昆虫纲是动物界中最大的一类, 占动物界已描述物种数的一半以上(Stork, 2018), 昆虫多样性对于生态系统功能至关重要。伴随气候变化和人类活动加剧, 全球生物多样性呈现衰减趋势, 昆虫数量和多样性也急剧下降(Deutsch et al, 2018; Eisenhauer et al, 2019; Outhwaite et al, 2022), 其下降速度达到脊椎动物的2倍(Wagner et al, 2021)。不同昆虫功能群在生态过程和服务中分别扮演着不同角色, 因此研究不同类群的昆虫多样性具有重要意义。如, 传粉昆虫通过访花授粉促进植物繁殖, 提高粮食产量; 植食者通过植食作用, 反向作用于植物群落并间接影响生态系统物质循环; 捕食者通过捕食过程调节猎物种群密度等。昆虫在地球上的分布极其广泛, 基于不同生态系统的研究有助于全面了解其多样性和群落结构。例如, 森林生态系统中的昆虫数量大、多样性高, 包括了许多重要的生物防治资源和环境监测指示生物(Ridgway, 2013; Stork & Habel, 2014; Bryant et al, 2019); 农业生态系统中农作物的更替导致植物群落结构不断调整和变化, 容易引发昆虫群落结构组成单一及不稳定(Landis et al, 2000; Beckmann et al, 2019; Chase et al, 2020); 水生态系统易受人类活动的影响, 某些昆虫的幼虫或者若虫营水生, 对于水体变化尤为敏感,其多样性面临更大威胁(张潋波等, 2013; 刘海铃等, 2021)。同时, 考虑到昆虫极高的多样性, 加强其多样性监测、多手段研究昆虫多样性及其驱动机制也尤为重要, 包括控制实验、系统发生信息学等。目前, 研究昆虫的多维度多样性也是一个重要的发展态势, 这包括物种多样性、系统发生多样性、功能多样性以及遗传多样性等。此外, 当前研究多以局部地区或单一类群为研究对象, 缺乏基于全球尺度的研究(Pilotto et al, 2020; Jähnig et al, 2021)。这要求我们在更大的尺度下跨生态系统研究不同功能昆虫群, 并探索影响其多样性变化的一般规律和相应机制。
1 不同生态系统中的昆虫多样性
1.1 森林生态系统
1.1.1 林下昆虫多样性
森林作为陆地重要的生态系统之一, 其物种多样性在陆生生态系统中占主导地位, 且有大量昆虫物种有待描述(Stork & Habel, 2014)。此前研究表明, 与纯林和人工林相比, 植物物种丰富、具有相应草本植物和灌木层的森林有更高的昆虫多样性(Lucey & Hill, 2012)。不同的昆虫类群对生物和非生物条件变化的响应不同, 一般难以得出森林生态系统中不同异质性或干扰程度与昆虫物种丰富度的一般关系(Ewers & Didham, 2007)。例如, 森林中的林窗可能会对喜阴和喜阳的昆虫造成不同影响。此外, 植食性昆虫可能从森林中的草本植物和灌木层中获益, 而林中草本和灌木的过度生长可能会给喜阳昆虫带来不利影响(Hayes et al, 2009)。因此, 一般认为: 虽然植被结构、空间位置和森林生境破碎化均会影响昆虫多样性和群落结构(da Silva et al, 2019), 但森林类型是决定昆虫多样性和群落结构更重要的因子(Habel et al, 2021)。
历史气候变暖和集约化农业土地利用可导致昆虫多样性下降近50% (Outhwaite et al, 2022)。相关研究表明, 昆虫多样性的下降不仅出现在农业生态系统和其他相对开放的生境, 在森林生态系统中亦是如此(Seibold et al, 2019)。目前人们发现森林中的一些甲虫濒临灭绝, 蝴蝶数量也急剧下降(Wermeille et al, 2014)。研究发现, 森林覆盖率的降低和生境同质化对昆虫均有负面影响(Solar et al, 2015; Toivonen et al, 2017)。森林对气候变化敏感, 能对林下昆虫造成影响。例如: 干旱等极端气候会降低树木的抵抗力, 使其更容易被小蠹等植食性昆虫取食; 温度和降水对树木有直接影响, 进而导致林下昆虫种群发生变化(Huey et al, 1999)。
到目前为止, 关于森林昆虫暴发的大多数研究仅限于温带的森林生态系统。关于气候变化所引发的森林和昆虫之间关系变化的研究近几年有所增加(Deutsch et al, 2018; Pureswaran et al, 2018; Outhwaite et al, 2022)。科研工作者通过研究不同海拔梯度分布的热带植食性昆虫(卷叶甲虫)发现: 位于中高海拔的物种对高温的耐受性相较于低海拔的物种更弱(Colwell et al, 2008)。该结果表明: 在当今全球变暖的大趋势下, 某些昆虫灭绝的风险可能很大(García-Robledo et al, 2016)。但值得注意的是, 气候变化虽然能显著影响某些类群, 但有的昆虫类群并不受此影响(Bentz & Jönsson, 2015)。
1.1.2 林冠昆虫多样性
林冠被认为是“生物最后的边界” (Erwin, 1983), 仍有许多物种有待发现(Hamilton et al, 2010)。森林具有复杂的垂直结构, 地上及地下微生境强的异质性使森林蕴含着极高的物种多样性(Dickie et al, 2002; Nakamura et al, 2017)。垂直分布在树上的附生植物和藤本植物为森林中的其他生物提供了筑巢、食物和小气候避难所, 这进一步增强了地上微生境的异质性(Ellwood et al, 2002; Yanoviak, 2015; Odell et al, 2019)。树上的藤本植物还能作为高效的“廊道”, 通过连接树冠进一步增加了森林结构的复杂性(Adams et al, 2017)。林冠通过阻挡阳光、雨水和风, 致使下层植被栖息地形成的小气候被分隔(Scheffers et al, 2014; de Frenne et al, 2019)。森林小气候形成了一定的垂直分层结构, 从地面到冠层, 温度、水汽压匮乏程度等均在不断增加(Scheffers et al, 2013; Nakamura et al, 2017)。因此, 森林生态系统的资源和小气候条件在水平方向和垂直方向上均具有异质性(Nakamura et al, 2022)。
林冠的植物叶片通常具有更高的多样性和生产力(Erwin, 1982), 并可能与林下叶片发生竞争(Kira et al, 1969; Ishii et al, 2004)。因此, 人们认为冠层的昆虫多样性比林下更高(Wettlaufer et al, 2018; Gámez & Harris, 2022)。近年来, 的确有研究发现林冠层的昆虫多样性更高, 如捕食蜂(Sobek et al, 2009)、蜜蜂(Ulyshen et al, 2010)、果蝇(Ishii et al, 2004)和蝴蝶(Devries et al, 2012), 但甲虫(Stork & Grimbacher, 2006)和蛾类(Ashton et al, 2016)除外。因此, 对森林昆虫多样性和生态系统过程的研究应从不同维度加以考虑(Gámez & Harris, 2022)。
尽管不同类型的森林树冠中昆虫多样性的高低并不一致, 但已有研究发现, 森林树冠中特有的昆虫物种是形成昆虫多样性垂直分层群落结构的关键(Devries et al, 2012; Basset et al, 2015; Ashton et al, 2016)。此外, 由昆虫引发的如捕食(Loiselle & Farji-Brener, 2002; van Bael et al, 2003)、寄生(Sobek et al, 2009)和植食(Neves et al, 2014)等生态过程在林冠比林下更明显, 但也有研究发现了捕食(Aikens et al, 2013)和植食(Pontes & Basset, 2007; Thomas et al, 2010)的相反模式。为了更好地理解昆虫多样性的垂直分层格局、驱动因子及其生态过程, 有必要适当改进研究方法, 如对森林昆虫进行大范围的定量采集(Volf et al, 2019)以及开展控制实验等(Nakamura et al, 2017)。
森林昆虫多样性受到的人为干扰日益严重, 包括跨时空尺度的污染、毁林、入侵物种、硝化作用和全球变暖等(Wagner et al, 2021)。受干扰的森林系统(如选择性砍伐的森林)冠层叶片分布稀疏, 减弱了对林下层微气候的保护(Nakamura et al, 2022)。昼夜变化、季节性以及极端的气候渗透到林下层, 减弱了小气候的垂直异质性, 最终导致森林物种多样性下降(Basham & Scheffers, 2020)。此外, 森林树冠对气候变化敏感(Ozanne, 2013, Sallé et al, 2021), 这能进一步导致昆虫多样性受气候变化等因素的影响。例如, 雨林中树栖蚂蚁的温度上限与预测的未来温度非常接近, 这意味着树栖昆虫可能面临着局部灭绝的风险(Leahy et al, 2022)。因此, 我们迫切需要更多的研究来了解森林昆虫, 以便能够量化并预测人为干扰对森林中昆虫多样性的影响(Nakamura et al, 2022)。
1.2 草地生态系统
草地上的昆虫群落在很大程度上受到植物类型、气候、土壤类型和管理等因素的影响。在这些因素中, 植物物种丰富度是昆虫多样性的主要决定因素, 在集中管理和高肥料的草地上可能只有10-15种昆虫, 而在广泛管理和低投入的温带草地上可能有50-70种(Andow, 1991)。热带草原可能有200多种。通过植物区系多样性或相关的植被结构特征, 尤其是群落生物量和结构异质性, 可以较好地预测草地生态系统昆虫多样性。蝴蝶、野生蜂、植食性甲虫等的物种丰富度与植物物种丰富度均呈正相关。草地捕食者和寄生蜂类群的比例随草地面积和年龄的增加而显著增加, 但随植物物种丰富度的变化不大(Ebeling et al, 2012)。
1.3 农业生态系统
农业生态系统是一种相对不稳定的人工生态系统, 主要由作物生境和多样化的非作物生境组成(Landis et al, 2000)。非作物生境包括景观尺度与斑块/田块尺度两方面。景观尺度的非作物生境包括农田周边的森林、草地、大面积的缓冲带等; 田块尺度的非作物生境包括长有杂草与灌木的田埂、水渠、林带等。这些非作物生境是昆虫重要的越冬和庇护场所, 提供了食物来源, 对于维持农业生态系统中的昆虫种群繁衍和物种多样性非常关键(Tscharntke et al, 2005; Bianchi et al, 2006; Ramsden et al, 2015)。研究表明, 非作物生境可显著影响作物生境中的昆虫多样性及其生态功能(Kruess & Tscharntke, 1994; Tscharntke et al, 2012; Vasseur et al, 2013)。在我国华北地区的研究发现, 景观尺度下高占比的非作物生境能显著提升作物生境中捕食性天敌昆虫的多样性和丰富度(Liu et al, 2018; Yang et al, 2019), 以及寄生性天敌的生物控蚜作用(Yang et al, 2021)。在我国南方丘陵地区的研究也发现, 传粉昆虫多样性随着非作物生境比例的增加而增加(Zou et al, 2017)。但随着农业集约化进程的加快, 全球范围内农业生态系统中非作物生境的面积和斑块数量显著减少(Beckmann et al, 2019)。这是导致近年来昆虫多样性降低(Chase et al, 2020)和个别物种灭绝的重要原因(Haddad et al, 2009)。
