FL, Li QZ, Gan H, Gong ZL, Wang YJ (2013) Habitat selection of released juvenile Chinese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus tagged with visible implant elastomer. Marine Environmental Science, 32, 907-910. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [15] | [ 胡梦红, 吴芳丽, 李琼珍, 甘晖, 龚竹林, 王有基 (2013) 应用可视嵌入性荧光标记技术研究中华鲎幼体野外放流后的生境选择. 海洋环境科学, 32, 907-910.] |
| [16] | Itow T (1993) Crisis in the Seto Inland Sea: Decimation of the horseshoe crab. EMECS Newsletter, 3, 10-11. |
| [17] | Jegla TC, Costlow JD (1982) Temperature and salinity effects on developmental and early posthatch stages of Limulus. Progress in Clinical Biology Research, 81, 103-113. |
| [18] | Jones T (2012) Resolutions and Recommendations: World Conservation Congress, Jeju, Republic of Korea. IUCN, Switzerland. |
| [19] | Kwan BKY, Chan AKY, Cheung SG, Shin PKS (2014) Hemolymph quality as indicator of health status in juvenile Chinese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus (Xiphosura) under laboratory culture. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 457, 135-142. |
| [20] | Kwan BKY, Cheung JHY, Law ACK, Cheung SG, Shin PKS (2017) Conservation education program for threatened Asian horseshoe crabs: A step towards reducing community apathy to environmental conservation. Journal for Nature Conservation, 35, 53-65. |
| [21] | Kwan BKY, Hsieh HL, Cheung SG (2016) Present population and habitat status of potentially threatened Asian horseshoe crabs Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda in Hong Kong: A proposal for marine protected area. Biodiversity and Conservation, 25, 673-692. |
| [22] | Kwan BKY, Shin PKS, Cheung SG (2015) Preliminary home range study of juvenile Chinese horseshoe crabs, Tachypleus tridentatus (Xiphosura), using passive tracking methods. In: Changing Global Perspectives on Horseshoe Crab Biology, Conservation and Management (eds Carmichael RH, Botton ML, Shin PKS, Cheung SG), pp. 149-166. Springer International Publishing, Cham. |
| [23] | Kwan BKY, Un VKY, Cheung SG, Shin PKS (2018) Horseshoe crabs as potential sentinel species for coastal health: Juvenile hemolymph quality and relationship to habitat conditions. Marine and Freshwater Research, 69, 894-905. |
| [24] | Laurie K, Chen CP, Cheung SG, Do V, Hsieh H, John A, Mohamad F, Seino S, Nishida S, Shin P, Yang M (2019) Tachypleus tridentatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T21309A149768986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T21309A149768986.en/ (accessed on 2019-12-11) |
| [25] | Li YH, Xie XY, Kwan KY (2018) Endangered status and declaration on conservation of the “living fossil” Tachypleus tridentatus. Wetland Science, 16, 690-692. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [25] | [ 李裕红, 颉晓勇, 关杰耀 (2018) 活化石中华鲎濒危现状及抢救性保护宣言. 湿地科学, 16, 690-692.] |
| [26] | Liao YY, Hsieh HY, Xu SQ, Zhong QP, Lei J, Liang MZ, Fang HY, Xu LL, Lin WY, Xiao XB, Chen CP, Cheung SG, Kwan BKY (2019a) Wisdom of crowds reveals clear decline of Asian horseshoe crabs in Beibu Gulf, China. Oryx, 53, 222-229. |
| [27] | Liao YY, Li XM (2001) Present situation of horseshoe crab resources in the sea area of China and tactics of preservation. Resources Science, 23(2), 55-59. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [27] | [ 廖永岩, 李晓梅 (2001) 中国海域鲎资源现状及保护策略. 资源科学, 23(2), 55-59.] |
| [28] | Liao YY, Liu K, Wu HP, Xu YH, Huang H, Xu SQ, Kwan KY (2019 b) How survival and food intake of tri-spine horseshoe crabs, Tachypleus tridentatus respond to thermal variation: Implications for understanding its distribution limit. Journal of Natural History, 53, 1951-1960. |
| [29] | Loveland RE, Botton ML (2015) Sea level rise in Delaware Bay, USA: Adaptations of spawning horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) to the glacial past, and the rapidly changing shoreline of the bay. In: Changing Global Perspectives on Horseshoe Crab Biology, Conservation and Management (eds Carmichael RH, Botton ML, Shin PKS, Cheung SG), pp.41-63. Springer International Publishing, Cham. |
| [30] | Manca A, Mohamad F, Ahmad A, Sofa MF, Ismail N (2017) Tri-spine horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus (L.) in Sabah, Malaysia: The adult body sizes and population estimate. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 10, 355-361. |
| [31] | Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China (2013) Nature Reserves in Guangdong Province. (in Chinese) |
| [31] | [ 中华人民共和国生态环境部 (2013) 广东省自然保护区名录 ]http://www.mee.gov.cn/stbh/zrbhq/qgzrbhqml/201605/t20160522_342675_wap.shtml/. (accessed on 2019-12-11) |
| [32] | Meilana L, Fang QH (2017) Siting and sustainability analysis for horseshoe crabs conservation in Indonesia. Malaysian Journal of Halal Research, 1, 4-7. |
