Despite continued forest conversion and degradation, forest cover is increasing in countries across the globe. New forests are regenerating on former agricultural land, and forest plantations are being established for commercial and restoration purposes. Plantations and restored forests can improve ecosystem services and enhance biodiversity conservation, but will not match the composition and structure of the original forest cover. Approaches to restoring forest ecosystems depend strongly on levels of forest and soil degradation, residual vegetation, and desired restoration outcomes. Opportunities abound to combine ambitious forest restoration and regeneration goals with sustainable rural livelihoods and community participation. New forests will require adaptive management as dynamic, resilient systems that can withstand stresses of climate change, habitat fragmentation, and other anthropogenic effects.

Animal activity patterns and temporal niches can indicate the distribution of animal behavior and the utilization resources over time. Environmental variables and interspecific interactions have important effects on animal activity and temporal niche partitioning. These two factors in turn can help understand mechanisms of niche partitioning among sympatric species as well as species coexistence and community composition. Due to the extensive use and deployment of infrared cameras for nearly a decade, a large amount of time-recorded behavioral data has been accumulated. These data are conducive to studying activity rhythms and temporal niches in depth. In the present paper, we reviewed research on animal activity using infrared cameras in combination with in situ monitoring data from the Guangdong Chebaling National Nature Reserve to better understand three Galliformes species. A kernel density was used to estimate the activity and interspecific effects of a single species as well as for multispecies activity. Our study reveals a moderate overlap among Galliformes species, Lophura nycthemera, Arborophila gingica and Bambusicola thoracica, which may be caused by interspecific competition. We discuss the limitations of daily activity analyses to give a reference for similar research.

动物活动节律和时间生态位分化是动物行为在时间维度的分布, 是对时间资源利用的重要体现。动物活动节律受到环境因素和种间作用的影响, 因此, 了解动物活动节律以及时间生态位有助于揭示群落中同域分布物种时间资源利用的差异及共存机制。近10多年来, 红外相机技术在国内外野生动物监测研究中得到广泛应用, 积累了大量有时间记录的动物行为数据, 极大地促进了动物活动节律和时间生态位分化的深入研究。本文对动物活动节律研究以及应用红外相机数据研究动物活动节律的方法进行梳理, 采用核密度估计方法, 利用广东车八岭国家级自然保护区的红外相机监测数据, 分析了鸡形目鸟类的活动节律, 以阐述单物种和多物种的活动节律以及种间作用对动物日活动节律的影响。研究结果表明车八岭保护区白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)、白眉山鹧鸪(Arborophila gingica)和灰胸竹鸡(Bambusicola thoracica)等3个鸡形目物种之间存在不同程度的竞争, 物种间的日活动节律呈现中等程度的重叠。最后, 针对动物活动节律分析方法应用的建议及影响因素进行讨论, 希望为国内动物活动节律研究提供参考。

Within most terrestrial groups of animals, including mammals, species richness varies along two axes of environmental variation, representing energy availability and plant productivity. This relationship has led to a search for mechanistic links between climate and diversity. Explanations have traditionally focused on single mechanisms, such as variation in environmental carrying capacity or evolutionary rates. Consensus, though, has proved difficult to achieve and there is growing appreciation that geographical patterns of species richness are a product of many interacting factors including biogeographic history and biological traits. Here, we review some current hypotheses on the causes of gradients in mammal richness and range sizes since the two quantities are intimately linked. We then present novel analyses using recent datasets to explore the structure of the environment–richness relationship for mammals. Specifically, we consider the impact of glaciation on present day mammalian diversity gradients. We conclude that not only are multiple processes important in structuring diversity gradients, but also that different processes predominate in different places.

We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this "Anthropocene defaunation"; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change. Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Biological rhythms of nearly all animals on earth are synchronized with natural light and are aligned to day-and-night transitions. Here, we test the hypothesis that the lunar cycle affects the nocturnal flight activity of European Nightjars (. We describe daily activity patterns of individuals from three different countries across a wide geographic area, during two discrete periods in the annual cycle. Although the sample size for two of our study sites is small, the results are clear in that on average individual flight activity was strongly correlated with both local variation in day length and with the lunar cycle. We highlight the species' sensitivity to changes in ambient light and its flexibility to respond to such changes in different parts of the world.© 2020 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Wildlife resources are essential for biodiversity monitoring and conversation management in protected areas. From September 2013 to November 2014, we conducted a camera-trapping survey to investigate ground-dwelling mammals and birds in the Longxi-Hongkou National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province. During the 11,846 camera-days, we recorded 21 mammal species and 40 bird species with Falco cherrug, Zoothera mollissima, Zoothera dixoni, Turdus boulboul, Pomatorhinus erythrogenys, Conostoma aemodium and Paradoxornis unicolor as new bird records in the nature reserve. Four mammal species were listed as Class I state-key protected wild animals and five as Class II. Three mammal species were evaluated as Endangered by IUCN Red List, three as Vulnerable and four as Near Threatened. Five bird species were listed as Class II state-key protected wild animals and one bird specie evaluated as Endangered by IUCN Red List. This study replenishes and renews animal lists on ground-dwelling birds of Longxi-Hongkou National Nature Reserve. This study provides basic information for establishing camera-trapping routine survey and conservation management for large and medium-sized mammal and bird species in the natural reserve.