作物生境受人类活动干扰严重。随着现代农业的发展, 作物种植结构不断调整和变化, 大面积单一化种植、集约化生产程度明显提升, 农药等化学投入品被大量使用(Meehan & Gratton, 2015)。这些因素均导致作物生境中的昆虫多样性明显下降(Zabel et al, 2019; Tooker & Pearsons, 2021)、昆虫群落结构严重受损(Douglas & Tooker, 2016), 特别是重要功能昆虫群的丧失(Main et al, 2018), 使作物害虫暴发成灾、自然授粉功能下降等生态风险加剧。为此, 近年来农业生产中愈发重视管理和生态调控。例如, 利用间作套种等合理种植方式增加植被多样性, 为昆虫提供更稳定的食物和栖息地资源, 有利于提升作物生境中的昆虫多样性(Tschumi et al, 2016; Wei et al, 2021)。有机农业种植方式能有效降低化肥和农药的使用(Larsen et al, 2021), 提升生物多样性(Tuck et al, 2014; Gong et al, 2022)和生态系统稳定性(Wittwer et al, 2021), 增强作物害虫的自然控制功能(Muneret et al, 2018; Tscharntke et al, 2021)。转基因抗虫作物的商业化种植能够大幅减少化学农药的使用, 促进有益天敌保育及生物控害功能(Lu et al, 2012)。
1.4 水生生态系统
水生昆虫在水生生态系统中占据重要地位, 常作为河湖健康评估中重要的指示物种。水生昆虫已记录10万余种(Balian et al, 2008), 并且仍有大量水生昆虫物种有待描述, 预计将超过20万种。而对水生昆虫幼期的研究显得更加薄弱。相关研究表明, 1928-2018年间水生昆虫多度以平均每十年11%的速率在增长(主要区域为温带地区)。这可能是由部分净水行动、气候变暖、营养输入增多导致的水体初级生产力增大而引起的(Van Klink et al, 2020)。由于水生昆虫对水质变化非常敏感, 部分物种在栖息地受到人为活动干扰的情况下面临消失的风险。例如, 由于人类活动的影响, 一些河流水生态系统的河段生境发生改变, 从而影响敏感水生昆虫的多样性(张潋波等, 2013; 刘海铃等, 2021)。
1.5 土壤生态系统
在有关土壤昆虫多样性的研究中, 昆虫通常会和其他节肢动物一起被归为土壤中的大型无脊椎动物(包括蚯蚓、白蚁、蚂蚁以及一些昆虫幼虫)一并研究(Cifuentes-Croquevielle et al, 2020)。其中, 有关蚂蚁的研究相对较多(Samson & Knopf, 1996; Fisher, 1999; Armbrecht et al, 2004), 它作为土壤昆虫的主要类群, 具有成熟的采样策略和研究体系(King & Porter, 2005)。与土壤相关的环境因素会影响土壤中昆虫类群的多样性, 这些因素包括湿度(Ramírez-Hernández et al, 2021)、含氮量(Ramírez- Hernández et al, 2021)、pH值(Strauss & Biedermann, 2006)以及土壤容重(Wang L et al, 2019)。例如, 土壤昆虫多样性随着土壤湿度的增加而增加(Ramírez-Hernández et al, 2021)。此外, 土壤中的污染物也会影响土壤昆虫的多样性(Belskaya et al, 2017)。在农业生产中, 化肥的使用会对土壤中的昆虫群落造成影响(Lin et al, 2013)。有些研究发现, 蚂蚁的多样性随着土壤重金属含量的增加而增加(Grześ, 2009)。
2 重要功能昆虫群多样性
2.1 植食性昆虫
植食性昆虫一般取食各类植物组织, 包括叶片、果实以及种子等, 具有极高的物种多样性。许多研究者认为: 植食性昆虫繁盛的主要驱动力是昆虫的植食性(Wiens et al, 2015)。由于它们取食范围的变化, 在进化过程中为物种的形成提供了机会, 从而引发了植食性昆虫多样化(Futuyma & Agrawal, 2009)。植食性昆虫和植物通过植食作用相互联系, 成为生态系统中一种重要的种间相互作用。这种相互作用能够通过植物群落的改变影响植食性昆虫群落。已有大量研究表明: 植食性昆虫的多度和多样性受植物多样性的正向作用(Borer et al, 2012; Wang MQ et al, 2019), 植食性昆虫群落在植物多样性高的群落中更稳定(McCann, 2000; Albrecht et al, 2007; Staab et al, 2015)。这些研究结果也支持了一些相关的经典假说, 如资源专化假说(resource specialization hypothesis)、更多个体假说(more individuals hypothesis)、资源集中假说(resource concentration hypothesis)以及天敌假说(enemy hypothesis)等。
植食性昆虫的多样性还能反向作用于植物并影响相应的生态系统功能, 例如, 植食性昆虫能通过植食作用增加植物叶片的营养浸出、代谢、病原体的传播和改变植物资源配置来影响生态系统过程(Maron & Simms, 1997; Finke, 2012; Bagchi et al, 2014)。近年来, 有关植食性昆虫多样性的研究已经从早先的以物种多样性研究为主逐渐过渡到更多维度的多样性研究, 包括系统发生多样性、功能多样性和遗传多样性等。例如, 最近的相关研究表明, 鳞翅目植食性昆虫的系统发生多样性能够直接或间接由植物物种多样性、系统发生多样性和功能多样性决定(Muiruri et al, 2019; Wang MQ et al, 2020)。关于功能多样性的研究, 则主要集中在植物功能性状和植物功能多样性对植食性昆虫的影响, 比如重要的植物功能性状和功能多样性能够决定植食者的取食范围和群落结构(Pellissier et al, 2013; Muiruri et al, 2019; Wang MQ et al, 2020)。
相关研究表明, 寄主植物的遗传多样性对植食性昆虫多样性和群落总体上影响较低, 但在更小的空间尺度上影响更显著(Tack & Roslin, 2011)。研究者普遍认为植物的化学组成和多样性是进一步理解植物对植食者多样性和群落影响的一项重要预测指标。定量研究植物化学成分多样性变化是理解植食性昆虫多样性变化和群落构建机制的重要手段(Richards et al, 2015)。另一方面, 由于植食性昆虫的扩散能力有限, 对寄主植物的空间分布非常敏感(Bernays, 1998)。因此, β多样性可能更有助于理解物种组成在不同时空尺度上的变化(Antão et al, 2019)。β多样性的分解能反映物种周转和物种丰富度的差异(Baselga, 2010), 利用β多样性分解能为理解不同生态系统中的植食性昆虫多样性和群落组成提供帮助(Banda et al, 2016)。
食果昆虫取食植物的繁殖器官, 常被作为植食性昆虫中特殊的一类, 但食果昆虫有其重要和特别之处(Janzen, 1971)。因为种子是种子植物特有的繁殖器官, 在被子植物中是植物生活史中重要的一环。广义的食果昆虫包括所有取食果实或种子任何部分的昆虫。它们移动种子并使其命运不确定, 可能起到一定的传播功能。狭义的食果昆虫主要是指种子捕食者, 一般会致使种子植物的繁殖器官死亡(Janzen, 1970)。食果昆虫的研究相对较少(Lewis & Gripenberg, 2008), 但它们与种子的存亡紧密相关。食果昆虫与植物的协同进化是负密度制约效应、捕食者饱和假说和大年结实现象等理论的基础, 影响着植物的种群动态和群落组成(Larios et al, 2017)。
食果昆虫在所有生境中均有发现, 对果实和种子的取食率在不同地区和不同植物类群中变化较大。取食率大部分时候较低, 但有时也可造成大量甚至当年全部的种子死亡(Chen et al, 2017)。通常可将食果昆虫分为种子传播前的取食者和种子传播后的取食者: 前者食性较专一, 例如取食橡果的象甲; 后者食性较广泛, 例如甲虫和蚂蚁(Crawley, 1992; Hulme, 1998)。需要注意的是, 有些传播前的食果昆虫更为人知的是它们传粉者的身份(McCall & Irwin, 2006; Johnson et al, 2015)。例如, 榕小蜂(Cook & Rasplus, 2003)、丝兰蛾(Pellmyr, 2003)。它们在传粉时把卵产在胚珠中, 幼虫以发育中的种子为食, 成为传播前的种子捕食者。同理, 有些传播后的食果昆虫的主要生态功能是种子传播者, 比如某些以种阜为食的蚂蚁(Giladi, 2006)。据Janzen (1971)的不完全统计, 食果昆虫主要分布在以下这些类群: 鞘翅目的象甲科、豆象科、小蠹科; 膜翅目的蚁科、长尾小蜂科、广肩小蜂科; 鳞翅目的螟蛾科、卷蛾科、小卷蛾科; 半翅目的缘蝽科、红蝽科、长蝽科; 双翅目的实蝇科、瘿蚊科、潜蝇科。
2.2 访花昆虫
受到人类活动和气候变化的影响, 传粉昆虫在世界范围内正经历持续的丧失(Potts et al, 2010; Cameron et al, 2011; Burkle et al, 2013)。但传粉者丧失仅在欧洲和美洲有广泛报道, 且局限于膜翅目和鳞翅目的部分类群(Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys, 2019)。例如, 研究发现家养蜜蜂(Apis mellifera; Ellis, 2012)、熊蜂(Cameron et al, 2011; Dupont et al, 2011; Figueroa & Bergey, 2015)、独栖性蜜蜂(Biesmeijer et al, 2006; Gardner & Spivak, 2014; Ollerton et al, 2014; Powney et al, 2019)、访花胡蜂(Ollerton et al, 2014)、蝴蝶(van Dyck et al, 2009; van Swaay et al, 2010; Forister et al, 2016)和蛾类(Conrad et al, 2006; Fox, 2013)种群数量在多个地区均有不同程度的降低。传粉昆虫种群数量下降可能进一步导致分布区的缩减甚至物种灭绝, 对生物多样性造成不可挽回的损失。
