The Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework is one of the main focuses of current negotiations for the Convention on Biological Diversity. This paper outlines the background of the “Framework,” introduces the OEWG-1 negotiation process, comprehensively analyzes the views of the Parties in the relevant consultation processes, introduces the current consensuses and differences of the Parties on the various elements of the “Framework,” assesses the progress of the “Framework,” and puts forward four suggestions on the design of the “Framework”. These suggestions include: (1) Clarify the specific implementation path of transformational change; (2) Balance the three major objectives of the CBD; (3) Strengthen collaboration with other global governance processes; (4) Strengthen the “Framework” assessment and review of global and the Parties' progress in compliance. Finally, we put forward suggestions for China: (1) Update the domestic NBSAP in a timely manner; (2) Strengthen the coordination of domestic biodiversity work; (3) Continue to strengthen the ecological environmental law enforcement and responsibility mechanism. These recommendations provide a reference for the Parties to better participate in the “Framework” development process and gain insight into the framework and its progress in order to provide useful feedback for the formulation of the “Framework.”

“2020年后全球生物多样性框架”是当前《生物多样性公约》谈判的焦点议题之一。本文阐述了框架制定的背景, 介绍了“2020年后全球生物多样性框架”不限成员名额工作组(Open Ended Working Group, OEWG),的谈判过程, 综合分析了缔约方在各有关磋商进程中的观点, 以及目前缔约方对框架各个要素的共识和分歧, 评估了框架的制定进展, 并就框架的设计提出四点展望: (1)阐明转型变革的具体实施路径; (2)平衡反映公约三大目标; (3)加强与其他全球治理进程的协同; (4)强化框架对全球及缔约方履约进展的评估和审查。最后提出对我国的建议: (1)及时更新国家生物多样性战略与行动计划(National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans, NBSAP); (2)加强国内生物多样性工作的协调; (3)继续加强生态环境执法和责任机制。为缔约方更好参与框架制定进程, 深入了解框架及其磋商进展提供参考, 并为下一步框架制定提供参考。

The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.

With the increasing exploitation of marine biodiversity, conservation is facing several challenges. The Intergovernmental Conference to create an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) was convened. They aimed to address the gap between conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. One of the core talking points of the ILBI, area-based management tools (ABMTs), including marine protected areas (MPAs), were widely recognized as a key mechanism for conserving and restoring biodiversity. Though the process of creating the ILBI is still in its early stages, there has been a lack of common understanding among United Nations (UN) member states regarding the elements of this new protocol. Thus, here we analyze the differences and commonalities of definitions and objectives from the UNCLOS, as well as other instruments and frameworks, relevant global, regional and sectoral bodies, general principles and approaches, current legal and policy frameworks, technological challenges and stakeholder engagement. Our recommendations to increase understanding of ABMTs/MPAs include improving the scientificity of establishing MPAs, establishing effective monitoring and enforcement mechanisms and strengthening international cooperation for the establishment of ABMTs/MPAs in areas beyond national jurisdiction.

随着人类对海洋资源开发利用强度的增加, 海洋生物多样性的养护面临更大挑战。联合国大会决定在《联合国海洋法公约》框架下拟定一份新的法律文书, 以解决国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性(marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, BBNJ)的养护与可持续利用问题。包括海洋保护区在内的划区管理工具(area-based management tools (ABMTs), including marine protected areas (MPAs))是BBNJ国际文书谈判的一个重要议题。目前谈判尚处于早期阶段, 各国对ABMTs/MPAs缺乏共同的观点。本文通过分析ABMTs/MPAs的定义和内涵以及两者的异同点、目标、与现有相关法律文书、框架和机构的关系、一般原则和方法、现有框架以及面临的缺乏调查数据、缺失全球性法律框架以及缺少利益相关者参与等挑战, 提出需提高设立海洋保护区的科学性、建立有效的监测与执法机制以及加强国际合作等建议。