人类足迹的扩张增加了人与野生动物的相互作用。理解自然保护地的濒危物种对人为干扰的响应有助于更好地保护濒危物种和指导保护管理。以往的研究表明野生动物在时空维度会对人类的干扰进行规避, 然而这类研究在野生雉类中还较少, 尤其是分布在人为干扰相对较强的中低海拔区域的雉类, 如白腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae)。2017年11月至2018年10月, 我们在中国西南部的一个亚热带森林保护区中使用红外相机陷阱技术对白腹锦鸡和人为干扰进行调查, 并研究了白腹锦鸡在时空维度对3种不同类型人为干扰(人类活动、放牧和家养动物活动)的响应及其季节变化。结果表明, 白腹锦鸡在空间维度并未对人为干扰进行规避, 而在非繁殖季节的活动节律上对人为干扰在时间维度上进行了规避。具体而言, 白腹锦鸡在全年和非繁殖季节的活动高峰集中在17:30-18:30, 明显避开中午的人类活动高峰; 而在繁殖季节, 白腹锦鸡活动水平明显提高, 和人为干扰的重叠度很高, 可能是由于求偶、占区等繁殖行为使得白腹锦鸡无法规避人为干扰。此外, 在人为干扰强度较高的位点, 白腹锦鸡倾向于通过改变其日活动节律, 将活动高峰期推迟至傍晚以降低与人为干扰的重叠度, 进一步说明白腹锦鸡可通过调节其自身的日活动节律从而避开高强度的人为干扰。由于白腹锦鸡地面营巢和春夏季繁殖, 自然保护区管理部门可通过管理人为活动, 尤其在繁殖季节通过控制放牧和猫狗的活动来帮助白腹锦鸡及其他地面营巢鸟类维持繁殖成功率。

Between August 2009 and April 2013, in the Guanyingshan Nature Reserve, Shaanxi Province, we collected photo data on six ungulates (Budorcas taxicolor, Naemorhedus griseus, Elaphodus cephalophus, Capricornis milneedwardsii, Muntiacus reevesi and Moschus berezovskii) with 18 infrared cameras. Using the relative abundance index (RAI), we analyzed activity patterns and seasonal differences of these six species. The results show that: (1) their total RAI in the study area reaches 58.71%, the RAI of B. taxicolor was 28.02%, and it was 13.24% for N. griseus, 10.08% for E. cephalophus, 4.21% for C. milneedwardsii, 2.26% for M. reevesi, and 0.90% for M. berezovskii. (2) Monthly RAIs (MRAI) of six ungulates reflected seasonal activity patterns; B. taxicolor, N. griseus, E. cephalophus, C. milneedwardsii, M. reevesi exhibited similar activity patterns. These species were most active in summer, became inactive in autumn and winter, and then gradually increased activity in spring. M. berezovskii, on the other hand, was most active in winter and least active in summer. (3) The time-period relative abundance indices (TRAI) of the six ungulates reflect their daily activity patterns. B. taxicolor and N. griseus have similar daily activity patterns with an active peak at 06:00-20:00.The daily activity pattern of E. cephalophus, M. reevesi and M. berezovskii showed obvious crepuscular habits. C. milneedwardsii also has two peaks but at 02:00-06:00 and 20:00-22:00 implying nocturnal activities. (4) Comparative analyses of daily activity patterns among the four seasons showed that B. taxicolor displayed a different pattern in spring with an activity peak at 16:00-20:00. Compared with other seasons, N. gresius, E. cephalophus and C. milneedwardsii have different patterns in winter with either a delayed or advanced activity peak. In the case of M. reevesi, spring daily activity patterns showed two peaks at 00:00-10:00 and 18:00-20:00. Due to a paucity of captures, M. berezovskii showed different activity patterns in all four seasons. (5) Analysis of the nocturnality showed that C. milneedwardsii was obviously nocturnal with a nighttime relative abundance index (NRAI) of 65.81%. Our results help us to understand the activity patterns of these ungulates in Qinling, to monitor their population dynamics, and provide a theoretical basis and data support for the nature reserves to protect the ungulate animals more efficiently.

2009年8月至2013年4月期间, 在陕西观音山自然保护区, 利用18台红外相机收集到羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)、川西斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus)、中华鬣羚(Capricornis milneedwardsii)、毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)、小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)、林麝(Moschus berezovskii) 6种有蹄类动物的照片数据, 通过相对丰富度指数分析了它们的活动规律及季节性差异。结果表明: (1)6种有蹄类动物在研究区域总丰富度达到了58.71%, 其中羚牛的相对丰富度是28.02%, 川西斑羚13.24%, 毛冠鹿10.08%, 中华鬣羚4.21%, 小麂2.26%, 林麝0.90%。(2)6种有蹄类动物的月相对丰富度反映了其年活动格局, 其中羚牛、川西斑羚、毛冠鹿、中华鬣羚、小麂表现出一致性, 即夏季活动最为频繁, 秋季减弱, 冬季达到活动低谷, 春季逐渐回升; 而林麝则在冬季活动最为频繁, 夏季最弱。(3)日时间段相对丰富度反映了动物全年的日活动规律, 其中川西斑羚和羚牛相似, 主要以白天活动为主; 毛冠鹿、小麂、林麝具有明显的晨昏活动习性; 中华鬣羚活动高峰出现在02:00-06:00和20:00-22:00, 以夜间活动为主。(4)分析不同季节6种有蹄类动物日活动规律, 羚牛在春季出现一定的差异, 活动高峰出现在16:00-20:00; 川西斑羚、毛冠鹿、中华鬣羚在冬季表现出一定的差异, 活动高峰相对延迟或者提前; 小麂春季表现出差异, 活动主要集中在00:00-10:00和18:00-20:00; 林麝由于数据相对较少, 在4个季节表现出不同的活动规律。(5)夜行性分析得到中华鬣羚具有较强的夜间活动能力, 夜间相对丰富度达到了65.81%。这些研究结果有助于监测有蹄类动物种群的变化, 为保护区有效保护管理提供了数据支持。