传粉昆虫丧失会削弱其对植物的传粉服务能力, 对农作物产量和植物多样性均有不利影响(Thomann et al, 2013)。全球约75%的农作物依靠昆虫传粉(Klein et al, 2007), 传粉服务的降低威胁着全球粮食安全并加剧微量营养元素缺乏的隐性饥饿。被子植物中接近90%的物种依靠动物传粉(Ollerton et al, 2011), 传粉者缺乏会导致植物种子数目和质量的降低而影响种群更替。在群落内, 如果传粉昆虫丧失达到阈值, 将会引起不同传粉昆虫种群同时崩溃(Lever et al, 2014)。传粉者缺乏会进一步改变植物群落组成和生态系统复原能力, 并可能破坏生态系统的稳定(Kevan & Viana, 2003; van der Sluijs, 2020)。
生境丧失和破碎化对传粉昆虫食物来源、筑巢位置和种群间基因交流均有不利影响, 是导致传粉者缺失最主要的不利因素(Winfree et al, 2011; Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys, 2019)。化学污染(如杀虫剂和除草剂)和光污染直接影响传粉昆虫的生理和行为, 也对传粉昆虫多样性和多度有负面影响(Henry et al, 2012; Whitehorn et al, 2012; Owens et al, 2020)。另外, 传粉昆虫的入侵(如家养蜜蜂和熊蜂)通过竞争食物资源和筑巢位置, 同样可引起本土传粉昆虫的局域丧失(Russo, 2016)。气候变化直接影响传粉昆虫和其访问植物的地理分布和物候, 物种间时空错配会引起传粉昆虫食源缺乏而种群减小(Memmott et al, 2007; Harrison & Winfree, 2015)。上述导致传粉昆虫丧失的不利因素通常存在叠加影响, 对传粉昆虫产生更大的威胁。
已有研究发现, 不同群落中的物种组成虽然有很大差异, 但传粉网络结构常呈现一致的特征(如物种互作的不对称性和嵌套结构), 可以作为判断传粉网络健康水平的指标(Bascompte & Jordano, 2007)。传粉网络分析还可以用于甄别影响群落稳定性的关键物种, 这在实践中可用于保护和修复生态系统。
2.3 捕食性昆虫
捕食性昆虫是指以活体动物为食的昆虫类群, 是生态系统中重要的组成部分, 承担了重要的生态系统服务与功能, 如生物防治和能量传递等。最常见的捕食性昆虫包括蜻蜓、螳螂、猎蝽、瓢虫、捕食性甲虫和胡蜂等, 相近的还包括蜘蛛和捕食性螨类。环境和土地利用的变化导致了日益严重的生物多样性丧失(van Klink et al, 2020; Millard et al, 2021)。有研究认为, 捕食者对环境变化的忍耐力比其猎物更差, 因为捕食者不仅会直接受到非生物因素(温度、湿度、纬度等)的影响(Logan et al, 2006; Thakur et al, 2017), 还会间接受到因环境导致的生物因素变化(食物和栖息地资源缺乏)的影响(Voigt et al, 2003; Vasseur & McCann, 2005)。例如, 纬度梯度对捕食者的多样性具有显著影响, 在环境条件适宜和食物资源更丰富的低海拔地区捕食者的物种丰富度更高(Franzén & Dieker, 2014; Tiede et al, 2017)。
生物因素的直接作用也能对捕食者的多样性产生重要影响。Root (1973)提出经典的天敌假说后, 捕食性昆虫作为重要的天敌在农业和草地生态系统中得到了大量的研究与应用。该假说认为: 增加植物多样性能够提高猎物资源多样性和庇护所复杂性, 进而维持较高的捕食性昆虫多样性, 降低集团内捕食的发生, 最终提高捕食性昆虫的生物防治作用(Crowder et al, 2010; Sarthou et al, 2014; Dassou & Tixier, 2016)。相较于植被种类和结构相对简单的农业生态系统, 天敌假说是否适用于更为复杂的森林生态系统尚不明确(Staab & Schuldt, 2020)。有研究表明, 森林中植物多样性与捕食性蚂蚁的多样性相关(Staab et al, 2014), 而在人工林(Schuldt et al, 2015)和亚热带森林(Schuldt et al, 2011)中, 植物丰富度并没有促进捕食者多样性及其捕食作用。
不同捕食者功能团对环境与猎物响应和效应作用的强度与方向不同。通过捕食者功能性状的视角, 如体型大小、捕猎模式、食谱范围、扩散能力等, 为解释在不同生境下的捕食者-猎物相互作用机制和强度的多样性提供了理论基础(Schmitz, 2008, 2017; Kuile et al, 2022)。Schmitz (2008)发现不同捕猎模式的蜘蛛(游猎型和结网型)对植物物种多样性的作用相反。此外, 广食性捕食者也会攻击捕食同种猎物的其他天敌, 或是同类相食, 这通常被称为集团内捕食(Gagnon et al, 2011)。集团内捕食增加了生态系统内物种互作网络的复杂性, 但是目前对于集团内捕食如何影响捕食者及其下层营养级多样性仍然没有一致的结论(Martin et al, 2013)。个体水平的种内变异是理解种群生态学的核心。研究表明, 不同特性的捕食者(例如, 水虿、蜘蛛等)对下层营养级以及对同类的捕食强度不同(Start & Gilbert, 2017), 揭示了捕食者的种内变异是决定猎物多样性和群落组成的重要因素。
捕食者与猎物之间的相互作用是重要的生态系统功能之一(Joern & Laws, 2012)。衡量广食性捕食者的捕食范围有助于进一步了解捕食者类群(或功能群)对下层营养级的调控路径。传统的方法是观察捕食者肠道和粪便中的残渣与碎屑来构建捕食者-猎物关系。该方法存在一些缺陷: 不适用于研究吸食猎物体液的捕食者, 对研究人员专业技能要求高。近年来, 快速发展的DNA宏条形码技术能够有效地对捕食者肠道或粪便进行检测并分析出捕食者食谱信息, 构建捕食者-猎物网络, 进一步预测捕食者在生态系统中的作用(Pompanon et al, 2012)。目前, DNA宏条形码技术已经成功应用于构建多种捕食者-猎物互作网络(Zhong et al, 2019), 发现了捕食者耦合地上和地下的能量流动网络(Toju & Baba, 2018)。但是目前关于捕食者-猎物互作网络与环境因子、生产者多样性等因素之间相互作用的研究仍相对较少(Eitzinger et al, 2019)。
2.4 寄生性昆虫
寄生性昆虫是指那些把卵产在寄主(主要是昆虫, 也包括少量其他节肢动物和软体动物)的体表或体内, 幼虫以寄主为食完成自身发育并最终杀死寄主的一类昆虫(Godfray, 1994)。寄生性昆虫出现在多个全变态的昆虫类群中, 包括膜翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目、脉翅目、鳞翅目、捻翅目和毛翅目。其中, 寄生蜂多样性研究得最全面(Eggleton & Belshaw, 1992; Godfray, 1994)。寄生性昆虫是物种多样性最高的昆虫类群之一, 约占目前已知的100万余种昆虫的10% (Eggleton & Belshaw, 1992; Godfray, 1994; Huber, 2017)。越来越多的学者认为, 寄生性昆虫尤其是寄生蜂的种类至少在100万种以上(Bebber et al, 2014; Forbes et al, 2018)。寄生性昆虫的寄主繁多, 包括很多农业林业和卫生害虫, 很多种类在生物防治中有着广泛的运用(Eggleton & Belshaw, 1992; Heraty, 2017; Miller et al, 2021)。寄生性昆虫在授粉服务中的作用也越来越受到关注(Zemenick et al, 2019), 而且已成功地被用作生态系统健康的指标(Anderson et al, 2011)。
营寄生生活的方式大大提升了该类昆虫的多样性。寄生性昆虫与其寄主之间的密切联系促进了它们的专化性和共同进化的互作, 进而促进物种的形成和多样化(Forbes et al, 2018; Stireman et al, 2021), 即类似于植食性昆虫里发现的“多样性产生多样性”。寄生性昆虫的多样性、多度、对寄主的寄生率会受到其生境中各种生物和非生物因素的影响。研究发现, 在各类生态系统中植物物种丰富度(Sperber et al, 2004; Guo et al, 2021)、植物系统发生多样性(Staab et al, 2016)、避难所(Hawkins, 1993)、生境异质化(Burks & Philpott, 2017)等都与寄生性昆虫的多样性正相关。
物种丰富度向赤道地区增加是最普遍的生物地理分布模式之一。然而一些研究表明, 寄生蜂的多样性分布格局是个例外。寄生蜂物种丰富度分布呈双峰模式, 即在中纬度地区达到峰值, 向赤道地区减少(Owen & Owen, 1974; Janzen & Pond, 1975; Skillen et al, 2000; Jones et al, 2012; Quicke, 2012)。虽然一些学者推测这种非典型的分布格局可能在寄生性昆虫中普遍存在, 但越来越多的研究发现, 包括寄生蜂在内, 寄生性昆虫的多样性分布符合典型的分布模式(Sääksjärvi et al, 2004; Veijalainen et al, 2012; Timms et al, 2016; Burington et al, 2020)。由于仍有大量的寄生性昆虫缺乏分类学研究, 也有一些学者认为, 寄生蜂多样性的数据通常太有限, 目前还无法得出关于纬度分布模式的结论(Quicke, 2012; Veijalainen et al, 2012; Gómez et al, 2018)。
2.5 食腐昆虫
(1)粪食性昆虫。粪食性昆虫以动物粪便作为主要营养来源, 主要包括鞘翅目和双翅目昆虫(Serrão et al, 2022)。其中, 受关注度最高的当属鞘翅目金龟科的蜣螂亚科。蜣螂是世界范围内分解粪便的关键生物(Nichols et al, 2008), 超过5,000种蜣螂使用动物的粪便作为成虫和幼虫的食物资源。蜣螂与动物之间的这种联系最早可追溯到白垩纪中期(Gunter et al, 2016)。蜣螂有着“生态系统工程师”的美誉, 在大多数陆地生境中发挥着重要作用(Howison et al, 2016; Johnson et al, 2016), 对养分循环、植物生长、种子二次传播和寄生虫控制等均有重要贡献(Nichols et al, 2008; 白明和杨星科, 2010; Beynon et al, 2015)。研究表明, 蜣螂群落的多样性可能与放牧强度(Lobo et al, 2006; Verdú et al, 2007)等因素有关。例如, Lobo等(1998)发现与最近使用的牧场相比, 在连续放牧且牲畜数量恒定的牧场中, 蜣螂的多样性和多度更高。在长期停止放牧和/或放牧空间分布不规则而放弃牲畜活动的地区, 蜣螂多样性可能会下降(Lobo et al, 2006)。另外, 蜣螂的多样性可能还受到降水量的影响, Abot等(2012)发现, 蜣螂的丰富度和数量随着降水量增加而增加。
