AbstractLandscape planning and design play an important role in biodiversity conservation. Depending on their differences in emphasis , two kinds of landscape planning approaches to biodiversity conservation exist : the species2oriented and the landscape-element2oriented approaches. In the former , a landscape is designed based on detailed information about specific target species , whereas in the later , a landscape is designed based on the existing landscape elements and patterns. Regardless of the differences in planning approaches , five spatial tactics are widely considered to be effective in biodiversity conservation : protecting core habitats , buffering , building corridors , increasing heterogeneity , and restoring habitats. Questions , however , still remain as to what and where. It is argued that the current landscape planning approaches to biodiversity conservation have limitations in that they treat species as passive organisms to be encircled in a specific area or network , and in that only the solid landscape elements were targeted , not the contextual landscape , namely the matrix in which the solid landscape elements exist . Approaches in landscape planning might be greatly different if species are treated as initiative and competing controllers of the landscape. Three new concepts are highly appreciated for their potential application in landscape planning : the concept of spatial configuration , the concept of evolutionary dynamic lineage and the concept of landscape resistance. The approach of landscape ecological security patterns was a new attempt toward an alternative model of landscape planing in biodiversity conservation.