巴山木竹发笋和大熊猫取食的时空格局及相关性分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08290

生物多样性 ›› 2009, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (1): 1-9. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08290

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巴山木竹发笋和大熊猫取食的时空格局及相关性分析

卢志军¹^,²^,^*(), 王巍², 张文辉³, 李红⁴, 曹庆⁵, 党高弟⁵, 何东¹, Scott Franklin²^,⁶

1 中国科学院武汉植物园水生植物与流域生态重点实验室, 武汉 430074
2 Department of Biology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
3 西北农林科技大学, 杨凌 712100
4 西安财经学院, 西安 710061
5 陕西佛坪国家级自然保护区管理局, 佛坪 723400
6 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA

收稿日期:2008-11-12 接受日期:2009-01-20 出版日期:2009-01-20 发布日期:2009-01-20
通讯作者: 卢志军
作者简介:* E-mail: luzj@wbgcas.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院武汉植物园知识创新工程领域前沿项目(54O754501J0447);国家十一五科技支撑项目(2006BAD19B0104);美国孟菲斯动物园(孟菲斯动物协会)大熊猫研究项目和中国大熊猫保护工程国际合作项目(WHO614)

Spatial-temporal patterns of Bashania fargesii bamboo shoot emergence and giant panda herbivory

Zhijun Lu¹^,²^,^*(), Wei Wang², Wenhui Zhang³, Hong Li⁴, Qing Cao⁵, Gaodi Dang⁵, Dong He¹, Scott Franklin²^,⁶

1 Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
2 Department of Biology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
3 Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
4 Xi’an University of Finance and Economics, Xi’an 710061, P. R. China
5 Foping National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, Foping, Shaanxi 723400, P. R. China
6 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA

Received:2008-11-12 Accepted:2009-01-20 Online:2009-01-20 Published:2009-01-20
Contact: Zhijun Lu

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

巴山木竹(Bashania fargesii)是秦岭大熊猫冬季和春季主要食物来源。秦岭地区巴山木竹的更新是保护大熊猫和评价其生境质量的一个重要因子, 而发笋是巴山木竹更新的主要方式。揭示巴山木竹发笋和大熊猫取食的时空格局以及二者空间和数量上的相关性对保护和恢复大熊猫栖息地具有重要意义。运用单变量和双变量Ripley K函数点格局方法, 对秦岭南坡佛坪国家级自然保护区40×40 m永久样地竹子发笋和大熊猫取食情况连续6年(2002-2008年, 2007年除外)研究表明, 由于自身克隆生长、资源异质性、大熊猫取食和践踏等因素, 巴山木竹发笋呈现聚集分布格局; 而大熊猫取食的聚集格局可能归因于食物聚集分布、自身取食习惯和取食地段小地形特征。大熊猫取食和巴山木竹发笋空间上呈现正相关, 显示出巴山木竹为秦岭大熊猫食物主要来源。同时, 线性回归结果显示, 大熊猫取食强度与巴山木竹发笋产量之间相关性不显著, 说明该地区还存在其他竹子提供食物来源, 大熊猫对巴山木竹不是完全依赖。

关键词: 大熊猫保护, 动植物关系, 空间点格局, Ripley’s K, 种群更新

Abstract

Bashania fargesii is an important food resource for giant panda in the Qinling Mountains, China, especially in winter and spring when giant panda prefers new shoots. Therefore, regeneration of B. fargesii is a key factor for conservation of the giant panda. B. fargesii regenerates mainly via new shoot recruitment. To identify spatial-temporal patterns of B. fargesii new shoot emergence and giant panda herbivory as well as spatial and quantitative associations between them, we established one 40 m×40 m permanent plot in Foping National Nature Reserve, and investigated new shoots of B. fargesii and giant panda herbivory from 2002 to 2008 (except 2007). Results of univariate and bivariate Ripley’s K function demonstrated that new shoots of B. fargesii were aggregated in the plot, maybe due to clonal growth, resource heterogeneity, and giant panda herbivory and trampling. Giant panda herbivory was also clumped at most scales from 0 m to 20 m. This pattern may be explained by spatial patterns of a restricted food resource (B. fargesii new shoots), giant pandas’ herbivory habits, and topography of the forging sites. Giant panda herbivory was significantly spatially correlated to B. fargesii new shoots, confirming the importance of B. fargesii as an important food resource for giant panda in the Qinling Mountains. Regression analysis revealed no relationship between giant panda herbivory intensity (percentage of eaten shoots in the plot) and B. fargesii new shoot density, possibly indicating the existence of other bamboos as a food source for giant panda, suggesting a partial dependence of giant panda on B. fargesii.

Key words: animal-plant relationship, giant panda conservation, population regeneration, Ripley’s K, spatial point pattern

卢志军, 王巍, 张文辉, 李红, 曹庆, 党高弟, 何东, Scott Franklin (2009) 巴山木竹发笋和大熊猫取食的时空格局及相关性分析. 生物多样性, 17, 1-9. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08290.