| [33] | Mohamad F, Ismail N, Ahmad AB, Manca A, Rahman MZFA, Bahri MFS, Sofa MFAM, Ghaffar IHA, Alia’m AA, Abdullah NH, Kasturi MMM (2015) The population size and movement of coastal horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas (Müller) on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. In: Changing Global Perspectives on Horseshoe Crab Biology, Conservation and Management (eds Carmichael RH, Botton ML, Shin PKS, Cheung SG), pp. 213-228. Springer International Publishing, Cham. |
| [34] | Mohamad F, Sofa MFAM, Manca A, Ismail N, Che CZ, Ahmad AB (2019) Nests placements and spawning in the endangered horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus (Leach, 1819) (Merostomata: Xiphosurida: Limulidae) in Sabah, Malaysia. The Journal of Crustacean Biology, 39, 695-702. |
| [35] | Morton B, Lee CN (2011) Spatial and temporal distributions of juvenile horseshoe crabs (Arthropoda: Chelicerate) approaching extirpation along the northwestern shoreline of the New Territories of Hong Kong SAR, China. Journal of Natural History, 45, 227-251. |
| [36] | Nguyen KS (2007) Vietnam Red Data Book. Natural Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi. |
| [37] | Plummer J, Taylor J (2004) Community Participation in China: Issues and Processes for Capacity Building. Earthscan, London. |
| [38] | Roby D, Liu YG (2011) Terminal Evaluation of the Biodiversity Management in the Coastal Area of the China’s South Sea Project. https://erc.undp.org/evaluation/documents/download/6330/. (accessed on 2019-12-11) |
| [39] | Rudkin DM, Young GA (2009) Horseshoe crabs—An ancient ancestry revealed. In: Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs (eds Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR), pp. 25-44. Springer, New York. |
| [40] | Rudloe A (1981) Aspects of the biology of juvenile horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus. Bulletin of Marine Science, 31, 125-133. |
| [41] | SaBC (Sabah Biodiversity Centre) (2017) Export Licence. http://www.sabc.sabah.gov.my/?q=content/export-licence-application-form/. (accessed on 2019-12-11) |
| [42] | Seino S, Uda T, Tsuchiya Y, Tsuchiya K (2003) Conservation history of horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus and its spawning ground, a designated natural monument in Kasaoka Bay in Okayama Prefecture. Asian and Pacific Coasts, 18, 551-556. |
| [43] | Sekiguchi K (1988) Biology of Horseshoe Crab. Tokyo Science House Co. Ltd., Tokyo. |
| [44] | Shin PKS, Li HY, Cheung SG (2009) Horseshoe crabs in Hong Kong: Current population status and human exploitation. In: Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs (eds Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR), pp. 347-360. Springer, New York. |
| [45] | Shuster CN, Sekiguchi K (2009) Basic habitat requirements of the extant species of horseshoe crabs (Limulacea). In: Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs (eds Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR), pp. 115-129. Springer, New York. |
| [46] | Vietnam NBSAP ( National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans) (2014) Vietnam’s Fifth International Report to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Reporting period: 2009-2013. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi. |
| [47] | Wang CC, Huang SL, Wang XP, Xu P, Huang X, Liao YY, Xie XY, Kwan KY (2019) Conserving the understudied invertebrates: A call for a systematic monitoring protocol for Asian horseshoe crabs in nursery habitats. Endangered Species Research, 40, 369-373. |
| [48] | Weng ZH, Xie YJ, Xiao ZQ, Huang LM, Li J, Wang SH, Zhang YZ (2012) Distribution and resource of Chinese horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) in Fujian and other coast water of China. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 47(3), 40-48. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [48] | [ 翁朝红, 谢仰杰, 肖志群, 黄良敏, 李军, 王淑红, 张雅芝 (2012) 福建及中国其他沿岸海域中华鲎资源分布现状调查. 动物学杂志, 47(3), 40-48.] |
| [49] | Xie XY, Wu Z, Wang CC, Fu YJ, Wang XP, Xu P, Huang X, Liao YY, Huang SL, Kwan KY (2020) Nursery habitat for Asian horseshoe crabs along the northern Beibu Gulf, China: Implications for conservation management under baseline gaps. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 30, 260-272. |
| [50] | Zeng JN, Chen QZ, Huang W, Du P, Yang H (2016) Reform of the marine ecological protection system in China: From marine protected areas to marine ecological redline regions. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 36, 1-10. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [50] | [ 曾江宁, 陈全震, 黄伟, 杜萍, 杨辉 (2016) 中国海洋生态保护制度的转型发展——从海洋保护区走向海洋生态红线区. 生态学报, 36, 1-10.] |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
