亚高山次生桦木林地表苔藓组成与多样性

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.08166

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

桦木林(Betula spp.)是我国原始冷杉林(Abies spp.)皆伐后自然恢复形成的主要次生林之一, 为揭示其发育过程中地表苔藓组成与多样性差异, 评估其自然恢复状况, 我们选择了四川省金川县507林场地形条件基本一致的3个桦木林地以及1个原始岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)林地, 调查了地表苔藓层结构和物种组成。结果显示: (1)桦木林的地表苔藓植物盖度低于原始林, 不同年龄的桦木林之间其盖度没有差异(P>0.05), 但优势种的组成差异及物种替代明显; (2)桦木林地表苔藓物种丰富度较原始林高, 不同年龄相比, 9年生和22年生较42年生桦木林地表苔藓种类丰富; (3)未郁闭桦木林(9年生)与郁闭林(22年生和42年生)间的地表苔藓物种组成相似程度(相似性系数为0.24-0.29)低于它与原始林间的相似程度(0.51); 22年生和42年生桦木林间地表苔藓物种组成相似程度(相似性系数为0.50)高于它们与原始林间的相似性程度(0.13-0.24), 在自然恢复过程中, 桦木林与原始林下地表苔藓共有种数量逐渐减少, 相似程度降低。原始林下35种地表苔藓植物中只有25种存在于迹地桦木林地。上述分析表明: 迹地上自然恢复9-42年的桦木林下地表苔藓多样性虽然较云杉人工林高, 但仅保存约71%的原始林下种类, 而约有29%的敏感苔藓种类无法通过次生林自然恢复过程得以保育或恢复。

关键词: 桦木林, 采伐迹地, 自然恢复, 苔藓多样性, 亚高山森林

Abstract

Secondary birch (Betula spp.) forest is an important vegetation type in western Sichuan, China. These forests have naturally regenerated from primary fir (Abies spp.) forests after clear-cutting. However, little is known about ground bryophyte species composition and community structure during this succession sequence. In our study, we sampled three plots in 9-, 22-, and 42-year old secondary forests, and a primary fir forest, respectively, in Jinchuan County. We found that bryophyte coverage in different aged secondary forests was similar, but communities in the individual forests differed in dominant species composition. Compared with the primary forest, the secondary forests had lower coverage but higher species richness. As for the secondary forests, 9- and 22-year old forests had higher species richness than the 42-year old forest. Similarity coefficients among secondary forests ranged between 0.24-0.50. In contrast, 22- and 42-year old secondary forests exhibited lower similarity coefficients when compared with the primary forest. There were 25 bryophyte species shared by the primary forest and secondary forests, accounting for 71% of the species occurring in the primary fir forest. Our results indicated that naturally regenerated birch forests can harbor more bryophyte species than the spruce plantation. However, there was about 29% bryophyte species failed to recover in the natural recovery process.

Key words: birch forests, cutovers, naturally regenerated, bryophyte diversity, subalpine forests

闫晓丽, 包维楷 (2011) 亚高山次生桦木林地表苔藓组成与多样性. 生物多样性, 19, 327-334. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.08166.

Xiaoli Yan, Weikai Bao (2011) Ground bryophyte diversity in secondary birch forests in western Sichuan, China. Biodiversity Science, 19, 327-334. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.08166.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.08166

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2011/V19/I3/327

图/表 6

参考文献 22

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调查项目 Item	次生桦木林地 Secondary birch forests			岷江冷杉原始林 Primary fir forest
调查项目 Item	9-year	22-year	42-year	300-year
森林采伐时间 Felling time	1998	1985	1965	^-
海拔 Elevation (m)	3,765	3,405	2,769	3,740
坡向 Aspect	NW25°	NW20°	NW10°	NW
坡度 Slope degree (°)	28°	36°	30°	17°
土壤类型 Soil type	山地棕壤 Mountain brown soil

调查项目 Item	次生桦木林地 Secondary birch forests			岷江冷杉原始林 Primary fir forest
调查项目 Item	9-year	22-year	42-year	300-year
森林采伐时间 Felling time	1998	1985	1965	^-
海拔 Elevation (m)	3,765	3,405	2,769	3,740
坡向 Aspect	NW25°	NW20°	NW10°	NW
坡度 Slope degree (°)	28°	36°	30°	17°
土壤类型 Soil type	山地棕壤 Mountain brown soil

调查项目 Item	次生桦木林 Secondary birch forests			岷江冷杉原始林 Primary fir forest
调查项目 Item	9-year	22-year	42-year	300-year
乔木密度 Arbor density (ind./100 m²)	46.7±4.3^c	19.3±6.4^b	16.3±1.6^ab	6.0±1.0^a
乔木盖度 Arbor coverage (%)	24.2±3.6^a	40.6±3.8^ab	49.4±11.0^b	45.0±7.6^ab
灌木盖度 Shrub coverage (%)	47.5±5.3^a	26.0±11.2^a	28.8±10.1^a	46.3±8.1^a
草本盖度 Herb coverage (%)	19.6±4.5^ab	38.9±2.8^c	36.6±8.4^bc	13.7±6.3^a
凋落物盖度 Litter coverage (%)	31.1±8.3^a	59.0±9.3^b	61.6±9.9^b	16.2±1.5^a
苔藓植物盖度 Bryophyte coverage (%)	34.25±2.90^a	20.67±4.83^a	22.64±7.30^a	86.64±7.96^b