鉴于哺乳动物分类系统的修订、中国哺乳动物的新发现以及保育实践的需要, 有必要更新中国哺乳动物多样性编目。在收集整理2015年3月以来发表的中国哺乳动物新种和新分布记录种的基础上, 我们采用新的分类系统, 综合作者的最新研究, 补充了以前知之甚少的藏南地区哺乳动物信息, 更新了中国哺乳动物多样性编目。主要修改有: (1)将鲸偶蹄类(Cetartiodactyla)列为总目, 将鲸类与偶蹄类恢复为鲸目(Cetacea)和偶蹄目(Artiodactyla); (2)劳亚食虫目增加了新种霍氏缺齿鼩(Chodsigoa hoffmanni)、林猬一新种(Mesechinus sp.)及由亚种提升为种的烟黑缺齿鼩(Chodsigoa furva); (3)翼手目增补了梵净山管鼻蝠(Murina fanjingshanensis)、渡濑氏鼠耳蝠(Myotis rufoniger)和葛氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus subbadius), 删除了毛须鼠耳蝠(Myotis hirsutus)和琉球长翼蝠(Miniopterus fuscus); (4)灵长目增补了高黎贡白眉长臂猿(Hoolock tianxing)、戴帽叶猴(Trachypithecus pileatus)、懒猴(Nycticebus coucang)和西白眉长臂猿(Hoolock hoolock); (5)食肉目增补了分布在中国藏南的懒熊(Melursus ursinus)、亚洲胡狼(Canis aureus)、孟加拉狐(Vulpes bengakensis)、灰獴(Herpestes edwardsii)和渔猫(Felis viverrinus); (6)依据Wilson和Mittermeier Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 2, Ungulates (2012)的偶蹄类分类系统, 重新厘定了中国偶蹄目动物分类。偶蹄目增加了阿尔泰盘羊(Ovis ammon)、哈萨克盘羊(O. collium)、高黎贡羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)和印度麂(Muntiacus muntjak)。将中国境内的梅花鹿合并为Cervus nippon、驼鹿合并为Alces alces。删去了阿拉善马鹿(Cervus alashanicus)、四川马鹿(C. macneilli)和矮岩羊(Psuodois sharferi)。将分布在西双版纳的小鼷鹿定为鼷鹿未定种(Tragulus sp.); (7)鲸目增加了恒河豚(Platanista gangetica), 删除了长喙真海豚(Delphinus capensis), 将短喙真海豚(D. delphis)的中文名修改为真海豚; (8)啮齿目增加了小板齿鼠(Bandicota bengalensis)、小猪尾鼠(Typhlomys nanus)、墨脱松田鼠(Neodon medogensis)、聂拉木松田鼠(N. nyalamensis)以及由亚种提升为种的大猪尾鼠(Typhlomys daloushanensis); 还增加了甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalax cansus)、比氏鼯鼠(Biswamoyopterus biswasi)、白腹鼠(Niviventer niviventer)、印度小鼠(Mus booduga)。删去了休氏壮鼠(Hadromys humei)。同时厘清了我国田鼠亚科Arvicolini族的分类; (9)兔形目增加了粗毛兔(Caprolagus hispidus)和尼泊尔黑兔(Lepus nigricollis)。理清了鼠兔属(Ochotona)的分类, 降级了5个鼠兔种, 提升了4个鼠兔亚种为种, 增加了5个新种。中国有29种鼠兔分布, 北美鼠兔(O. princeps)、斑颈鼠兔(O. collaris)、荷氏鼠兔(O. hoffinanni)、阿富汗鼠兔(O. rufescens)和草原鼠兔(O. pusilla)在中国没有分布。与2015年的《中国哺乳动物多样性》比较, 本编目删除了21个种, 新增了41个种, 其中, 新增了藏南地区分布的哺乳动物16种。截至2017年8月底, 中国记录到哺乳动物13目56科248属693种, 比《中国哺乳动物多样性》多1目1科3属20种。人们对18种中国哺乳动物的分类地位尚存在争议。中国有146种特有哺乳动物, 占中国哺乳动物总数的21%。兔形目、劳亚食虫目和偶蹄目中的特有种比率分别为37%、35%和25%。

Background: The movement behavior of an animal is determined by extrinsic and intrinsic factors that operate at multiple spatio-temporal scales, yet much of our knowledge of animal movement comes from studies that examine only one or two scales concurrently. Understanding the drivers of animal movement across multiple scales is crucial for understanding the fundamentals of movement ecology, predicting changes in distribution, describing disease dynamics, and identifying efficient methods of wildlife conservation and management.Methods: We obtained over 400,000 GPS locations of wild pigs from 13 different studies spanning six states in southern U.S.A., and quantified movement rates and home range size within a single analytical framework. We used a generalized additive mixed model framework to quantify the effects of five broad predictor categories on movement: individual-level attributes, geographic factors, landscape attributes, meteorological conditions, and temporal variables. We examined effects of predictors across three temporal scales: daily, monthly, and using all data during the study period. We considered both local environmental factors such as daily weather data and distance to various resources on the landscape, as well as factors acting at a broader spatial scale such as ecoregion and season.Results: We found meteorological variables (temperature and pressure), landscape features (distance to water sources), a broad-scale geographic factor (ecoregion), and individual-level characteristics (sex-age class), drove wild pig movement across all scales, but both the magnitude and shape of covariate relationships to movement differed across temporal scales.Conclusions: The analytical framework we present can be used to assess movement patterns arising from multiple data sources for a range of species while accounting for spatio-temporal correlations. Our analyses show the magnitude by which reaction norms can change based on the temporal scale of response data, illustrating the importance of appropriately defining temporal scales of both the movement response and covariates depending on the intended implications of research (e.g., predicting effects of movement due to climate change versus planning local-scale management). We argue that consideration of multiple spatial scales within the same framework (rather than comparing across separate studies post-hoc) gives a more accurate quantification of cross-scale spatial effects by appropriately accounting for error correlation.

