关键词: 三江源国家公园, 人兽冲突, 应对模式, 模糊评价, 社会-生态系统

AbstractBackground & Aims: Human–wildlife conflict is a major social–ecological challenge in the development of national parks, with direct implications for biodiversity conservation and the sustainable livelihoods of local communities. Understanding the patterns of conflict occurrence and herders’ attitudes is essential for improving conflict management and promoting human–wildlife coexistence. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of human–wildlife conflict, herders’ attitudes and perceptions, and their influencing factors in Sanjiangyuan National Park, and to assess conflict severity, conservation attitudes, and trends in wildlife damage. Results: Based on questionnaire surveys and interviews with 155 herder households in Qumalai County, Sanjiangyuan National Park, the results show that human–wildlife conflicts in the study area have increased markedly. Wolves and brown bears are the primary conflict species, with brown bears contributing most substantially to conflict intensification. Conflicts exhibit pronounced seasonality, with peak occurrences from July to November. Herders reported low overall satisfaction with existing preventive measures and moderate satisfaction with compensation policies, while their tolerance toward brown bears was significantly lower than that toward wolves and snow leopards. Chi-square analyses indicate that experiences of brown bear damage, the magnitude of economic losses, and livestock holding size are the key factors shaping herders’ attitudes. Although preventive measures are widely implemented, the adoption of high-cost protective facilities remains limited; response actions are constrained by personal safety risks and insufficient effective deterrent technologies; and post-conflict responses rely mainly on institutional mechanisms such as government reporting and insurance compensation. Conclusions & Implications: These findings indicate that human–wildlife conflict management in Sanjiangyuan National Park should strengthen the suitability of preventive and deterrent technologies, improve the fairness and effectiveness of compensation mechanisms, and promote community-based co-management, in order to achieve sustainable human–wildlife coexistence under the national park framework.

Key words: Sanjiangyuan National Park, Human-wildlife conflict, Coping strategies, Fuzzy evaluation, Social-Ecological Systems