调查项目 Item	次生桦木林 Secondary birch forests			岷江冷杉原始林 Primary fir forest
调查项目 Item	9-year	22-year	42-year	300-year
乔木密度 Arbor density (ind./100 m²)	46.7±4.3^c	19.3±6.4^b	16.3±1.6^ab	6.0±1.0^a
乔木盖度 Arbor coverage (%)	24.2±3.6^a	40.6±3.8^ab	49.4±11.0^b	45.0±7.6^ab
灌木盖度 Shrub coverage (%)	47.5±5.3^a	26.0±11.2^a	28.8±10.1^a	46.3±8.1^a
草本盖度 Herb coverage (%)	19.6±4.5^ab	38.9±2.8^c	36.6±8.4^bc	13.7±6.3^a
凋落物盖度 Litter coverage (%)	31.1±8.3^a	59.0±9.3^b	61.6±9.9^b	16.2±1.5^a
苔藓植物盖度 Bryophyte coverage (%)	34.25±2.90^a	20.67±4.83^a	22.64±7.30^a	86.64±7.96^b

物种组成 Species composition	次生桦木林 Secondary birch forests			岷江冷杉原始林 Primary fir forest
物种组成 Species composition	9-year	22-year	42-year		300-year
苔类 Hepatic
卷叶苔 Anastrepta orcadensis	0.05	-	-	0.10
挺叶苔 Anastrophyllum donianum	-	-	-	0.01
毛叉苔 Apometzgeria pubescens	-	0.01	0.03	-
双齿裂萼苔 Chiloscyphus latifolius	-	0.02	-	-
剪叶苔 Herbertus aduncus	-	-	-	0.01
细小叶苔 Jungermannia pumila	-	0.12	-	0.01
指叶苔 Lepidozia reptans	-	-	-	0.02
Lophozia fauriana	0.01	-	-	0.01
狭尖叉苔 Metzgeria consanguinea	-	0.01	-	-
中华羽苔 Plagiochila chinensis	-	-	0.03	-
圆叶羽苔 P. duthiana	0.01	-	-	0.01
小叶羽苔 P. devexa	-	-	-	0.01
林地合叶苔 Scapania nemorea	-	-	-	0.01
纤细小广萼苔 Tetralophozia filiformis	-	-	-	0.01
顶蒴藓类 Acrocarpous moss
银藓 Anomobryum filiforme	0.01	-	-	-
尖叶扭口藓 Barbula constricta	0.02	-	-	-
珠藓 Bartramia halleriana	0.01	-	-	0.01
绿珠藓 B. subulata	-	0.01	-	-
锯齿红叶藓 Bryoerythrophyllum dentatum	0.01	-	-	0.02
真藓 Bryum argenteum	0.02	0.01	-	-
卵蒴真藓 B. blindii	0.03	-	-	-
柔叶真藓 B. cellulare	0.01	-	-	-
直叶曲柄藓 Campylopus durelli	0.01	0.01	0.01	-
青毛藓 Dicranodontium denudatum	0.01	-	-	0.01
云南青毛藓 D. tenii	0.01	-	-	0.02
错那曲尾藓 Dicranum conanenum	0.03	-	-	0.06
双齿曲尾藓 D. diplospiniferum	0.08	-	-	0.15
马氏曲尾藓 D. mayrii	-	-	0.01	-
细叶曲尾藓 D. muehlenbeckii	-	0.02	-	-
粗对齿藓 Didymodon eroso-denticulatus	0.01	-	0.01	-
硬叶对齿藓 D. rigidulus	-	0.05	-	-
剑叶对齿藓 D. rufidulus	0.02	-	-	-
黄牛毛藓 Ditrichum pallidum	-	-	0.003	-
厚壁薄齿藓 Leptodontium flexifolium	0.02	-	-	-
长叶提灯藓 Mnium lycopodioides	-	0.05	0.05	-
具缘提灯藓 M. marginatum	-	-	0.06	-
刺叶提灯藓 M. spinosum	0.04	0.01	-	0.07
高山大丛藓 Molendoa sendtneriana	-	0.01	-	0.01
大曲背藓 Oncophorus virens	0.06	-	0.01	0.01
直毛藓 Orthodicranum montanum	-	-	0.01	-
拟白发藓 Paraleucobryum enerve	0.04	-	-	0.09
尖叶匐灯藓 Plagiomnium acutum	0.01	0.09	0.34	-
匐灯藓 P. cuspidatum	-	-	0.08	-
阔边匐灯藓 P. ellipticum	-	0.04	0.01	-
多蒴匐灯藓 P. medium	-	0.01	-	-
具喙匐灯藓 P. rhynchophorum	0.01	-	0.12	-
泛生丝瓜藓 Pohlia cruda	0.08	0.02	-	0.01
明齿丝瓜藓 P. hyaloperistoma	0.01	-	-	-