The biological inventory within the established protected areas is the fundamental of biodiversity research and monitoring at both regional and national levels, and camera-trapping has been considered one of the most efficient tools for inventory of mammal community. Laohegou Nature Reserve is located in northern Minshan Mountains, Sichuan Province, and within the core area across the distribution of the iconic conservation species, giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Prior to its establishment in 2012, little is known about the mammal fauna in this area. From 2011 to 2014, we conducted a camera-trapping survey to census the mammals of Laohegou by dividing the reserve into 1 km x 1 km survey blocks. With an extensive survey effort of 9,188 camera-days, we detected and identified 24 wild mammal species and 1 domestic mammal species belonging to 7 orders and 18 families. Other unidentified animals were primarily small-bodied mammals of Chiroptera, Insectivora and Rodentia. Carnivora (9 species) was the most diversity taxon, followed by Artiodactyla (7 species) and Rodentia (6 species). Artiodactyla was the order with the highest detections (43.97%), followed by Rodentia (25.61%) and Carnivora (22.44%), all three taxa summed up to 92.02% of all detections. Three mammal species are evaluated as Endangered by IUCN Red List, 3 species as Vulnerable and 3 species as Near Threatened. Four species are listed as Class I state key protected wild animals in China and 5 species as Class II. This study was the first systematic inventory on the large mammals of Laohegou Nature Reserve. The results provide us valuable information of the community structure, spatial distribution and relative abundance, which will serve as a baseline and foundation for future research and conservation management.

During the last two decades, infrared-triggered camera-trapping has been widely used in wildlife and biodiversity research and conservation. In the areas of wildlife ecology research, animal species inventory, biodiversity monitoring and protected area management in China, considerable outputs have been produced by scientific research and conservation applications based on camera-trapping. This technique has been successfully used to detect rare or elusive species, conduct biodiversity inventory, study animal behavior, estimate population parameters, and evaluate the effectiveness of protected area management. Along with the rapid development of modern ecological analysis and modeling tools, camera-trapping will play a more important role in wildlife research at various levels. Meanwhile, along with improvements in techniques, decreasing cost and increasing application interests, camera-trapping will be adopted by more researchers, wildlife managers and protected areas, and can be used for systematic wildlife monitoring using standard protocols. Efforts devoted to its future development and applications should focus on establishing systematically-designed monitoring networks and data-sharing protocols, and developing new analytical approaches and statistical models specifically based on camera-trapping data.

20年来, 红外相机技术在国内外野生动物研究、监测与保护中得到了广泛应用。基于红外相机技术, 我国在野生动物生态学研究、动物行为学研究、稀有物种的探测与记录、动物本底资源调查、生物多样性监测及保护地管理与保护评价等领域取得了众多成果。目前, 数学模型、统计分析方法和新的概念正在促进红外相机技术在野生动物监测研究与保护管理中的发展和推广应用。同时, 随着红外相机技术的成熟、成本降低和应用普及, 这一技术也将会被更多的野生动物研究人员、管理人员和自然保护区管理者所采用, 并成为全国各级保护地和区域生物多样性监测研究的关键技术和方法。今后, 建立并完善系统化的监测网络和数据共享平台、开发新一代的数据分析方法与模型, 将是此项技术进一步发展和应用的主要方向。

Land-use change is fragmenting natural ecosystems, with major consequences for biodiversity. This paper reviews fragmentation trends - historical and current - in China, the fourth largest country on Earth, and explores its consequences. Remote sensing makes it possible to track land-use change at a global scale and monitor fragmentation of dwindling natural landscapes. Yet few studies have linked fragmentation mapped remotely with impacts on biodiversity within human-modified landscapes. Recent reforestation programs have caused substantial increases in forest cover but have not stopped fragmentation, because the new forests are mostly monocultures that further fragment China's remnant old-growth lowland forests that harbour the highest levels of biodiversity. Fragmentation - and associated biodiversity declines - is unevenly distributed in China's forests, being most problematic where agricultural expansion is occurring in the southwest and northeast, serious in the densely populated eastern regions where urbanisation and transport infrastructure are modifying landscapes, but less of a problem in other regions. Analyses of temporal trends show that the drivers of forest fragmentation are shifting from mainly agricultural expansion to urbanisation and infrastructure development. Most of China's old-growth forests persist in small, isolated fragments from which many native species have disappeared, on land unsuitable for human utilisation. Fragmentation throughout China is likely to have major consequences on biodiversity conservation, but few studies have considered these large-scale processes at the national level. Our review fills this research gap and puts forward a systematic perspective relevant to China and beyond.

Climate change is known to affect regional weather patterns and phenology; however, we lack understanding of how climate drives phenological change across local spatial gradients. This spatial variation is critical for determining whether subpopulations and metacommunities are changing in unison or diverging in phenology. Divergent responses could reduce synchrony both within species (disrupting gene flow among subpopulations) and among species (disrupting interspecific interactions in communities). We also lack understanding of phenological change in environments where life history events are frequently aseasonal, such as the tropical, arid, and semi-arid ecosystems that cover vast areas. Using a 33-year-long dataset spanning a 1,267-m semi-arid elevational gradient in the southwestern United States, we test whether flowering phenology diverged among subpopulations within species and among five communities comprising 590 species. Applying circular statistics to test for changes in year-round flowering, we show flowering has become earlier for all communities except at the highest elevations. However, flowering times shifted at different rates across elevations likely because of elevation-specific changes in temperature and precipitation, indicating diverging phenologies of neighboring communities. Subpopulations of individual species also diverged at mid-elevation but converged in phenology at high elevation. These changes in flowering phenology among communities and subpopulations are undetectable when data are pooled across the gradient. Furthermore, we show that nonlinear changes in flowering times over the 33-year record are obscured by traditional calculations of long-term trends. These findings reveal greater spatiotemporal complexity in phenological responses than previously recognized and indicate climate is driving phenological reshuffling across local spatial gradients.Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

