中国森林附生维管植物多样性数据集
A dataset on the diversity of forest vascular epiphytes in China
通讯作者: E-mail:zhangnaili@bjfu.edu.cn
编委: 陈又生
责任编辑: 黄祥忠
收稿日期: 2022-06-15 接受日期: 2022-09-15
基金资助: |
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Corresponding authors: E-mail:zhangnaili@bjfu.edu.cn
Received: 2022-06-15 Accepted: 2022-09-15
附生维管植物是热带、亚热带湿性山地森林植物群落中物种最为丰富的类群之一, 在维系森林生物多样性及生态系统功能与服务中发挥着重要作用, 然而附生维管植物调查相对困难, 在多样性调查和统计中往往被忽视, 迄今为止我国尚缺乏全国范围的森林附生维管植物名录。本项研究基于已公开发布的数据库, 搜集并整理了1982-2022年间的关于中国森林附生维管植物研究的文献书籍。首先, 提取文献资料中的有效信息, 依据物种2000中国节点的数据进行标准化校正, 整理出中国森林附生维管植物共计49科246属1,739种, 然后据此编写了相对准确、完整的中国森林附生维管植物物种名录。本名录作为我国第一个全国性森林附生维管植物名录, 可为森林生物多样性保护工作提供重要的数据支持, 并能为深入研究附生维管植物的进化生物学、生物地理学及宏观生态学等领域提供重要的基础信息。 数据库(集)基本信息简介
数据库(集)名称 中国森林附生维管植物多样性数据集 作者 戴梓潇, 陈国科, 张乃莉, 马克平 通讯作者 张乃莉(zhangnaili@bjfu.edu.cn) 时间范围 1982-2022年 地理区域 3°51ʹ-53°33ʹ N, 73°33ʹ-135°05ʹ E 空间分辨率 省级 文件大小 396.68 KB 数据量 共2,007条记录 数据格式 *.xlsx 数据链接 http://www.dataopen.info/home/datafile/index/id/274
http://doi.org/10.24899/do.202211004
https://www.biodiversity-science.net/fileup/1005-0094/DATA/2022332.zip 数据库(集)组成 包括2个数据文件, 其中: (1)中国森林附生维管植物名录: 共1,739条; (2)参考文献列表: 共268条。
关键词:
Vascular epiphytes are abundant in tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems. Vascular epiphytes are often neglected in biodiversity surveys owing to the challenges they pose for investigators. There is no comprehensive national checklist of vascular epiphyte species in China so far. In this study, we reviewed the literature on Chinese vascular epiphytes from 1982 to 2022 and obtained the relevant information for epiphytes. We checked and corrected this information according to the data of Species 2000 China Node. Finally, we obtained the taxonomic and distribution information of 1,739 species of vascular epiphytes, belonging to 246 genera and 49 families. As the first national checklist of Chinese vascular epiphytes, this checklist can provide important data for forest biodiversity conservation, as well as the study of evolutionary biology, biogeography and macroecology, and other life science disciplines. Database/Dataset Profile
Title A dataset on the diversity of forest vascular epiphytes in China Authors Zixiao Dai, Guoke Chen, Naili Zhang, Keping Ma Corresponding author Naili Zhang (zhangnaili@bjfu.edu.cn) Time range 1982-2022 Geographical scope 3°51ʹ-53°33ʹ N, 73°33ʹ-135°05ʹ E Spatial resolution District (province) File size 396.86 KB Data volume 2,007 records Data format *.xlsx Data link http://www.dataopen.info/home/datafile/index/id/274
http://doi.org/10.24899/do.202211004
https://www.biodiversity-science.net/fileup/1005-0094/DATA/2022332.zip Database/Dataset composition The dataset consists of two subsets in total. The subsets are recorded as (1) The checklist of forest vascular epiphytes in China.xlsx, and the data volume is 1,739; (2) Reference list.xlsx, and the data volume is 268.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
戴梓潇, 陈国科, 张乃莉, 马克平 (2022)
Zixiao Dai, Guoke Chen, Naili Zhang, Keping Ma (2022)