(2)腐木昆虫。从功能的角度来看, 腐木昆虫是指在森林生态系统中对木质材料分解过程起关键作用的一类昆虫(Quinto et al, 2012)。在泥盆纪早期的森林中, 随着枯木的出现, 腐木昆虫开始变得多样化。研究表明, 在北欧等地区的森林中, 约 20%-30%的森林昆虫为腐木昆虫(Mico, 2018)。全球的腐木昆虫估计为280,000-990,000种(Siitonen & Jonsson, 2012)。腐木昆虫的多样性主要与取食的木材种类、木材位置(站立/悬挂或倒下)、木材直径、环境条件(阳光照射、温度和湿度)等因素有关(Mico, 2018)。鞘翅目是腐木昆虫中多样性最高的一个类群, 在所有现存的鞘翅目科级阶元中, 约有65%的科中含有腐木昆虫(Gimmel & Ferro, 2018)。除此之外, 双翅目和膜翅目中也有大量的腐木昆虫(Hilszczanski, 2018; Ulyshen, 2018)。
(3)尸食性昆虫。昆虫是自然界中腐肉分解的主要驱动力(Payne, 1965; Grassberger & Frank, 2004)。腐肉对于尸食性昆虫来说是一种庇护所或食物来源(Barton et al, 2013), 通常会增加尸食性昆虫的多度和多样性。研究表明, 在尸体腐烂过程中, 尸食性昆虫的多度、物种丰富度和Shannon多样性指数都会增加; 随着尸体水分减少, 这些昆虫的多样性则会随之减少(Sawyer & Bloch, 2020)。在尸体腐烂与分解的不同阶段出现的昆虫会依一定的次序侵袭尸体。在人类尸体上出现的昆虫对尸体死亡时间、地点、原因等方面的推测具有重要意义。因此有关尸体上昆虫群落演替规律的研究是法医昆虫学的重要内容之一(吴殿鹏等, 2008)。此外, 尸食性昆虫的多样性还受尸体大小、季节、尸体所在地等因素的影响。分解腐肉, 除了会增加尸食性昆虫自身的物种多样性, 也会促进腐肉周围非尸食性生物的增加, 对其周围的生态群落具有重要影响(Sawyer & Bloch, 2020)。
作为生态系统的分解者之一, 腐食性昆虫对于生态系统持续稳定发展的重要性不言而喻。但截至目前, 世界范围内腐食性昆虫的物种总数仍然未知(Siitonen, 2012)。尽管分子工具已广泛运用到生物多样性监测中来, 但由于分类学者群体减少导致分类学知识的短缺(Hong et al, 2022; Zhu et al, 2022), 这一进展仍旧受到限制(Garrick & Bouget, 2018)。另外, 受城市化(Foster et al, 2020)、工业污染(Vorobeichik et al, 2012)、森林砍伐、放牧、土地利用变化等因素影响(Quinto et al, 2012), 腐食性昆虫的多样性面临巨大威胁。
3 昆虫多样性研究发展态势
3.1 昆虫多维度多样性
传统意义上, 多样性指物种多样性, 是物种数量多少最直接的体现。描述生物多样性对于理解和保护生物多样性至关重要, 并主要通过物种丰富度来表征。除此之外, 系统发生多样性和功能多样性等能够从不同的角度帮助我们全面理解昆虫多样性的分布格局。
3.1.1 系统发生多样性
通过研究具体生态系统的群落结构、营养级互作、食物网络等, 我们可以验证各种生态假说如环境过滤(environmental filtering)和竞争排斥(competitive exclusion)等。但是, 演化过程同样作用于具体的群落结构。比如, 按物种分类阶元的目或纲为单位, 物种多度可随纬度增高而降低, 但按属级水平为参考, 则规律不明显(Buckley et al, 2010)。因此, 群落生态学研究也需要在系统发生尺度(phylogenetic scale)上考虑物种或类群的演化历史, 从而深入理解群落物种组成(如区分由生物地理事件导致的物种形成和中性理论下的物种扩散、物种形成等) (Hubbell, 2001; Cavender-Bares et al, 2009), 或预测外来物种的潜在成功入侵能力(Thuiller et al, 2010), 或以此为依据制定物种保护优先级别(Redding et al, 2014)。
在系统发生尺度, 系统发生多样性(phylogenetic diversity, PD)用于度量群落物种组成的相关程度, 现已广泛应用于生态学和保护生物学。Faith (1992)提出了基于系统发生树枝长的系统发生多样性量化指标, 统计物种从树根到支端所有枝长的总和。同时, 进化区别度(evolutionary distinctiveness, ED)、两两系统发生平均距离(mean phylogenetic pairwise distance, MPD)、最近物种系统发生平均距离(mean nearest taxon distance, MNTD)等指标也可用于量化系统发生多样性, 且结合具体的物种库(species pool)在实际研究中得到广泛应用。此外, 系统发生多样性也可用于比较不同群落的物种组成, 即系统发生beta多样性(phylogenetic beta diversity, PBD), 采用系统发生树枝长来反映群落之间的物种周转(species turnover)和物种嵌套(species nestedness)程度。R包picante (Kembel et al, 2010)目前多用于系统发生多样性指标计算。依据系统发生多样性, Hu等(2021)研究了中国陆生脊椎动物且发现其在华南及西南地区系统发生多样性最高; Wang MQ等(2019)则很大程度上解释了树木多样性对鳞翅目幼虫物种多度的作用和影响。
3.1.2 功能多样性
功能多样性为“某一群落内物种间功能性状变化的范围” (Tilman, 2001; Petchey & Gaston, 2002)。此类多样性不仅是物种多样性作用的结果, 还涉及个体性状以及与系统发生关系相关的组分(Bello et al, 2017)。目前, 能够反映群落内功能性状分布的指数主要包括功能丰富度(functional richness)、功能均匀度(functional evenness)和功能分化度(functional divergence) (Mason et al, 2005)。其中, 不同参数从不同角度反映了群落内性状的分布情况, 如, 功能丰富度反映的是群落中物种所占据的功能空间, 而功能均匀度强调的是功能性状在生态位空间中分布的均匀程度。
目前, 功能性状研究领域主要涉及3个方面。
(1)评估群落构建。为满足自身生存和繁殖所需,物种的生态位取决于其对非生物和生物环境的响应以及其对两者的影响所决定, 而此类相互作用关系又与性状息息相关(McGill et al, 2006)。因此, 近年来生态学家尝试基于功能性状了解生物群落的组成及结构变化(Díaz et al, 2013)。此领域目前所关注的热点问题可简要概括为不同环境梯度, 前者如海拔(Nunes et al, 2017)、后者如栖息地类型(Castro et al, 2020)等, 或人类活动干扰(生物入侵(Wong et al, 2020)、城镇化(Gimenez & Higuti, 2017)及农业集约化(Flynn et al, 2009))如何影响昆虫群落结构和组成? 例如, Fontanilla等(2019)调查了中国云南省热带、亚热带和亚高山海拔样带上蚂蚁群落的功能多样性, 结果发现功能多样性随海拔的升高线性下降; Banaszak-Cibicka和Dylewski (2021)的研究结果显示, 城镇化程度不同的地区间的蜜蜂功能多样性存在显著差异。
(2)评估种间互作。在互作网络中, 性状的匹配性将决定物种间的互作强度及有效性(Vázquez et al, 2009)。因而, 功能多样性将有利于揭示物种间的相互作用机制(Albrecht et al, 2018; Psomas et al, 2018)。目前, 关于功能多样性如何影响互作网络, 进而促进生态系统功能的假说主要有两种。其一, 某一营养水平功能多样性的增加将会为更高营养级提供更多的生态位。这种“生态位构建”是基于食物网的构建顺序提出的假设, 其中上行控制效应(资源控制)占主导地位。如, 植物多样性对传粉者功能多样性具有积极作用(Papanikolaou et al, 2017)。另一种假说强调了下行控制效应(营养调节)的重要性, 即高营养级的功能多样性对低营养级的多样性具有消极作用。如, 捕食者性状的多样化将会导致植食者多样性的降低(Greenop et al, 2018)。
(3)评估生物多样性-生态系统功能关系(biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships, BEF)。昆虫在生态系统中往往能够提供多种生态系统服务功能, 如传粉(Woodcock et al, 2019)、养分循环(Cheli et al, 2022)、能量流动(Barnes et al, 2016)等, 但其所能提供的生态系统服务却因生物多样性丧失而受到威胁(Dainese et al, 2019; Grab et al, 2019)。Dı́az和Cabido (2001)提出, 面对持续的全球环境变化, 仅提高生态系统中的物种丰富度将无法维持一些至关重要的生态系统服务功能。因此, 生态学家们提出利用功能性状的研究方法来探究生态系统中重要服务功能的动态变化。目前, 关于群落性状结构如何影响生态系统服务功能的假说主要包括3种: 零假说、功能互补性假说及功能同一性假说。这3种主流假说分别强调了物种多度、性状的互补性及性状的一致性在生态系统功能中的作用(Wong et al, 2019), 皆已在不同类群中获得了论证, 但并未达成一致结论(Fründ et al, 2013; Gagic et al, 2015; Barnes et al, 2016)。如, Fründ等(2013)认为一些新增的物种通过占据与原有物种不同的功能生态位, 增强了功能性状的互补性, 从而有效提高了作物的传粉。然而, Gagic等(2015)验证了功能同一性的重要性, 认为将生物多样性与天然生物群落中的生态系统功能联系起来的关键因素是功能性状组成的同一性。
3.2 昆虫多样性研究方法
3.2.1 定量形态学
形态多样性是生物多样性的重要表现形式。生物体在形态上呈现的万千差异, 是人们认识自然和探究生命的原始动力(国春策等, 2014)。特化的外部形态使得昆虫种群的数量更加庞大、分布范围更广(张萌娜等, 2015)。形态比较是人们了解世界的重要方式, 其中以主观性较强的比较形态学作为代表, 被分类学家用于生物学及其相关领域的研究(白明和杨星科, 2014), 该方法因其易用性使其在分类领域发挥着重要作用。然而, 传统的分类学方法很大程度上包含了定性的判别概念, 对于物种形态趋同问题, 不少生物类群很难找到好用或易用的形态特征(Bouchard et al, 2011), 缺乏客观定量分类技术的介入, 导致形成了同一类群有多个分类系统, 也造成一些分类单元的系统地位频繁发生变动。直到20世纪初, 生物研究中对特征分析方式从描述性的定性手段开始转向定量手段。几何形态学作为一种定量的分析方法, 可以通过叠印法(superimposition method)消除样本大小、方位和物理属性的影响(Bookstein, 1991; Rohlf & Marcus, 1993)。