<p id="p00005"><strong>Background &#x00026; Aims: </strong>The post-2020 global biodiversity framework (the “Framework”) being prepared by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) will be negotiated and adopted at the second part of the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention (COP15). The Framework is a landmark and plays an important guiding role for future global biodiversity conservation, economic and social development. Due to the continuous loss of biodiversity, the vision of living in harmony with nature by 2050 can only be fulfilled through transformative actions. In this paper, we describe the progress of the negotiations of the 22 action-oriented targets in drafting the Framework as at the fourth meeting of the Open-ended Working Group (hereinafter referred to as “OEWG”), so as to provide a perspective and methodological reference for management departments, scientific research institutions, enterprises, social organizations, and professionals engaged in biodiversity education and conservation to understand the reshaping of the international economic order through global biodiversity governance.</p> <p id="p00010"><strong>Progress:</strong> The Framework is built around a theory of change, and aims to set ambitious, practical and balanced biodiversity conservation goals. Biodiversity greatly affects human beings, and the actualization of the goals and targets set by the Framework will have a great impact on the production and consumption of human society. For several reasons including the complexity of the Convention mechanisms and Framework negotiations, few people have a full understanding of the content of the Framework and the negotiation process it entails. After four meetings of OEWG, the structure and elements of the Framework have been defined. The 22 urgent action-orientated targets over the next decade for 2030 are of greatest concern. The targets break down into three components: reducing threats to biodiversity (targets 1-8), meeting people’s needs through sustainable use and benefit-sharing (targets 9‒13) and tools and solutions for implementation and mainstreaming (targets 14‒22).</p> <p id="p00015"><strong>Prospects:</strong> In this paper, we discussed the core topics of the negotiations, such as the 30 × 30 target and resource mobilization in the Framework in order to provide a reference for relevant stakeholders to better grasp the dynamics of environmental politics and trends of participating in an international competition of science and technology, trade, investment, manufacturing, and other fields. This will promote people’s living in harmony with nature, and help build a planetary community of life with a shared future.</p>

《生物多样性公约》(简称《公约》)第十五次缔约方大会(COP15)第二阶段会议上将审议通过正在编制的2020年后全球生物多样性框架(简称“框架”)。该框架具有里程碑意义, 对未来全球生物多样性保护、经济和社会发展有重要指导作用。由于生物多样性的持续丧失, 只有通过变革式的转型, 才能实现到2050年人与自然和谐发展的美好愿景。框架以变革理论为基础, 拟制定雄心勃勃又务实平衡的生物多样性保护目标。生物多样性与人类息息相关, 目标的制定将对人类社会的生产、消费等产生重大影响。由于《公约》机制和框架磋商的复杂性等多种原因, 仅极少数人完整地了解框架的内容和谈判进程。经过框架不限成员名额工作组(以下简称“OEWG”) 4次会议的磋商, 框架结构和要素已基本确定, 其中最受关注的是22个2030年行动目标, 包括减少对生物多样性的威胁(行动目标1‒8)、通过可持续利用和惠益分享来满足人的需求(行动目标9‒13)和执行工作和主流化的工具和解决方案(行动目标14‒22) 3个部分。本文介绍了OEWG第四次会议磋商的框架草案中行动目标的谈判进展, 对框架中30 × 30目标、资源调动等核心议题进行了分析, 从而为管理部门、科研机构、企业、社会组织、从事生物多样性教育和保护的广大工作者等社会各界了解全球生物多样性治理对国际经济秩序的重塑提供视角和方法上的参考, 从而更好地把握参与科技、贸易、投资、制造等领域国际竞争的环境政治动态与方向, 促进人与自然和谐共生, 共建地球生命共同体。

The continued decline of global biodiversity presents a huge challenge for biodiversity conservation, especially for marine biodiversity conservation. As an effective way to protect biodiversity, evaluating the effectiveness of MPAs (Marine Protected Areas) is becoming a critical issue. However, only limited assessment methodologies were specially designed for MPAs so far. Moreover, evaluation indicators have mainly focused on management effectiveness. Recently, the establishment of global biodiversity monitoring networks and databases and the application of new technologies (including remote sensing, sonar system, satellite tracking, and genomics) have provided available data and information for quantified conservation effectiveness evaluations at multiple levels from ecosystems to genes. Future evaluation should be based on long-term scientific monitoring with the assistance of new technologies, promoting the establishment of the biodiversity monitoring database and information sharing, and developing integrated and interdisciplinary evaluation systems to evaluate conservation effectiveness.

