全球生物多样性热点大城市是全球城市发展和生物多样性保护的冲突之地，对于维持区域内外生物多样性的平衡至关重要。但尚未有研究对全球生物多样性热点区域内的中国大城市进行专门研究。本文基于COP15中履约目标12和《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2023-2030)》的优先行动18，从“生物多样性保护规划与可持续利用计划编制”、“城市生物多样性调查监测与评估”、“城市生物物种栖息地修复及生态廊道建设”及“城市居民的自然联系与健康福祉”及“城市生态系统功能与服务”五个方面梳理全球生物多样性热点地区内的16个中国百万以上人口城市(后简称“热点大城市”)保护政策，对照国际对比案例城市，总结存在的问题并提出优化方向，为平衡生态保护与高质量发展、促进生物多样性友好型城市建设提供参考。研究发现，中外热点大城市均存在对自身的特殊生态区位缺乏认知、在长期规划中对生物多样性的考虑不足、城市生物多样性监测数据仍然匮乏等问题，中国大城市还存在城市生物多样性数据监测覆盖面较少且方式较为单一、对公众的城市生物多样性体验及其设施建设的关注不够、城市生态系统服务的提供方面关注不足等问题。建议未来在以下方面进一步优化：(1)优先推进生物多样性保护空间规划编制；(2)探索多源数据监测新技术方法的集成应用；(3)促进多维度生物多样性体验的规范化；(4)推动城市生物多样性保护与生态系统服务协同。

Background & Aims: Global biodiversity hotspot cities are where urban development and biodiversity conservation come into conflict, playing a critical role in maintaining biodiversity balance both within and beyond their regions. However, there has been no dedicated study focusing on Chinese cities within global biodiversity hotspots. This research is based on Target 12 of the COP15 and Priority Action 18 of the China Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023–2030). This research examines the biodiversity conservation policies of 16 Chinese cities with populations exceeding one million (hereafter referred to as "hotspot cities") within global biodiversity hotspot regions. The analysis focuses on five key aspects: (1) biodiversity conservation planning and sustainable utilization plans, (2) urban biodiversity survey, monitoring, and assessment, (3) habitat restoration and ecological corridor construction, (4) the connection between urban residents and nature as well as their health and well-being, and (5) urban ecosystem functions and services. By comparing these conservation policies with international case cities, the study identifies existing challenges and proposes optimization directions to support biodiversity-friendly urban development while balancing ecological protection and high-quality urban growth. 

Review Results: The findings reveal that both Chinese and international hotspot cities face common challenges, including a lack of awareness of their unique ecological positioning, insufficient biodiversity-inclusive long-term urban planning, and a general scarcity of biodiversity monitoring data. Additionally, Chinese cities exhibit specific issues such as limited coverage and single-method approaches in urban biodiversity monitoring, insufficient attention to biodiversity-related public experiences and supporting infrastructure, and inadequate focus on the provision of urban ecosystem services. 

Optimization trends: Future enhancements to urban biodiversity conservation policies in these hotspot cities should prioritize the followings: (1) Prioritizing the development of spatial planning for biodiversity conservation; (2) Exploring the integrated application of multi-source data monitoring technologies; (3) Standardizing multi-dimensional approaches to urban biodiversity experiences; (4) Promoting synergistic enhancement of urban biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services.