在分类学中, 间断性形态特征通常是分类的重要依据。然而, 很难发现足够多的间断性形态特征去解决分类中的难题。基于此种情况, 几何形态学分析方法的出现不失为一种解决的方法(Villemant et al, 2007; Hájek & Fikáček, 2010; Xu et al, 2013; Bai et al, 2014; Zúñiga-Reinoso & Benítez, 2015)。近年有研究基于几何形态学的方法, 对甲虫连续性特征的形态学信息进行测试, 证实了甲虫的连续性特征具有重要的分类学信息(张萌娜等, 2015; 佟一杰等, 2016), 前胸背板和鞘翅的连续形态信息适用于高阶元分类(佟一杰, 2021)。有研究发现, 鞘翅目拟步甲科中漠甲亚科和窄甲亚科的属、种丰富度与形态多样性呈正相关, 鞘翅形态多样性与类群丰富度的相关性从族级水平到种级水平是逐级降低的, 揭示了物种丰富度和形态多样性的关联度在不同阶元中并不总是一致的(Cheng et al, 2022)。连续性特征受到协同进化的影响很大, 其蕴含的形态学信息与生活习性有着紧密的联系, 有研究通过解读形态信息, 推断出金龟挖掘能力的演变(Bai et al, 2013)。为了充分挖掘连续性形态特征所承载的分类学信息、理解形态多样性和物种丰富度之间的关系、阐明形态多样性和生物演化的关系, 未来需要针对不同的类群选取更多的形态特征、进行更全面的分析, 从而能得出更详细的生物学结论(Tong et al, 2021)。
3.2.2 智能多样性监测
目前有多项研究表明, 全球昆虫的多样性和数量正在急剧下降(Hallmann et al, 2017; Seibold et al, 2019), 亟需对昆虫进行有效监测, 以期为其多样性保护提供科学参考。然而, 由于现有的研究和监测物种及其种群变化趋势的方法大多为依赖人工计数的劳动密集型工作(Sun et al, 2018; Hong et al, 2021), 导致目前关于物种多样性和数量变化的数据在时间和空间上存在很大偏差(Dornelas et al, 2018; Blowes et al, 2019)。因此, 我们需要更高效且可靠的方法来监测和研究昆虫多样性(Montgomery et al, 2020)。
随着物联网(internet of things, IOT)、大数据、云计算的不断发展, 人工智能监测为这一全球挑战提供了潜在的新的解决方案。国外在昆虫智能监测方面的研究起步较早, 提出了用于昆虫种群自动监测的电子陷阱(Holguin et al, 2010)。目前, 自动监测已成为农作物病虫害监测、农业资源管理和优化的重要手段之一(Li et al, 2019)。例如, 基于物联网(IOT)的智能陷阱监测系统可以实时采集地区内的作物害虫种群信息以及GPS位置信息, 并将收集到的数据传送至害虫管理系统, 有助于及时控制农田的有害生物数量(Potamitis et al, 2017)。此外, 我国学者设计了一种基于物联网与安卓系统的昆虫生境移动监测系统。该系统通过采集温度、湿度、光照、土壤pH值等各种昆虫生境因子, 并借助云服务实现了生境数据的在线传输、存储、处理和显示等功能, 为昆虫与生态保护研究提供现代化信息手段(罗桂兰等, 2018)。
近几年来, 由于深度学习(deep learning, DL)领域的不断发展, 尤其是卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks, CNNs)的应用, 使得目标监测技术日益成熟, 因此, 基于计算机视觉的昆虫监测也受到了越来越多的关注(Goodfellow et al, 2016)。果蝇的自动监测系统通过利用CNN, 可以监测到特定种类的果蝇, 并能够成功区分果蝇的性别(Roosjen et al, 2020)。与此同时, 将深度学习应用于昆虫研究也将带来新的技术挑战。随着深度学习与昆虫学研究结合得越来越紧密, 在未来有望实现对昆虫行为的实时监测、追踪。这将有助于科研人员采取有效的措施来减少甚至恢复生物多样性下降造成的损失(Høye et al, 2021), 也将有助于进一步了解昆虫种群的动态, 从而预测生物演化、虫害发生风险及未来爆发的可能性(Potamitis et al, 2017)。
3.2.3 系统发生信息学
目前在构建昆虫的系统发生关系方面, 对鞘翅目的研究最为全面。迄今为止最大的鞘翅目系统发生树包括8,441种物种(Bocak et al, 2014), 该系统发生树基于4个分子标记(18S、28S rRNA、线粒体rrnL和COI)构建而成。其中, 用于构建系统发生树的大部分序列都来自NCBI数据库。对于该类系统发生树的构建, RaxML软件用于生成主要拓扑结构, 生物信息学分析(bioinformatics analysis)基于Bash/Perl环境完成(Hunt & Vogler, 2008), 例如基于NCBI分层信息构建的简要分类字符串, 大大简化了大型系统发生关系的人工核查和注释工作; 此外, 主要工具还包括Blast和BlastAlign, 它们能分别对同源序列进行比对和提取, 修改和对齐长度多变的RNA序列, 以及完成在物种水平上基于注释结果的过滤。
对于膜翅目昆虫, Peters等人在2011年就利用系统信息学流程构建了超过1,100种、80,000个位点的序列矩阵。该研究表明, 相较于个别数据的研究结果, 整合数据库中序列所能揭示的结果将更为全面(Peters et al, 2011)。利用Ruby和Perl语言可以实现一套完整的分析流程; 步骤包括: 同源推断和提取, 翻译对齐, 模糊信息检测以及异质性检验。对于鳞翅目昆虫而言, 目前应用较为广泛的系统发生树包括115科483种, 该树基于19个蛋白编码基因构建(Regier et al, 2013)。例如, Kawahara等(2018)在研究鳞翅目活动节律等关键特征时, 将其作为主干树并与其他系统发生树相结合。在毛翅目研究中, 研究人员从BOLD挖掘数据并构建了5,569个“BINs” (3,280个命名物种和MOTU)的系统发生关系, 并通过“锚定类群” (anchor taxa)改进主干树结构(Zhou et al, 2016)。锚定类群是主干树的系统发生关系和DNA条形码序列重叠的物种, 通过固定拓扑结构, 并结合序列差异排列。
为昆虫系统发生提供信息的分子数据类型主要包括DNA条形码、多物种整合的系统发生标记(phylomarkers)、基因组和多组学技术。但仅基于DNA条形码的系统发生学, 其系统发生信息内容仍不够充分(DeSalle & Goldstein, 2019)。近年来, 随着基因组学的飞速发展(Lewin et al, 2018), 包括昆虫在内的所有生物的组学数据快速增加(Feron & Waterhouse, 2022)。通过整合这些数据, 如利用宏条形码和组学数据, 并结合鸟枪测序技术, 可应用于物种丰富度极高的昆虫类群的研究, 并提高所构建系统发生树的分辨率。目前, 研究人员已经启动了旨在提高昆虫生命之树覆盖度的全球项目, 有望借此进一步实现全球系统发生多样性的完整性(Bian et al, 2022)。
近年来高通量DNA宏条形码技术的发展为研究昆虫的遗传多样性奠定了基础, 这也促使了昆虫遗传多样性的研究逐步兴起(Beng et al, 2016; Elbrecht et al, 2018, 2019)。目前而言, 较多的研究关注更低营养级(如植物)的遗传多样性对昆虫的影响(Castagneyrol et al, 2012), 最近一项全球尺度的研究表明, 昆虫遗传多样性与纬度高度相关, 并且呈现出双峰模式(French et al, 2022)。类似的结果能为深入了解生态进化的潜在机制提供新的视角。尤其对于进化系统学研究而言, 通过研究种群中现存的遗传多样性, 同时将多功能群和环境变化纳入研究, 有望发现新的进化模式。
4 中国昆虫多样性综合性实验
结合目前全球昆虫多样性下降的趋势, 加之目前生态文明建设的迫切需求, 有必要针对昆虫多样性开展一系列野外实验和长期监测工作。因此, 国内学者目前也正在致力于这些方面的工作, 涉及全球合作、野外控制实验和昆虫监测网的布局。
4.1 “SITE-100”国际大科学计划
为揭示全球昆虫多样性下降的格局和机制, “SITE-100” (Site-based, Insects, Taxonomy, Environment, 100)国际大科学计划拟覆盖全球生物多样性热点地区和典型区域, 选取100个大样地(中国至少10个大样地), 通过被动式采集方式(飞行阻隔器法、马来氏网法、罐诱法等)定量收集昆虫样本(滕备等, 2021), 从物种、形态和遗传3个维度探究全球昆虫多样性格局, 定量绘制全球昆虫多样性模式和时空动态(Bian et al, 2022)。目前, 该项目已在中国设立了6个大样地, 在国外建立了30余个大样地(李盼盼等, 2021; Zhao et al, 2022)。
4.2 BEF-China控制实验
在全球生物多样性丧失备受关注的当下, 生物多样性与生态系统功能控制实验是验证生物多样性与生态系统功能(biodiversity-ecosystem functioning, BEF)关系的良好手段(贺金生等, 2003; 马克平, 2013; Jochum et al, 2020)。BEF研究的系统性为研究昆虫多样性与相关营养级的关系提供了契机。以目前世界上最大的树种多样性实验基地BEF-China为例, 研究人员通过设置一系列的树种丰富度梯度以模拟植物多样性丧失情景(Bruelheide et al, 2014), 开展了一系列包括植食者、传粉者以及寄生者在内的重要功能昆虫群多样性和互作的研究工作(Zhang et al, 2017; Schuldt et al, 2019; Wang MQ et al, 2019, 2020, 2022; Guo et al, 2021)。
4.3 昆虫多样性监测网
有研究表明, 目前超过40%的昆虫种类在下降, 其中1/3是濒危物种。近40年来, 地面上的昆虫数量急剧下降了98% (Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys, 2019)。鉴于昆虫数量的急剧下降, 全球范围内也掀起了建立昆虫多样性监测网的行动(Pereira & David Cooper, 2006), 通过国际合作也取得一定的进展(Basset et al, 2012)。中国科学院在生物多样性监测网络(Sino-BON)框架下建立了中国昆虫多样性监测专项网, 研究地点涉及东北地区和俄罗斯远东毗邻地区、新疆、江西新岗山、云南西双版纳及高黎贡山地区、海南岛及南沙群岛, 监测对象包括了传粉功能昆虫群(刘海铃等, 2021; 易浪等, 2021; Miao et al, 2022)、植食性昆虫群(Wang MQ et al, 2019, 2020)、捕食功能群(Schuldt et al, 2011, 2019)等。
这些多样性监测措施将增进我们对于昆虫多尺度和多维度多样性、内在维持机制及其生态系统服务功能变化和驱动因素的理解。