全球物种多样性的持续下降使得生物多样性保护面临巨大挑战, 海洋生物多样性的保护任务尤其艰巨。海洋保护区是保护生物多样性的有效方式之一, 如何对其成效进行评估是当前研究热点。然而, 目前针对海洋保护区的评估体系较少, 而且评估指标多侧重于管理成效。近年来随着全球生物多样性监测网络和数据库的建立, 以及多种新技术(如遥感、声呐系统、卫星追踪、基因组学等)在海洋生物多样性监测中的应用, 使得从生态系统到基因水平的多层次连续监测成为可能。基于此, 建议未来我国海洋保护区成效评估应在充分利用新技术方法的基础上, 加强长期科学监测, 建立并完善生物多样性监测数据库和信息共享机制, 发展跨学科的综合保护成效评估体系, 加强基于生物多样性监测的保护成效评估。

<p id="p00005"><strong>Aims</strong> Coral reef ecosystems are important protecting targets under the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD). Since its accelerated bleaching has attracted enormous attention in 1998, the conservation of coral reef systems has been a significant topic in the Conference of the Parties (COP). To review China&#x02019;s compliance under CBD, this article explores the following questions: Whether China fulfills its obligations to protect coral reef systems as prescribed under the CBD? What are the challenges for protecting coral reef systems in China by considering the requirements of the CBD? What suggestions are there for improving compliance with the CBD?</p><p id="p00010"><strong>Methods</strong> A comparative method was applied to identify the compliance gap under the CBD. Relevant reports on the changes of coral reef systems in Hainan, Guangxi and Guangdong province at national and provincial levels were explored. The law, regulations, and compliance reports of coral reef protection at national and provincial level were investigated.</p><p id="p00015"><strong>Results</strong> The results indicated that China has adopted many specific measures which have reversed the decline of coral reefs in general. However, there are several problems in its compliance, primarily fragmented legislation, the lack of comprehensive strategies and action plans, insufficient adaptation to climate change, inadequate coordination across departments, ineffective management in marine protected areas, low engagement with local communities, unintegrated standards and norms for supervision, poor monitoring data which could not support effective evaluation, little international cooperation, and low public participation.</p> <p id="p00020"><strong>Suggestions</strong> This study suggests that compliance measures should be taken in consistency with the goals and spirits of the CBD, and in consideration of the post-2020 CBD framework. These measures include enhancing domestic legislative framework, comprehensive action plan and capacity to adapt to climate change, strengthening integrated management and coordination, improving the effectiveness in management of MPAs, ensuring better monitoring and data collection, better international cooperation and enhancing public participation.</p>

海洋和沿海生物多样性保护和可持续利用等问题是《生物多样性公约》谈判的重要领域。本文梳理了历次缔约方大会的谈判进程, 认为主要焦点议题包括: (1)应对人类活动和全球气候变化对海洋和沿海生物多样性的影响; (2)海洋和沿海生物多样性保护和可持续利用的工具; (3)海洋保护区及具有重要生态或生物学意义的海域。这些议题的讨论将影响包括全球海洋保护区建设在内的海洋生物多样性保护进程, 也将影响全球海洋生物多样性保护国际制度的建设, 以及沿海国家的社会经济。我国应加强履约谈判的技术支持, 加快涉海相关问题研究, 积极参与相关国际谈判, 并大力宣传我国经验。