Zhijun Lu, Wei Wang, Wenhui Zhang, Hong Li, Qing Cao, Gaodi Dang, Dong He, Scott Franklin (2009) Spatial-temporal patterns of Bashania fargesii bamboo shoot emergence and giant panda herbivory. Biodiversity Science, 17, 1-9. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08290.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08290

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2009/V17/I1/1

图/表 5

图1 陕西佛坪巴山木竹永久样地位置示意图

Fig. 1 Location of Bashania fargesii permanent plot at Foping, Shaanxi

图2 巴山木竹笋的空间点格局(2002-2008年, 2007年除外)。实线代表样方内每根巴山木竹笋邻近个体数目的观测值减去(如果符合)随机分布时的期望邻近个体数目。在t尺度上, L*(t) = 0, 则符合随机分布, L*(t) ≠ 0, 则偏离随机分布; L*(t)在95%置信区间(Monte-Carlo模拟200次, 用虚线表示)以上, 显著聚集分布(P<0.05); L*(t)在95%置信区间以下, 显著均匀分布(P <0.05)。第一个峰值的t值是斑块长度, 描述聚集的空间尺度; 第一个峰值的高度用来测度拥挤度。

Fig. 2 Spatial point pattern of new shoots of Bashania fargesii from 2002 to 2008, except 2007. The solid line represents the observed number of neighbors per Bashania fargesii new shoot in the plot minus the expected number of neighbors if the new shoots were distributed randomly. At scale t, if L*(t) = 0, the new shoots are distributed randomly; if L*(t) ≠ 0, the distribution of new shoots deviate from random. If L*(t) is above the 95% confidence level of L*(t) from 200 Monte Carlo simulations of the data, shown by the dotted line, the new shoots are significantly clustered (P<0.05); if L*(t) is below the 95% confidence level, the new shoots are significantly regular (P<0.05). The value of t at the first peak in the L*(t) plot is patch length, describing the characteristic spatial scale of clustering. The height of the peak is used as a measure of crowding.

图3 被大熊猫取食的巴山木竹笋空间点格局(2002-2008年, 2007年除外)。实线代表样方内每个被大熊猫取食笋邻近个体数目的观测值减去(如果符合)随机分布时的期望邻近个体数目。在t尺度上, L*(t) = 0, 则符合随机分布, L*(t)≠0, 则偏离随机分布; L*(t)在95%置信区间(Monte-Carlo模拟200次, 用虚线表示)以上, 显著聚集分布(P <0.05); L*(t)在95%置信区间以下, 显著均匀分布(P <0.05)。第一个峰值的t值是斑块长度, 描述聚集的空间尺度; 第一个峰值的高度用来测度拥挤度

Fig. 3 Spatial point pattern of new shoots of Bashania fargesii eaten by giant panda from 2002 to 2008, except 2007. The solid line represents the observed number of neighbors per Bashania fargesii new shoot eaten by giant panda in the plot minus the expected number of neighbors if the new shoots were distributed randomly. At scale t, if L*(t) = 0, the new shoots are distributed randomly; if L*(t) ≠ 0, the distribution of new shoots deviate from random. If L*(t) is above the 95% confidence level of L*(t) from 200 Monte Carlo simulations of the data, shown by the dotted line, the new shoots are significantly clustered (P<0.05); if L*(t) is below the 95% confidence level, the new shoots are significantly regular (P<0.05). The value of t at the first peak in the L*(t) plot is patch length, describing the characteristic spatial scale of clustering. The height of the peak is used as a measure of crowding.

图4 巴山木竹发笋与大熊猫取食之间的空间关系(2002-2008年, 2007年除外)。实线代表样方内每个巴山木竹笋邻近被大熊猫取食笋数目的观测值减去被大熊猫取食笋(如果符合)随机分布时的期望数目。在t尺度上, L12*(t) = 0, 则两类点相互独立, L12*(t) ≠ 0, 则两类点不相互独立; L12*(t)在95%置信区间(Monte Carlo模拟200次, 用虚线表示)以上, 两类点显著正相关(P<0.05); L*(t)在95%置信区间以下, 两类点显著负相关(P<0.05)。第一个峰值的t值描述相关的尺度。

Fig. 4 Spatial correlation between new shoots of Bashania fargesii and giant panda herbivory from 2002 to 2008, except 2007. The solid line represents the observed number of Bashania fargesii new shoots eaten by giant panda per new shoot in the plot minus the expected number of neighbors if the new shoots eaten by giant panda were distributed randomly. At scale t, if L12*(t)=0, the new shoots and new shoots eaten by giant panda are independent; if L12*(t)≠0, the distribution of the two kinds of points are not independent. If L12*(t) is above the 95% confidence level of L12*(t) from 200 Monte Carlo simulations of the data, shown by the dotted line, the two kinds of points are significantly postively associated (P<0.05); If L12*(t) is below the 95% confidence level, the two kinds of points are significantly negatively associated (P<0.05). The value of t at the first peak in the L12*(t) plot describes the scale of association.

图5 巴山木竹笋产量与大熊猫取食的年际动态

Fig. 5 Dynamics of Bashania fargesii new shoots and giant panda herbivory

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巴山木竹发笋和大熊猫取食的时空格局及相关性分析

Spatial-temporal patterns of Bashania fargesii bamboo shoot emergence and giant panda herbivory

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