生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (1): 24063.  DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024063  cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024063

• 保护与治理对策 • 上一篇    下一篇

减缓陆上集中式光伏及风电电场生态影响的早期选址规划方法与工具

彭昀月1,*()(), 罗永梅1(), 靳彤2(), 李佳颖3, 陈玉峰4   

  1. 1.大自然保护协会(美国)北京代表处, 北京 100600, 中国
    2.世界银行驻华代表处, 北京 100020, 中国
    3.Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117558, Singapore
    4.Westminster School, Simsbury, CT 06070, USA
  • 收稿日期:2024-02-22 接受日期:2024-10-28 出版日期:2025-01-20 发布日期:2025-01-05
  • 通讯作者: * E-mail: yunyue.peng@tnc.org

Early siting methods and tools for mitigating ecological impacts of onshore centralized photovoltaics and wind farms

Yunyue Peng1,*()(), Yongmei Luo1(), Tong Jin2(), Jiaying Li3, Yufeng Chen4   

  1. 1 The Nature Conservancy Beijing Representative Office, Beijing 100600, China
    2 The World Bank Group China, Beijing 100020, China
    3 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117558, Singapore
    4 Westminster School, Simsbury, CT 06070, USA
  • Received:2024-02-22 Accepted:2024-10-28 Online:2025-01-20 Published:2025-01-05
  • Contact: * E-mail: yunyue.peng@tnc.org

摘要:

近些年, 我国光伏与风电装机量和发电量迅猛增长, 引发对其生态问题的关注与探讨, 而减缓生态影响的措施和工具方法也亟需更多的认识和应用。本文根据陆上集中式光伏和风电电场的生态影响研究, 综述了国内外光伏与风电电场的生态影响减缓措施, 发现早期合理规划选址可以有效、低成本地规避不利影响, 并从景观角度总结了减缓生态影响的规划方法, 包括用于风险筛查的环境和社会影响评估(environmental and social impact assessment, ESIA)和敏感性地图绘制, 用于综合空间规划的发展系统规划(Development by Design, DbD)、空间规划和敏感性地图绘制结合及可再生能源与生物资源的兼容性计算等方法, 从而依据生态影响和风险进行可再生能源选址。最后, 结合我国国情, 我们建议通过加强光伏和风电场生态影响研究、简化选址流程、强化跨部门协调优化生态友好选址(如废弃矿区再利用)、建立生态监测体系, 并完善政策支持与技术标准, 因地制宜推动创新生态友好型可再生能源发展模式, 确保生态保护措施贯穿项目全周期。

关键词: 光伏, 风电, 生态影响, 减缓措施, 可再生能源选址工具

Abstract

Background & Aims: In recent years, China’s rapid expansion of photovoltaics (PVs) and wind power capacity has triggered attention and discussions on their ecological issues. Effective mitigation measures and tools are urgently needed but remain underutilized. This study reviews domestic and international mitigation measures based on the ecological impacts of onshore centralized PVs and wind power plants.

Review results: Our findings indicate that early site planning is the most effective and cost-efficient approach to avoiding adverse impacts. From a landscape perspective, key planning methods for mitigating ecological impacts include the environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) and sensitivity mapping for risk screening, the Development by Design (DbD), combination of spatial planning and sensitivity mapping, and compatibility assessments between renewable energy and biological resources for integrated spatial planning. These methods help guide the renewable energy siting process based on ecological impacts and risks.

Recommendations: We propose five priorities for improving site selection and mitigation of ecological impacts in China: (1) Enhancing research on ecological impacts of PVs and wind power plants, focusing on endangered and sensitive species and their habitats, and developing mitigation strategies; (2) Simplifying siting methods and decision-making tools, and training professionals for effective implementation; (3) Strengthening cross-sector coordination to align land-use planning with solar and wind power development, and optimizing tools for ecological-friendly site selection for renewable energy projects, particularly in repurposing areas like abandoned mines. New projects must incorporate mitigation measures into design before construction; (4) Establishing a continuous ecological impact monitoring system to assess and adapt mitigation measures over time; (5) Strengthening policy support for ecological-friendly wind and solar development, by issuing technical guidelines and standards for ecological conservation and restoration. Policies should be adapted to local conditions, avoiding “one-size-fits-all” approach, and promoting innovative, eco-friendly renewable energy development models.

Key words: photovoltaics, wind power, ecological impacts, mitigation measures, renewable energy siting tools

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