To understand resource partitioning, essentially a community phenomenon, we require a holistic theory that draws upon models at the individual and population level. Yet some investigators are still content mainly to document differences between species, a procedure of only limited interest. Therefore, it may be useful to conclude with a list of questions appropriate for studies of resource partitioning, questions this article has related to the theory in a preliminary way. 1) What is the mechanism of competition? What is the relative importance of predation? Are differences likely to be caused by pressures toward reproductive isolation? 2) Are niches (utilizations) regularly spaced along a single dimension? 3) How many dimensions are important, and is there a tendency for more dimensions to be added as species number increases? 4) Is dimensional separation complementary? 5) Which dimensions are utilized, how do they rank in importance, and why? How do particular dimensions change in rank as species nuimber increases? 6) What is the relation of dimensional separation to difference in phenotypic indicators? To what extent does the functional relation of phenotype to resource characteristics constrain partitioning? 7) What is the distance between mean position of niches, what is the niche standard deviation, and what is the ratio of the two? What is the niche shape?

理解人类活动对野生动物的影响具有广泛而深刻的意义，也是当前研究的热点之一。已有研究表明，野生动物可通过行为、生理等方面的改变来适应人类活动造成的干扰。白冠长尾雉为我国珍稀濒危特有鸟类，也正面临日益增加的人为干扰压力。为了解白冠长尾雉的日活动节律对不同人为干扰强度的响应，我们于2018年3月–2019年4月，在其东部分布区内选择了湖北中华山鸟类省级自然保护区（中华山）、河南连康山国家级自然保护区（连康山）、湖北广水平靖关村及三潭风景名胜区（平靖关），利用红外相机技术，对其日活动节律与人为干扰之间的关系进行了研究，并通过重叠系数进一步测算了白冠长尾雉与人为干扰日活动时间的重叠程度。研究结果表明，三地的人为干扰强度存在差异，其中连康山的人为干扰最高，而中华山的则与平靖关的相似。在非繁殖期，白冠长尾雉的日活动节律在中华山与连康山之间存在显著差异；雄性白冠长尾雉的日活动节律在三地之间差异不显著；但雌性白冠长尾雉的日活动节律繁殖期在平靖关与连康山之间以及非繁殖期在中华山与连康山之间、平靖关与连康山之间均存在显著差异。各地白冠长尾雉的日活动高峰和人为干扰出现的高峰也有一定程度的差别，呈现出错峰活动的现象。其中，在人为干扰最多的连康山，白冠长尾雉的活动与人为干扰的重叠程度也最低。这些结果表明白冠长尾雉的活动节律可能受人为干扰的影响，并且白冠长尾雉的行为具有一定的可塑性，可以在一定程度上调整活动节律来适应人为干扰。

Background: Innovation in the application of intelligent sensors, artificial intelligence, and information technology has greatly increased the potential for global biodiversity conservation and restoration. Aims: Considering the significant advances in wildlife monitoring using infrared cameras at home and abroad, combined with a literature review, this paper aims to assess the current status and relevant topics from wildlife camera-trapping monitoring research in China since 2011. Combined with important research cases at home and abroad to explore the cutting-edge issues of camera-trapping monitoring research, this paper will provide suggestions for the future of camera-trapping monitoring research in China. Main issues: The main contents of this paper are as follows: (1) We conducted and summarized a literature review of wildlife camera-trapping monitoring research in China during the past 30 years (1991-2021); (2) By reviewing major research cases in China since 2011, we assessed five primary topics such as technical methods, species discovery and inventory, morphology and behavioral research, ecological research, and conservation and management; (3) Utilizing recent research cases abroad, we evaluated cutting-edge trends in the field of infrared camera monitoring research; and (4) We provide relevant suggestions for the future development of wildlife camera-trapping monitoring research in China. Conclusions: Through our review, this paper underscores the innovative trend of infrared camera technology application and development at home and abroad in wildlife monitoring and research during the past decade. We provide a reference basis for China’s future development in this field, so as to better serve the construction of China’s biodiversity monitoring and research network as well as the construction of protected areas systems centering on national parks. Finally, we promote the construction of a national ecological civilization by providing a scientific basis for making decisions in ensuring ecological security and biosafety.

智能传感器、人工智能、信息技术等现代科学技术的创新应用极大地提升了人类在全球生物多样性保护和恢复方面的潜力。结合国内外相关研究案例, 本文的主要内容包括: (1)对过去30年间(1991-2021年)中国野生动物红外相机监测研究相关文献资料进行总结分析; (2)结合国内2011年以来的典型案例, 对技术方法、物种发现与编目、形态与行为研究、生态学研究和保护管理等主题领域的进展进行总结分析; (3)结合国外近期的典型案例, 对红外相机监测与研究的重点领域进行评估分析; (4)对中国野生动物红外相机监测研究的未来发展提出相关建议。通过回顾, 本文旨在明晰国内外红外相机技术在野生动物监测研究中的创新应用和发展趋势, 为中国在该领域的未来发展提供参考依据, 以便更好地服务于中国生物多样性监测与研究网络建设和以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设, 为推进国家生态文明建设、保障生态安全和生物安全提供决策支持和科学依据。