附生植物(epiphyte)通常指整个或部分生活史着生在其他植物体上, 并与附主植物无直接生理联系的一类自养植物(Zotz, 2016)。在全球范围内, 从低等到高等植物类群都有附生植物, 涵盖了地衣、苔藓、蕨类、裸子植物和被子植物等5大类。本数据集收录了其中相对高等的附生维管植物(即蕨类、裸子和被子植物)。附生维管植物约占高等植物物种总数的10% (Zotz et al, 2021)。在潮湿的热带森林中附生维管植物数量尤为可观, 在局部区域甚至超过其他所有维管植物的总和(Kelly et al, 1994)。附生维管植物在维系生物多样性(Krömer et al, 2013)、保持水分平衡(Mendieta-Leiva et al, 2020)、促进养分循环(Zotz & Winkler, 2013)、为其他生物提供栖息地及食物(Freiberg & Turton, 2007)等方面发挥着重要作用。多种附生维管植物具有很强的截留、储存及蒸腾等能力(Mendieta-Leiva et al, 2020), 并能够维持及增加局部空气湿度、改善微环境(Benzing, 1998), 这对维持树栖节肢动物多样性具有积极影响(Stuntz et al, 2002)。
以往关于附生维管植物的研究主要集中在热带及亚热带地区, 内容多为附生维管植物群落特征的归纳, 由于林冠调查采样技术的限制, 人们对森林附生维管植物多样性、分布以及区系组成等方面的研究明显不足(Irume et al, 2013)。近年来, 随着我国林冠塔吊技术的飞速发展(吴毅等, 2016), 附生维管植物对森林生态系统的重要作用获得更为广泛的关注, 并逐渐开展了一系列相关研究(汤丹丹等, 2018; 普晓妍等, 2021; 张培春等, 2022)。然而, 我国迄今为止仅有地区性研究报道, 仍无完整的森林附生维管植物名录(Zhao et al, 2015), 该名录的缺失不利于深入探讨宏观尺度上生命形式多样性、进化分类学和生物地理学等领域的科学问题。本文系统地整理、编录了中国森林附生维管植物名录及分布信息, 旨在为基于附生维管植物开展的宏观生态学、系统进化生物学以及生物地理学研究提供重要的基础性数据。
1 数据采集和处理方法
1.1 数据来源
本文的中国森林附生维管植物数据主要有3个来源: (1)全球附生维管植物名录Epilist 1.0 (
以“附生植物” “附生维管植物” “植物多样性” “兰科” “epiphytes” “vascular epiphytes” “Orchi- daceae”以及“biodiversity”为关键词, 使用中国科学院文献情报中心、中国科学院植物研究所图书馆、北京林业大学图书馆的官方网站、国家图书馆、Journal Storage及中国知网(CNKI)进行检索或查阅。共收集和整理出国内外有关附生维管植物的期刊论文、书籍、硕士和博士学位论文268篇。基于这些文献资料摘录并核实中国森林附生维管植物信息, 用于构建附生维管植物名录数据集。
1.2 数据整理
由于不同来源的植物学名并不统一, 本文以物种2000中国节点(
图1
图1
中国森林附生维管植物名录整理流程图
Fig. 1
The diagram establishing the dataset of vascular epiphytes of China
2 数据描述
本数据集以2个Excel文件呈现: (1)中国森林附生维管植物名录; (2)参考文献列表。
(1)中国森林附生维管植物名录共收录了49科246属1,739种附生维管植物, 共计18个字段(列), 可分为数据来源、物种信息、地理分布信息3个板块。数据来源包括: 数据来源编号, 共1个字段(列); 物种信息包括: 拉丁学名、中文名、界门纲目科属的拉丁名、中文名以及命名者等, 共15个字段(列); 地理分布信息: 包括物种地理分布地所属省级行政区中英文名, 共2个字段(列)。以第53行短序脆兰(Acampe papillosa)为例, 共18个字段(列), 分别为数据来源编号(2、3、184), 拉丁学名(Acampe papillosa), 命名者(Lindl.), 中文名(短序脆兰), 界门纲目科属的拉丁名以及中文名(Plantae 植物界; Angiospermae 被子植物门; Magnoliopsida 木兰纲; Asparagales 天门冬目; Orchidaceae 兰科; Acampe 脆兰属)、物种地理分布地所属的省级行政区英文名(Yunnan, Hainan)及中文名(云南、海南)。查阅时根据已知学名、中文名找到所需词条并对植物其他信息进行查阅。由于植物学名、分类地位等时常随着修订发生变化, 本名录适用2022年5月26日发布的《中国生物物种名录》(2022版)的植物学名及分类地位等。
(2)参考文献列表, 共有268条4列, 4个字段(列)分别为编号、文献、作者以及出版来源。
3 讨论
植物名录是宏观生态学、生物地理学和进化生物学综合研究的重要基础性数据, 是开展相关科研工作的重要前提。相较于先前已有的附生植物名录, 本名录具有以下优势: (1)通过大量搜集、整理资料, 首次在全国范围内整合森林附生维管植物信息, 编著了一个物种级中国森林附生维管植物名录,有助于我国的生物多样性保护工作; (2)本名录搜集的附生维管植物数据来自不同文献及不同地理区域, 这些资料所依据的植物分类标准和体系、数据基础与可靠性不尽相同, 我们在整合、补充过程中进行了逐级校对和筛选, 对中国范围内的附生维管植物数据进行统一分类标准, 可为分类学者开展相关科学研究提供参考数据; (3)本名录各条目都注明了参考资料来源, 便于使用者查证以及获取更多的信息, 为采样调查工作提供便利。尽管为完善该名录做了大量细致工作, 但仍存在以下不足之处: (1)缺乏附生维管植物海拔、县市信息, 不适用于进行准确的气候及地形等相关性分析; (2)我国科研资源分布不均且不同地区对附生维管植物研究重视程度不同, 可能导致部分地区附生维管植物未被报道发现, 从而未被名录收录; (3)由于不同文献书籍内对附生维管植物的界定模糊, 致使极少部分附生维管植物的数据准确性尚待推敲。因此, 持续跟进附生维管植物研究, 进一步完善中国附生维管植物名录收录工作十分必要。
附生维管植物名录信息显示, 中国森林附生维管植物在全国范围内分布不均, 主要分布地区为云南, 其次为西藏、广西、台湾等地, 而且多分布于这些行政区域所属的中国南部热带以及亚热带湿性山地森林地区(图2)。附生维管植物在各科内种数分布差异较大, 其中兰科中附生植物共830种, 约占全部附生维管植物物种数的47.84% (图3), 附生兰科中又以石豆兰属(Bulbophyllum)与石斛属(Dendrobium)最多, 分别占附生植物总物种数的7.59%和5.69% (附录1)。植物组织储水量是附生维管植物受栖息地限制的重要原因之一(Reyes García et al, 2012)。附生兰科植物大多具有假鳞茎, 而假鳞茎是储存矿物质、水分和碳水化合物的重要器官(Ng & Hew, 2000), 表皮内有许多薄壁细胞储藏水分且薄壁细胞间散布着许多维管束, 维管束可以运输水分, 这些结构特征使兰科植物具有较强的抗旱性(Zhang et al, 2016), 而除拟兰亚科外, 兰科植物进化出花粉块, 形成了花朵间一对一的传粉模式, 进一步促进了生殖隔离发生的可能性, 从而有助于新物种的形成(陆祥家等, 2019), 这一系列特征很可能是造成兰科附生植物种类多、分布广的原因之一。
图2
图2
中国各省附生维管植物种数
Fig. 2
The number of vascular epiphytes in each province of China