5 展望
5.1 功能性状多样性
5.2 林冠昆虫多样性
树冠的昆虫多样性一直是生物学家关注的重点区域之一, 然而, 靠近林冠的采集具有一定挑战, 这使得全面开展林冠研究受到一定阻碍(Cannon et al, 2021)。通过悬挂在林冠树枝上的绳索连接的收集装置(如诱饵陷阱、定时灯光陷阱、林冠马来氏网(SLAM陷阱)和飞行阻隔器)能够采集到树上的昆虫(Lowman et al, 2012)。然而, 这些装置也有一定的局限性: 物种间的相互作用难以衡量, 也不能对采样进行有效控制。塔吊为林冠采集提供了一种安全可行的方法, 从而能够直接观察物种间的相互作用并进行实验操作(Nakamura et al, 2017)。塔吊的建造成本较高, 但中国目前已在不同纬度地区建立了8座森林塔吊(Nakamura et al, 2017), 这必将推动林冠昆虫多样性监测及林冠昆虫实验科学的发展。
5.3 传粉昆虫多样性
我国是传粉昆虫最丰富的国家之一。鉴于传粉昆虫对植物传粉的重要性及其丧失将造成的严重后果, 建议在以下几个方面加强对传粉昆虫的监测和研究: (1)建立较为详尽的传粉昆虫本底数据库, 包括全国普查虫媒农作物和野生植物的传粉昆虫的多样性。(2)选择关键区域代表性群落进行长期监测, 包括传粉昆虫多样性、多度、季节动态、食物报酬来源等方面(Breeze et al, 2021)。(3)建立完备的传粉昆虫鉴定体系, 包括编制易于使用的地区性检索表, 以及利用新技术(如传粉昆虫图像识别和基因汤测序)加速传粉昆虫鉴定。(4)利用人工巢管在不同生态环境监测独栖性蜜蜂的生活史和生物学特性, 调查其传粉植物信息, 以便有助于进一步对当地植物的授粉利用。(5)将传粉网络作为一个核心监测和研究对象: 传粉网络包含群落内所有传粉者、虫媒植物和传粉者-植物种间互作信息, 具备生态系统的关键特征。
5.4 其他昆虫多样性
除上述重要昆虫类群, 各生态系统中的其他昆虫多样性亦不容忽视。
(1)草地昆虫多样性。采伐、放牧和焚烧是典型的草地管理方式。随着管理对植物生长和植被结构的深刻改变(Geruo et al, 2020), 伴生昆虫群落也随之发生变化。昆虫对环境变化的响应在不同的功能类群和分类类群之间有很大的差异, 因此很难确定哪种管理策略在保护整体多样性方面是最好的。因此, 草地生态系统中昆虫多样性及其生态服务功能在不同草地管理方式、植被组成调整以及气候变化等众多因素的共同影响下如何响应, 仍需长期监测和评价研究。
(2)农业昆虫多样性。农业生态系统中昆虫多样性及其生态服务功能受到全球气候变化、种植结构调整、耕作制度变革等众多因素的共同影响, 亟需长期监测和评价研究。同时, 应大力发展生态调控对策与方法, 有效提升农业生态系统中的昆虫群落多样性与稳定性, 及其授粉、生物控害等重要生态服务功能, 保障农业的可持续发展。
(4)土壤昆虫多样性。在之后的研究中, 针对重要的土壤昆虫群组的幼虫做针对性研究。除此之外, 当讨论土壤中的昆虫类群时, 人们更多倾向于调查土壤昆虫(通常是害虫)对农业生产的影响(Johnson et al, 2006), 而不是侧重于昆虫多样性及其保护的部分。需要更多地侧重土壤中的昆虫多样性的调查, 以及一些环境因素的影响。
致谢
感谢国内同行在文稿撰写中提供的大力支持和帮助。
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Human activities are fundamentally altering biodiversity. Projections of declines at the global scale are contrasted by highly variable trends at local scales, suggesting that biodiversity change may be spatially structured. Here, we examined spatial variation in species richness and composition change using more than 50,000 biodiversity time series from 239 studies and found clear geographic variation in biodiversity change. Rapid compositional change is prevalent, with marine biomes exceeding and terrestrial biomes trailing the overall trend. Assemblage richness is not changing on average, although locations exhibiting increasing and decreasing trends of up to about 20% per year were found in some marine studies. At local scales, widespread compositional reorganization is most often decoupled from richness change, and biodiversity change is strongest and most variable in the oceans.Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
Building the Coleoptera tree-of-life for > 8000 species: Composition of public DNA data and fit with Linnaean classification
DOI:10.1111/syen.12037 URL [本文引用: 1]
Plant diversity controls arthropod biomass and temporal stability
DOI:10.1111/ele.12006
PMID:23020194
[本文引用: 1]
Understanding the linkages among species diversity, biomass production and stability underlies effective predictions for conservation, agriculture and fisheries. Although these relationships have been well studied for plants and, to a lesser extent, consumers, relationships among plant and consumer diversity, productivity, and temporal stability remain relatively unexplored. We used structural equation models to examine these relationships in a long-term experiment manipulating plant diversity and enumerating the arthropod community response. We found remarkably similar strength and direction of interrelationships among diversity, productivity and temporal stability of consumers and plants. Further, our results suggest that the frequently observed relationships between plant and consumer diversity occur primarily via changes in plant production leading to changed consumer production rather than via plant diversity directly controlling consumer diversity. Our results demonstrate that extinction or invasion of plant species can resonate via biomass and energy flux to control diversity, production and stability of both plant and consumer communities.© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS.
Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)
DOI:10.3897/zookeys.88.807 URL [本文引用: 1]
Pollinator monitoring more than pays for itself
DOI:10.1111/1365-2664.13755 URL [本文引用: 1]
Designing forest biodiversity experiments: General considerations illustrated by a new large experiment in subtropical China
DOI:10.1111/2041-210X.12126 URL [本文引用: 1]
A framework for quantifying resilience to forest disturbance
DOI:10.3389/ffgc.2019.00056 URL [本文引用: 1]
Phylogeny, niche conservatism and the latitudinal diversity gradient in mammals
Latitudinal patterns in tachinid parasitoid diversity (Diptera: Tachinidae): A review of the evidence
DOI:10.1111/icad.12416 URL [本文引用: 1]
Plant-pollinator interactions over 120 years: Loss of species, co-occurrence, and function
DOI:10.1126/science.1232728
PMID:23449999
[本文引用: 1]