The relationship between diversity and stability is a focus in community ecology, but the relevant hypotheses have not been rigorously tested at trophic and network levels due to a lack of long-term data of species interactions. Here, by using seed tagging and infrared camera tracking methods, we qualified the seed-rodent interactions, and analyzed the associations of rodent community stability with species diversity, species abundance, and seed-rodent network complexity of 15 patches in a subtropical forest from 2013 to 2021. A total of 47,400 seeds were released, 1,467 rodents were marked, and 110 seed-rodent networks were reconstructed to estimate species richness, species abundance, and seed-rodent network metrics. We found, from younger to older stands, species richness and abundance (biomass) of seeds increased, while those of rodents decreased, leading to a seed-rodent network with higher nestedness, linkage density, and generality in older stands, but higher connectance in younger stands. With the increase of temperature and precipitation, seed abundance (biomass), rodent abundance, and the growth rate of rodent abundance increased significantly. We found rodent community stability (i.e., the inverse of rodent abundance variability) was significantly and positively associated with seed diversity, seed availability, linkage density and generality of seed-rodent networks, providing evidence of supporting the Bottom-Up Diversity-Stability Hypotheses and the Abundant Food Diversity-Stability Hypothesis. Our findings highlight the significant role of resource diversity and availability in promoting consumers’ community stability at trophic and network levels, and the necessity of protecting biodiversity for increasing ecosystem stability under human disturbance and climate variation.

From May 2014 to April 2019, we conducted camera-trapping surveys in the Qianjiangyuan National Park, Zhejiang Province. We divided the park into a grid containing 267 1 km × 1 km plots, with 3 fixed survey stations (> 300 m apart from each other) in each plot. One camera trap was set up in each plot and rotated among the stations within the plot every four months. In the Gutianshan section of the park, the cameras were running for 14 rotations from 2014-2019. The survey started in Hetian, Qixi and Changhong in 2018, and the cameras were rotated once in Qixi and twice in Hetian and Changhong. With a survey effort of 140,413 camera-days from 741 stations in 253 grids, we obtained 268,833 pictures/videos resulting in 74,368 independent detections. The survey recorded 21 wild mammalian and 72 avian species, as well as 5 domestic animal species. Among the species, two (black muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons and Elliot’s pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti) are Class I, and seventeen are Class II national protected animals, accounting for 20.4% of total recorded wild species. Five species are red-listed by the IUCN as Vulnerable and four as Near Threatened, accounting for 9.7% of the total recorded wild species. One species is red-listed as Endangered, nine as Vulnerable and ten as Near Threatened by Red list of China’s vertebrates, accounting for 21.5% of the total recorded wild species. The most detected mammal species was Reeve’s muntjac Muntiacus reevesi, and the most detected bird species was silver pheasant Lophura nycthemera. Our results provide reliable baseline information on the species composition, their spatial distribution, and relative abundance of mammals and birds in the Qianjiangyuan National Park.

2014年5月至2019年4月, 作者采用红外相机技术调查了浙江省钱江源国家公园的兽类及鸟类多样性。将整个国家公园划分为267个1 km × 1 km的调查网格, 每个网格内设置3个固定调查位点, 使用1台红外相机定期在同一网格内的位点之间进行轮换。其中, 古田山片区在5年内共完成14轮次调查, 古田山以外的区域自2018年7月纳入调查范围, 何田、长虹片区完成2次轮换, 齐溪片区完成1次轮换。在253个网格内的741个有效位点上共获得140,413个相机工作日的数据, 采集兽类和鸟类的照片和视频268,833份, 有效探测数74,368次, 鉴定出21种野生兽类, 72种野生鸟类, 5种家畜及家禽。包括国家一级重点保护野生动物2种, 即黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)、白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti); 国家二级重点保护野生动物17种, 合计占野生物种总数的20.4%。被IUCN物种红色名录评估为易危(VU)的5种, 近危(NT)的4种, 合计占物种总数的9.7%。被中国脊椎动物红色名录评估为濒危(EN)的1种, 易危(VU)的9种, 近危(NT)的10种, 合计占物种总数的21.5%。相对多度指数最高的大中型兽类为小麂(Muntiacus reevesi), 鸟类为白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)。本次调查获得了国家公园内兽类和鸟类的多样性组成、空间分布和相对多度, 为长期科研监测和科学管理提供了基础数据。

To compare the effectiveness of camera trapping to more common mist netting, fixed-distance line transect, and fixed-radius point count methods of forest birds, we surveyed bird species diversity at Nanling National Nature Reserve and Chebaling National Nature Reserve, Guangdong, China from 2011 to 2016. At Nanling, 222 bird species were recorded by fixed-distance line transect and fixed-radius point count methods, 43 bird species were captured by mist netting and 47 bird species were trapped by cameras. One species was captured only by mist netting, six species only by camera-trapping, and 164 species only by fixed-distance line transect and fixed-radius point count methods. At Chebaling, 109 bird species were recorded by fixed-distance line transect and fixed-radius point count methods, 42 by mist nets and 27 by cameras. Nine species were recorded only by mist netting, three only by camera-trapping, and 97 only by fixed-distance line transect and fixed-radius point count methods. At both sites, the number of birds captured by mist netting was negatively correlated with increasing body size, whether measured as body weight, body length, wing length, or tarsus length. By contrast, the number of birds photographed by camera traps was positively correlated with the same measures of body size. These results show that bird surveys using different methods may yield different results and that method should be selected to suit the body size of the target bird species. In surveying bird diversity of a wide range of body sizes, mist netting and camera trapping together would be complimentary methods. Our results suggest that a combination of research methods may be necessary to obtain reliable avian diversity estimates.