图3
本文提供了物种层面的中国森林附生维管植物名录, 为后续研究提供了重要基础数据, 但与此同时还有很多问题值得进一步思考。如: 为何附生维管植物在中国的分布如此不均? 附生维管植物是否存在附主偏好性? 其生物学机制是什么? 综上所述, 依托本名录的数据能够助力我国附生维管植物的科学研究, 具体可以为如下科学问题提供基础数据: (1)附生维管植物与附主之间的生物学机制; (2)附生维管植物对气候的适应机制; (3)附生维管植物的分类学; (4)附生维管植物的系统进化规律与格局; (5)附生维管植物的地理分布格局与成因等。
作者分工: 张乃莉和陈国科主要承担该项研究的总体规划和设计; 马克平、陈国科提供中国森林附生维管植物的基础名录; 戴梓潇完善中国森林附生维管植物名录的收集、补充、校正和论文撰写。
附录 Supplementary Material
附录1 中国森林附生维管植物科属统计
Appendix 1 Statistics of Chinese forest vascular epiphytes in terms of family and genus
参考文献
Vulnerabilities of tropical forests to climate change: The significance of resident epiphytes
Importance of drought on the distribution of the birds nest fern, Asplenium nidus, in the canopy of a lowland tropical rainforest in north-eastern Australia
Floristic composition and community structure of epiphytic angiosperms in a terra firme forest in central Amazonia
Floristics and biogeography of a rain forest in the Venezuelan Andes
Effects of altitude and climate in determining elevational plant species richness patterns: A case study from Los Tuxtlas
China Checklist of Higher Plants
In:
兰科植物的起源和进化
Interactions of epiphytes with precipitation partitioning
Response of stomatal characteristics and its plasticity to light change in leaves of six epiphytes in subtropical forests
亚热带森林附生植物叶片气孔特征及其可塑性对光照变化的响应
High but not dry: Diverse epiphytic bromeliad adaptations to exposure within a seasonally dry tropical forest community
DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03946.x
PMID:22066982
• Vascular epiphytes have developed distinct lifeforms to maximize water uptake and storage, particularly when delivered as pulses of precipitation, dewfall or fog. The seasonally dry forest of Chamela, Mexico, has a community of epiphytic bromeliads with Crassulacean acid metabolism showing diverse morphologies and stratification within the canopy. We hypothesize that niche differentiation may be related to the capacity to use fog and dew effectively to perform photosynthesis and to maintain water status. • Four Tillandsia species with either 'tank' or 'atmospheric' lifeforms were studied using seasonal field data and glasshouse experimentation, and compared on the basis of water use, leaf water δ(18) O, photosynthetic and morphological traits. • The atmospheric species, Tillandsia eistetteri, with narrow leaves and the lowest succulence, was restricted to the upper canopy, but displayed the widest range of physiological responses to pulses of precipitation and fog, and was a fog-catching 'nebulophyte'. The other atmospheric species, Tillandsia intermedia, was highly succulent, restricted to the lower canopy and with a narrower range of physiological responses. Both upper canopy tank species relied on tank water and stomatal closure to avoid desiccation. • Niche differentiation was related to capacity for water storage, dependence on fog or dewfall and physiological plasticity.© 2011 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2011 New Phytologist Trust.
Rainforest air-conditioning: The moderating influence of epiphytes on the microclimate in tropical tree crowns