Using historic data sets, we quantified the degree to which global change over 120 years disrupted plant-pollinator interactions in a temperate forest understory community in Illinois, USA. We found degradation of interaction network structure and function and extirpation of 50% of bee species. Network changes can be attributed to shifts in forb and bee phenologies resulting in temporal mismatches, nonrandom species extinctions, and loss of spatial co-occurrences between extant species in modified landscapes. Quantity and quality of pollination services have declined through time. The historic network showed flexibility in response to disturbance; however, our data suggest that networks will be less resilient to future changes.
Local and landscape drivers of parasitoid abundance, richness, and composition in urban gardens
DOI:10.1093/ee/nvw175
PMID:28334278
[本文引用: 1]
Urbanization negatively affects biodiversity, yet some urban habitat features can support diversity. Parasitoid wasps, an abundant and highly diverse group of arthropods, can inhabit urban areas and do well in areas with higher host abundance, floral resources, or local or landscape complexity. Parasitoids provide biological control services in many agricultural habitats, yet few studies have examined diversity and abundance of parasitoids in urban agroecosystems to understand how to promote conservation and function. We examined the local habitat and landscape drivers of parasitoid abundance, superfamily and family richness, and parasitoid composition in urban gardens in the California central coast. Local factors included garden size, ground cover type, herbaceous plant species, and number of trees and shrubs. Landscape characteristics included land cover and landscape diversity around gardens. We found that garden size, mulch cover, and urban cover within 500 m of gardens predicted increases in parasitoid abundance within gardens. The height of herbaceous vegetation and tree and shrub richness predicted increases in superfamily and family richness whereas increases in urban cover resulted in declines in parasitoid richness. Abundance of individual superfamilies and families responded to a wide array of local and landscape factors, sometimes in opposite ways. Composition of parasitoid communities responded to changes in garden size, herbaceous plant cover, and number of flowers. Thus, both local scale management and landscape planning may impact the abundance, diversity, and community composition of parasitoids in urban gardens, and may result in differences in the effectiveness of parasitoids in biological control.© The Authors 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees
Extending our scientific reach in arboreal ecosystems for research and management
DOI:10.3389/ffgc.2021.712165 URL [本文引用: 1]
Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity
Genetic diversity increases insect herbivory on oak saplings
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0044247 URL [本文引用: 1]
Unveiling patterns of taxonomic and functional diversities of stream insects across four spatial scales in the neotropical savanna
DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106769 URL [本文引用: 1]
The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic biology
DOI:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01314.x
PMID:19473217
[本文引用: 1]
The increasing availability of phylogenetic data, computing power and informatics tools has facilitated a rapid expansion of studies that apply phylogenetic data and methods to community ecology. Several key areas are reviewed in which phylogenetic information helps to resolve long-standing controversies in community ecology, challenges previous assumptions, and opens new areas of investigation. In particular, studies in phylogenetic community ecology have helped to reveal the multitude of processes driving community assembly and have demonstrated the importance of evolution in the assembly process. Phylogenetic approaches have also increased understanding of the consequences of community interactions for speciation, adaptation and extinction. Finally, phylogenetic community structure and composition holds promise for predicting ecosystem processes and impacts of global change. Major challenges to advancing these areas remain. In particular, determining the extent to which ecologically relevant traits are phylogenetically conserved or convergent, and over what temporal scale, is critical to understanding the causes of community phylogenetic structure and its evolutionary and ecosystem consequences. Harnessing phylogenetic information to understand and forecast changes in diversity and dynamics of communities is a critical step in managing and restoring the Earth's biota in a time of rapid global change.