为了探讨红外相机技术、网捕法、固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法对森林鸟类多样性调查的有效性和实用性, 我们于2011-2016年, 用这几种方法调查了广东南岭国家级自然保护区和车八岭国家级自然保护区的鸟类多样性。在南岭, 固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录鸟类222种, 网捕鸟类43种, 红外相机拍到鸟类47种; 其中1种鸟仅网捕到, 6种鸟仅被红外相机拍到, 164种鸟仅被固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录到。在车八岭, 固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录鸟类109种, 网捕鸟类42种, 红外相机拍到鸟类27种, 其中9种鸟仅网捕到, 3种鸟仅被红外相机拍到, 97种鸟仅被固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录到。随着鸟类的体重、体长、翅长和跗蹠增加, 网捕到的鸟类个体数量减少, 鸟类身体大小与网捕到的鸟类数量呈显著负相关; 而红外相机拍到的鸟类数量随鸟类的身体大小增大而增加, 并且呈显著的正相关。本文的结果显示, 网捕法和红外相机技术针对不同类群的鸟类调查效力不同, 但都是固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法的有效补充。建议今后开展森林鸟类多样性调查与监测时, 尽量采用多种研究方法相结合, 以求达到最优的效果。

<p id="p0000d"><strong>Aims</strong> Dujiangyan is located in a regional hotspot of biodiversity, which has significantly high avian diversity. However, a comprehensive list of bird species is still lacking there. Therefore, we conducted fixed-line transects bird surveys in Dujiangyan from May 2016 to August 2019 to map the avian diversity of the region. </p><p id="p000dd"><strong>Methods</strong> Comprehensive surveys have been done to evaluate diversity of breeding birds by using the fixed line transects method. A total of 10 survey lines were set up inside and outside protected areas in the Dujiangyan, covering a wide range of diverse habitats at different altitudes. Based on historical document catalogs, infrared camera data, and data from the China Bird Report (http://www.birdreport.cn<strong>/</strong>), an updated list of the Dujiangyan was created in this study. </p><p id="p000dd"><strong>Results</strong> Combined with historical documents, a total of 311 species of birds were recorded in Dujiangyan. The birds belong to 17 orders, 61 families which including 184 residents (59.2%), 68 summer visitors (21.9%), 35 winter visitors (11.3%), and 24 passage migrants (7.7%). Breeding birds are 252 species (81.0%) and passerine birds are 212 (68.2%) species. Fifteen species (4.8%) are endemic to China and 9 Class-I (2.9%) and 50 Class-II (16.1%) nationally protected birds were recorded in this region, respectively. Most of the birds were found in the shrubs, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest habitats, while the evergreen coniferous forest and bamboo forest had fewer. The elevational richness of birds in Dujiangyan displayed a bell-shaped pattern with the highest species richness occurred at mid-elevations (1,580-1,890 m) and the lowest species richness at high elevations (1,890-2,200 m). </p><p id="p00020"><strong>Conclusion</strong> Dujiangyan is a global biodiversity hotspot, as well as a famous national tourism destination, in order to maintain the high diversity of birds in this area, we should reduce the area of monoculture commercial forests and the control human disturbance from tourism, as well as keep monitoring, studying, and conserving the diversity of birds into the future.</p>

都江堰地区位于生物多样性热点地区, 具有丰富的鸟类多样性, 但迄今仍缺乏全面的鸟类物种名录。本研究于2016年5月至2019年8月, 在都江堰地区采用固定样线法开展了鸟类多样性调查, 结合历史文献共记录该地区鸟类17目61科311种。其中留鸟184种(59.2%), 夏候鸟68种(21.9%), 冬候鸟35种(11.3%), 旅鸟24种(7.7%); 繁殖鸟类252种(81.0%); 雀形目鸟类212种(68.2%); 国家I级重点保护鸟类9种(2.9%), 国家II级重点保护鸟类50种(16.1%), 中国特有鸟类15种(4.8%)。研究发现, 常绿-落叶阔叶混交林及灌丛中的鸟类物种最多, 而常绿针叶林和竹林中的鸟类物种最少。都江堰地区鸟类群落丰富度的峰值出现在1,580-1,890 m海拔段, 在1,890-2,200 m海拔段最低, 呈现出单峰分布格局。作为生物多样性热点地区和旅游热点地区, 都江堰今后应避免发展大规模单一的人工经济林, 以更好地维系该地区丰富的鸟类多样性, 并加强对该地区生物多样性的监测、研究和保护。

鸡形目是一个与人类关系非常密切的鸟类类群，其保护工作受到国际自然保护组织的广泛关注。作为世界上鸡形目鸟类资源最为丰富的国家之一，我国加强该类群鸟类的保护工作不仅是野生动物资源保护的一个重要组成部分，而且对全球生物多样性的保护具有特别重要的意义。本文结合国家林业局“十五”期间将要实施的《全国野生动植物及自然保护区建设工程总体规划》，对我国鸡形目鸟类的多样性、特有性和分布特点进行了阐述，对该类群的濒危状况和致危因素进行了分析，从就地保护、易地保护以及科学研究三个方面介绍了我国在该类群研究与保护方面所取得的成就，探讨了目前保护管理工作中所存在的问题并提出了相应的保护对策.

Forest fragmentation is threatening the health and survival of ecosystems though reducing species diversity and sustainability of the ecosystems. As an important plant-animal network, plant-rodent interaction plays a significant role in maintaining biodiversity and function of a forest, but their functional response to habitat patch size and succession stage is seldom investigated. Here, we monitored seed predation by small rodents in 15 forest patches with different sizes and at different stages of succession in a subtropical forest in Dujiangyan, Sichuan Province. Based on a new method integrating IR camera-monitoring with a seed tagging method, we measured species interaction strengths between seeds and rodents, and then illustrated the rodent-seed interaction networks of different patches, so as to analyze the influence of size of the forest patch and succession stage on parameters of the network. We found that rodent species richness was highest in medium patches (2-4ha.), and lowest in large patches (9-30ha.); Weighted-Interaction Nestedness Estimator (WINE) in secondary forests was significantly higher in the patches of late succession stage (20-40yrs) than that of early succession stage (10-20yrs); the total number and sum of diameter at breast height (DBH) of plants in the seed-rodent network was significantly higher in the primary forests than the secondary ones. Our results suggest that forest fragmentation showed some influences on WINE of seed-rodent network, but not on the other network parameters, which is probably due to the interaction generality of the seed-rodent network. This study provides a basis for further research on species interactions between trees and rodents, and the structure and function of the seed-rodent network.