Epiphytes are often assumed to influence the microclimatic conditions of the tree crowns that they inhabit. In order to quantify this notion, we measured the parameters "temperature" (of the substrate surface and the boundary layer of air above it), "evaporative drying rate" and "evapotranspiration" at various locations within tree crowns with differing epiphyte assemblages. The host tree species was Annona glabra, which was either populated by one of three epiphyte species (Dimerandra emarginata, Tillandsia fasciculata, or Vriesea sanguinolenta) or was epiphyte-free. We found that during the hottest and driest time of day, microsites in the immediate proximity of epiphytes had significantly lower temperatures than epiphyte-bare locations within the same tree crown, even though the latter were also shaded by host tree foliage or branches. Moreover, water loss through evaporative drying at microsites adjacent to epiphytes was almost 20% lower than at exposed microsites. We also found that, over the course of several weeks, the evapotranspiration in tree crowns bearing epiphytes was significantly lower than in trees without epiphytes. Although the influence of epiphytes on temperature extremes and evaporation rates is relatively subtle, their mitigating effect could be of importance for small animals like arthropods inhabiting an environment as harsh and extreme as the tropical forest canopy.
云南哀牢山地区森林附生维管植物多样性及区系特征
Catalogue of Life China:2022 Annual Checklist
http://www.sp2000.org.cn/CoLChina/. (accessed on 2022-06-27)
Advances in ecological studies of epiphytes using canopy cranes
DOI:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0424
[本文引用: 1]
Forest canopies are one of the most species-rich habitats, but among the least explored in the biosphere. They play a crucial role in the process of material and energy exchange between the forest and atmosphere. Individual ecosystem members (e.g., epiphytes) and the ecological function of canopies have been given insufficient attention because of inaccessibility. Canopy cranes have been successfully used to guarantee non-destructive and reiterated sampling of epiphytes, thus offering a top-down perspective of the entire canopy. These cranes have become the symbol of canopy research and enable epiphyte research. Globally, western developed countries have conducted many studies of diversity and spatial distributions of epiphytes using canopy cranes, thus accumulating an abundance of valuable results. This review summarizes the structure, development history, and distribution of canopy cranes as well as general information about international canopy research organizations. Ecological studies of epiphytes performed around the world using these canopy cranes are also reviewed. Additionally, the development of canopy ecology and the construction of canopy cranes in China are introduced briefly. In analyzing current research trends in ecological studies of epiphytes in China and globally, the following aspects were considered: biodiversity, spatial patterns and maintenance mechanisms, ecological adaptations of epiphytes, their relationship with canopy animals, and their responses to climate change.