黄丝瓜藓 P. nutans	0.04	-	-	-
细拟合睫藓 Pseudosymblepharis duriuscula	0.01	0.04	0.01	-
大叶毛灯藓 Rhizomnium magnifolium	0.04	-	-	0.02
狭边大叶藓 Rhodobryum ontariense	-	0.01	0.03	-
圆蒴连轴藓 Schistidium apocarpum	-	0.01	-	-
合睫藓 Symblepharis vaginata	0.02	-	-	-
折叶纽藓 Tortella fragilis	0.01	-	-	-
纽藓 T. humilis	-	0.01	-	-
长叶纽藓 T. tortuosa	0.01	0.01	-	-
云南墙藓 Tortula yuennanensis	-	0.01	0.01	-
树形疣灯藓 Trachycystis ussuriensis	-	0.12	0.07	-
波边毛口藓 Trichostomum tenuirostre	0.01	0.02	-	-
侧蒴藓类 Pleurocarpous moss
山羽藓 Abietinella abietina	0.08	0.01	-	-
锦丝藓 Actinothuidium hookeri	0.20	0.01	0.01	0.14
尖叶青藓 Brachythecium coreanum	0.04	-	-	-
毛尖青藓 B. piligerum	0.01	0.11	0.04	0.01
脆枝青藓 B. thraustum	-	0.02	-	-
赤茎小锦藓 Brotherella erythrocaulis	-	-	0.01	-
密枝燕尾藓 Bryhnia serricuspis	-	0.07	0.02	-
匙叶毛尖藓 Cirriphyllum cirrosum	-	0.01	-	-
多胞绢藓 Entodon caliginosus	-	0.02	-	-
厚角绢藓 E. concinnus	0.01	0.19	0.15	-
狭叶美喙藓 Eurhynchium coarctum	-	0.01	0.10	-
羽枝美喙藓 E. longirameum	-	-	0.05	-
密叶美喙藓 E. savatieri	-	0.01	0.12	-
硬叶残齿藓 Forsstroemia producta	-	0.01	-	-
粗枝藓 Gollania clarescens	-	-	0.01	-
大粗枝藓 G. robusta	-	0.06	-	-
密枝粗枝藓 G. turgens	0.01	-	-	-
狭叶小羽藓 Haplocladium angustifolium	-	0.05	0.03	-
刀叶树平藓 Homaliodendron scalpellifolium	-	-	-	0.01
无疣同蒴藓 Homalothecium laevisetum	-	0.02	0.02	-
塔藓 Hylocomium splendens	0.37	-	-	0.52
钙生灰藓 Hypnum calcicola	0.04	-	-	-
长喙灰藓 H. fujiyamae	0.01	-	-	-
弯叶灰藓 H. hamulosum	-	0.01	-	-
大灰藓 H. plumaeforme	0.01	-	-	-
湿地灰藓 H. sakuraii	-	-	-	0.24
暗绿灰藓 H. tristo-viride	-	0.02	0.03	-
南亚孔雀藓 Hypopterygium tenellum	-	-	0.01	-
南亚同叶藓 Isopterygium bancanum	-	-	0.01	-
陕西白齿藓 Leucodon exaltatus	-	-	0.02	-
偏叶白齿藓 L. seucndus	-	-	0.01	-
中华白齿藓 L. sinensis	-	0.01	0.01	-
中华细枝藓 Lindbergia sinensis	-	0.01	-	-
毛尖粗枝蔓藓 Meteorium subpolytrichum	-	-	0.01	-
平藓 Neckera pennata	-	-	0.01	-
光叶拟平藓 Neckeropsis nitidula	-	-	0.01	-
疣悬藓 Neodicladiella pendula	-	0.01	-	-
中国木灵藓 Orthotrichum hookeri	-	0.01	0.01	-
褶叶藓 Palamocladium nilgheriense	0.01	-	-	-
扁平棉藓 Plagiothecium neckeroideum	0.01	-	-	0.01
赤茎藓 Pleurozium schreberi	-	-	-	0.13
半栉小金发藓 Pogonatum subfuscatum	-	-	0.01	-
厚栉拟金发藓 Polytrichastrum emodi	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.02
弯叶金灰藓 Pylaisiella falcata	-	0.01	-	0.10
长肋异齿藓 Regmatodon longinervis	-	-	0.01	-
拟垂枝藓 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus	0.06	-	-	0.04
垂枝藓 Rhytidium rugosum	-	0.02	-	0.09
三洋藓 Sanionia uncinata	0.34	-	-	-
大羽藓 Thuidium cymbifolium	0.14	0.70	0.56	0.05
卷叶藓一种 Ulota sp.	-	-	-	0.01
总物种数 Total richness	48	48	44	35