森林碎片化严重威胁生态系统的健康，导致物种多样性、生态系统稳定性的降低。鼠类和森林种子是一类重要的互作网络，在生物多样性维持和生态系统服务功能上发挥着重要作用，有关森林斑块大小及演替阶段对鼠类&mdash;种子互作网络的影响的报道较少。本研究以都江堰地区亚热带森林鼠类&mdash;种子互作系统为例， 选取15个不同大小和演替阶段的森林斑块，结合红外相机监测和种子标记，通过监测鼠类与种子的互作过程，分析了斑块大小和演替阶段对鼠类&mdash;种子互作关系的影响，并绘制了各斑块鼠类&mdash;种子互作网络图谱，发现：中斑块(2-4 ha.)森林中鼠类的物种数最多，大斑块(9-30ha.)最少；演替后期(20-40yrs)次生林的加权嵌套度(WINE)显著地高于演替早期(10-20yrs)次生林；原始林网络内相关植物的植株总数和胸径(DBH)总和都要显著大于次生林。我们的结果说明森林破碎化对鼠类&mdash;种子互作网络的加权嵌套度有一定影响，对其他网络参数影响不大, 可能与其种间关系泛化度较大有关。该结果对进一步研究种间互作关系及生态网络结构与功能具有一定的参考意义。

<p id="p00010"><strong>Aims:</strong> Generally, mountainous areas in high altitudes have harsh climate conditions and a lack of resources. It is important to understand the formation and maintenance mechanisms of biodiversity patterns in alpine ecosystems by exploring how closely related species that are sympatric use limited resources to achieve stable coexistence. Galliformes are typical ground-dwelling species with weak flight and dispersal abilities, and face higher interspecific competition pressure due to relatively narrower niches. Our study aims to compare the temporal and spatial niches of sympatric Galliformes species, and to provide a new case study for understanding the coexistence mechanism of sympatric species in alpine ecosystems. <br><strong>Methods:</strong> From April to September 2020, field surveys were conducted in an alpine ecosystem at an altitude of 3,300-4,200 m in the Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province. We used a transect survey design to investigate the microhabitats of the Chinese monal (<i>Lophophorus lhuysii</i>), chestnut-throated partridge (<i>Tetraophasis obscurus</i>), and snow partridge (<i>Lerwa lerwa</i>) who dominate the alpine Galliformes community and monitored their activity by infrared camera traps. Their ecological niches were compared along the two dimensions of microhabitat utilization and daily activity rhythm by using the kernel density estimation method. <br><strong>Results:</strong> The results indicated that there were significant differences in both microhabitat utilization and daily activity rhythm between the snow partridge and the other two species. The Chinese monal and chestnut-throated partridge have similar preference in microhabitat utilization; the morning activity peaks of Chinese monal were later than those of chestnut-throated partridge, while its evening activity peaks were earlier than those of chestnut-throated partridge, demonstrating significant interspecific differences in daily activity rhythm; however, their overall niche integrating the two dimensions still highly overlaps without significant differentiation. <br><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Our study reveals that niche differentiation among sympatric alpine Galliformes species is reflected along multiple ecological dimensions, and differentiation patterns vary between different species. The significant differentiation of the snow partridge in spatial and temporal niches is likely makes it less competitive with sympatric species, which is beneficial to its stable coexistence within the community. The overall niches of the Chinese monal and chestnut-throated partridge overlaps greatly. Therefore, it is recommended that further studies be conducted on their feeding habits and to explore the potential interspecific differentiation in trophic niches.</p>

高海拔山区气候条件恶劣, 资源匮乏, 探究同域分布的近缘物种如何利用有限的资源以实现稳定共存, 对于了解高山生态系统生物多样性格局的形成和维持机制具有重要意义。鸡形目鸟类飞行能力弱, 属于典型的地栖物种, 生态位空间相对狭窄, 可能面临更高的种间竞争压力。本研究旨在比较几种同域分布的鸡形目鸟类的时空生态位, 为了解高山生态系统同域物种的共存机制提供新的研究案例。2020年4-9月, 研究人员在四川卧龙国家级自然保护区海拔3,300-4,200 m的高山区域进行了野外调查, 通过样线法和样方法对鸡形目鸟类群落优势物种绿尾虹雉(Lophophorus lhuysii)、雉鹑(Tetraophasis obscurus)和雪鹑(Lerwa lerwa)繁殖期的微生境进行调查, 使用红外相机对其活动节律进行监测, 并运用核密度估计法从微生境利用和日活动节律两个生态维度进行了种间生态位比较。结果显示, 雪鹑在微生境利用和日活动节律上均与其他两个物种存在显著差异。绿尾虹雉与雉鹑在微生境的利用上具有相似偏好; 但绿尾虹雉的早活动高峰晚于雉鹑, 晚活动高峰早于雉鹑, 表现出显著的种间日活动节律差异; 然而, 整合两个维度后, 绿尾虹雉和雉鹑的整体生态位仍然高度重叠, 没有显著分化。本研究表明高山鸡形目物种间的生态位分化体现于多个不同的生态维度, 并且不同物种之间的分化方式有所差异。在空间和时间生态位上的显著分化使雪鹑与同域物种间的竞争压力相对较小, 有利于其实现稳定共存。而绿尾虹雉与雉鹑的整体生态位高度重叠, 建议进一步对其食性开展研究, 探讨营养生态位上的潜在种间分化。