基于林冠塔吊的附生植物生态学研究进展
DOI:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0424
[本文引用: 1]
林冠是生物圈中物种最丰富却最鲜为人知的生境之一。它在森林与大气的物质、能量交换过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。但因林冠调查技术的限制, 林冠及生存在其中的附生植物在生态系统中的功能尚未得到足够的重视。塔吊在三维空间中作业具有“全方位、高精度、非破坏、可重复”的特征。林冠塔吊已成为当前林冠学研究的标志, 并为林冠附生植物研究提供了契机。国际上, 欧美国家利用塔吊技术对林冠层附生植物多样性与空间分布等进行了大量的研究, 取得了丰硕的成果。该文介绍了塔吊的构造、林冠塔吊建设历史和站点分布及国际林冠研究组织等概况, 并对依托塔吊开展的附生植物研究进展进行了评述。此外, 还简要介绍了我国塔吊建设与林冠生态学发展情况。在系统分析国内外附生植物研究现状基础上, 从附生植物多样性、附生植物空间格局与维持机制、生态适应性、与林冠动物的关系以及附生植物对气候变化的响应等5个方面对今后基于林冠塔吊开展附生植物研究进行了展望。
Relationship between species composition and distribution of epiphytic orchids and ecological factors in Yinggeling Mountain, Hainan
海南鹦哥岭附生兰物种组成、分布及与生态因子的关系
Divergent adaptive strategies by two co-occurring epiphytic orchids to water stress: Escape or avoidance?
DOI:10.3389/fpls.2016.00588
PMID:27200059
[本文引用: 1]
Due to the fluctuating water availability in the arboreal habitat, epiphytic plants are considered vulnerable to climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. Although co-occurring taxa have been observed divergent adaptive performances in response to drought, the underlying physiological and morphological mechanisms by which epiphyte species cope with water stress remain poorly understood. In the present study, two co occurring epiphytic orchids with different phenologies were selected to investigate their drought-resistance performances. We compared their functional traits, and monitored their physiological performances in a 25-days of drought treatment. In contrast to the deciduous species Pleione albiflora, the evergreen species Coelogyne corymbosa had different root anatomical structures and higher values for saturated water content of pseudobulbs. Moreover, plants of C. corymbosa had thicker leaves and epidermis, denser veins and stomata, and higher values for leaf mass per unit area and the time required to dry saturated leaves to 70% relative water content. However, samples from that species had lower values for net photosynthetic rate (An), stomatal length and chlorophyll content per unit dry mass. Nevertheless, due to greater capacity for water storage and conservation. C. corymbosa maintained higher An, stomatal conductance (gs), and instantaneous water-use efficiency during severe drought period, and their values for leaf water potential were higher after the water stress treatment. By Day 10 after irrigation was restarted, only C. corymbosa plants recovered their values for An and gs to levels close to those calculated prior to the imposition of water stress. Our results suggest that the different performance responding to drought and re-watering in two co-occurring epiphytic orchids is related to water-related traits and these two species have divergent adaptive mechanisms. Overall, C. corymbosa demonstrates drought avoidance by enhancing water uptake and storage, and by reducing water losses while P abiflora employs a drought escape strategy by fixing more carbon during growing season and shedding leaves and roots at dry season, leaving a dormant pseudobulb to minimize transpiration. These findings may improve our understanding of the potential effects that climate change can have on the population dynamics of different epiphytic taxa.
Structure of the epiphyte community in a tropical montane forest in SW China
EpiList 1.0: A global checklist of vascular epiphytes
Aerial roots of epiphytic orchids: The velamen radicum and its role in water and nutrient uptake
DOI:10.1007/s00442-012-2575-6
PMID:23292456
[本文引用: 1]
The velamen radicum, a spongy, usually multiple epidermis of the roots, which at maturity consists of dead cells, is frequently described as an important adaptation of epiphytic orchids. Yet, quantitative evidence for the alleged functions, e.g., efficient water and nutrient uptake, nutrient retention, reduction of water loss, mechanical protection, or the avoidance of overheating, is rare or missing. We tested the notion originally put forward by Went in 1940 that the velamen allows plants to capture and immobilize the first solutions arriving in a rainfall, which are the most heavily charged with nutrients. In a series of experiments, we examined whether all necessary functional characteristics are given for this scenario to be realistic under ecological conditions. First, we show that the velamen of a large number of orchid species takes up solutions within seconds, while evaporation from the velamen takes several hours. Charged ions are retained in the velamen probably due to positive and negative charges in the cell walls, while uncharged compounds are lost to the external medium. Finally, we demonstrate that nutrient uptake follows biphasic kinetics with a highly efficient, active transport system at low external concentrations. Thus, our results lend strong support to Went's hypothesis: the velamen fulfills an important function in nutrient uptake in the epiphytic habitat. Most of the other functions outlined above still await similar experimental scrutiny.
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