Ecosystem decay exacerbates biodiversity loss with habitat loss
DOI:10.1038/s41586-020-2531-2 URL [本文引用: 2]
The role of Nyctelia circumundata (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on litter fragmentation processes and soil fertility in northeastern arid Patagonia
DOI:10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.115770 URL [本文引用: 1]
Plants do not suffer greater losses to seed predation towards the tropics
DOI:10.1111/geb.12636 URL [本文引用: 1]
Insect trap facility
昆虫诱集装置
Study on the relationship between richness and morphological diversity of higher taxa in the darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
DOI:10.3390/d14010060 URL [本文引用: 1]
The phylogeny of insects in the data-driven era
DOI:10.1111/syen.12414
[本文引用: 1]
Maturation of omics and DNA barcode programs along with advances in sequence analysis tools and phyloinformatics protocols are enabling the realization of comprehensive and robust phylogenies of even the most diverse lineages. Several lineages in insects have undergone hyper-radiations, and thus a unified picture of their evolution is ultimately required for understanding the process of diversification. In this study I further develop informatics protocols for de novo phylogenetic construction, and present the most species-comprehensive insect phylogeny to date, constructed hierarchically using c. 440 transcriptomes, 1490 mitogenomes, DNA barcodes for 69 000 species, and several additional species-rich markers. Even with this expanded transcriptome backbone, support is still insufficient for some historically problematic nodes, particularly in Polyneoptera and Paraneoptera. Low support (measured by internode certainty) was observed for the node separating Dictyoptera from its sister polyneopeterans; configuration of the Paraneoptera was not resolved; the recently proposed Hymenoptera grouping Eusymphyta received high support, while Parasitoida did not; and Orthorrhapha (Diptera) was not recovered. Sampling is uneven across the insects, and while highly sequenced lineages (e.g. Lepidoptera) boast greater information content, this accompanies computational burdens. The protocol and resulting tree represent an advance in the analytic and phylogenetic framework, for an objectively and consistently determined species-comprehensive phylogeny.
Soil invertebrate diversity loss and functional changes in temperate forest soils replaced by exotic pine plantations
DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-64453-y
PMID:32385353
[本文引用: 1]
The global expansion of tree plantations is often claimed to have positive effects for mitigating global warming, preventing soil erosion, and reducing biodiversity loss. However, questions remain unanswered about the impacts of plantations on belowground diversity and soil properties. Here, we examine how forestry plantations of exotic trees affect critical soil functions and the composition of invertebrate assemblages, by comparing invertebrate diversity and soil physico-chemical properties between non-native Pinus radiata plantations, and nearby native forests in a region of extensive plantation activity in south-central Chile. We quantified differences in diversity, abundance, and community composition of soil invertebrates, as well as fundamental soil properties such as soil water content, water infiltration, nutrient status, and pH. We show that in this landscape mosaic of native forest and plantations, both soil invertebrate communities and physical soil properties differed significantly between systems, despite similar soil origins and topographies. We found a significant loss of soil carbon and a major reduction in taxonomic and functional diversity of soil invertebrates in pine plantation sites. Soil biotic and abiotic characteristics of plantations differed significantly from native forests in plantation-dominated south-central Chile, with profound consequences for ecosystem processes and resilience to future climate change.
Global warming, elevational range shifts, and lowland biotic attrition in the wet tropics
DOI:10.1126/science.1162547
PMID:18845754
[本文引用: 1]
Many studies suggest that global warming is driving species ranges poleward and toward higher elevations at temperate latitudes, but evidence for range shifts is scarce for the tropics, where the shallow latitudinal temperature gradient makes upslope shifts more likely than poleward shifts. Based on new data for plants and insects on an elevational transect in Costa Rica, we assess the potential for lowland biotic attrition, range-shift gaps, and mountaintop extinctions under projected warming. We conclude that tropical lowland biotas may face a level of net lowland biotic attrition without parallel at higher latitudes (where range shifts may be compensated for by species from lower latitudes) and that a high proportion of tropical species soon faces gaps between current and projected elevational ranges.
Rapid declines of common, widespread British moths provide evidence of an insect biodiversity crisis
Mutualists with attitude: Coevolving fig wasps and figs
DOI:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00062-4 URL [本文引用: 1]
Evaluation of nest-site selection of ground-nesting bees and wasps (Hymenoptera) using emergence traps
DOI:10.4039/tce.2019.3 URL [本文引用: 2]
Organic agriculture promotes evenness and natural pest control
DOI:10.1038/nature09183 URL [本文引用: 1]
Patch and landscape effects on forest-dependent dung beetles are masked by matrix-tolerant dung beetles in a mountaintop rainforest archipelago
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.195 URL [本文引用: 1]
A global synthesis reveals biodiversity- mediated benefits for crop production
DOI:10.1126/sciadv.aax0121 URL [本文引用: 1]
Response of pest control by generalist predators to local-scale plant diversity: A meta-analysis
DOI:10.1002/ece3.1917
PMID:26839684
[本文引用: 1]
Disentangling the effects of plant diversity on the control of herbivores is important for understanding agricultural sustainability. Recent studies have investigated the relationships between plant diversity and arthropod communities at the landscape scale, but few have done so at the local scale. We conducted a meta-analysis of 32 papers containing 175 independent measures of the relationship between plant diversity and arthropod communities. We found that generalist predators had a strong positive response to plant diversity, that is, their abundance increased as plant diversity increased. Herbivores, in contrast, had an overall weak and negative response to plant diversity. However, specialist and generalist herbivores differed in their response to plant diversity, that is, the response was negative for specialists and not significant for generalists. While the effects of scale remain unclear, the response to plant diversity tended to increase for specialist herbivores, but decrease for generalist herbivores as the scale increased. There was no clear effect of scale on the response of generalist predators to plant diversity. Our results suggest that the response of herbivores to plant diversity at the local scale is a balance between habitat and trophic effects that vary according to arthropod specialization and habitat type. Synthesis and applications. Positive effects of plant diversity on generalist predators confirm that, at the local scale, plant diversification of agroecosystems is a credible and promising option for increasing pest regulation. Results from our meta-analysis suggest that natural control in plant-diversified systems is more likely to occur for specialist than for generalist herbivores. In terms of pest management, our results indicate that small-scale plant diversification (via the planting of cover crops or intercrops and reduced weed management) is likely to increase the control of specialist herbivores by generalist predators.
Global buffering of temperatures under forest canopies
Review and interpretation of trends in DNA barcoding
DOI:10.3389/fevo.2019.00302 URL [本文引用: 1]
Increase in crop losses to insect pests in a warming climate
DOI:10.1126/science.aat3466
PMID:30166490
[本文引用: 2]
Insect pests substantially reduce yields of three staple grains-rice, maize, and wheat-but models assessing the agricultural impacts of global warming rarely consider crop losses to insects. We use established relationships between temperature and the population growth and metabolic rates of insects to estimate how and where climate warming will augment losses of rice, maize, and wheat to insects. Global yield losses of these grains are projected to increase by 10 to 25% per degree of global mean surface warming. Crop losses will be most acute in areas where warming increases both population growth and metabolic rates of insects. These conditions are centered primarily in temperate regions, where most grain is produced.Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
Similarity and difference among rainforest fruit-feeding butterfly communities in Central and South America
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01922.x
PMID:22092379
[本文引用: 2]
1. Documenting species abundance distributions in natural environments is critical to ecology and conservation biology. Tropical forest insect faunas vary in space and time, and these partitions can differ in their contribution to overall species diversity. 2. In the Neotropics, the Central American butterfly fauna is best known in terms of general natural history, but butterfly community diversity is best documented by studies on South American fruit-feeding butterflies. Here, we present the first long-term study of fruit-feeding nymphalid species diversity from Central America and provide a unique comparison between Central and South American butterfly communities. 3. This study used 60 months of sampling among multiple spatial and temporal partitions to assess species diversity in a Costa Rican rainforest butterfly community. Abundance distributions varied significantly at the species and higher taxonomic group levels, and canopy and understorey samples were found to be composed of distinct species assemblages. 4. Strong similarities in patterns of species diversity were found between this study and one from Ecuador; yet, there was an important difference in how species richness was distributed in vertical space. In contrast to the Ecuadorian site, Costa Rica had significantly higher canopy richness and lower understorey richness. 5. This study affirms that long-term sampling is vital to understanding tropical insect species abundance distributions and points to potential differences in vertical structure among Central and South American forest insect communities that need to be explored.© 2011 The Author. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2011 British Ecological Society.
Vive la différence: Plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes
DOI:10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02283-2 URL [本文引用: 1]
Functional traits, the phylogeny of function, and ecosystem service vulnerability
DOI:10.1002/ece3.601
PMID:24101986
[本文引用: 1]
People depend on benefits provided by ecological systems. Understanding how these ecosystem services - and the ecosystem properties underpinning them - respond to drivers of change is therefore an urgent priority. We address this challenge through developing a novel risk-assessment framework that integrates ecological and evolutionary perspectives on functional traits to determine species' effects on ecosystems and their tolerance of environmental changes. We define Specific Effect Function (SEF) as the per-gram or per capita capacity of a species to affect an ecosystem property, and Specific Response Function (SRF) as the ability of a species to maintain or enhance its population as the environment changes. Our risk assessment is based on the idea that the security of ecosystem services depends on how effects (SEFs) and tolerances (SRFs) of organisms - which both depend on combinations of functional traits - correlate across species and how they are arranged on the species' phylogeny. Four extreme situations are theoretically possible, from minimum concern when SEF and SRF are neither correlated nor show a phylogenetic signal, to maximum concern when they are negatively correlated (i.e., the most important species are the least tolerant) and phylogenetically patterned (lacking independent backup). We illustrate the assessment with five case studies, involving both plant and animal examples. However, the extent to which the frequency of the four plausible outcomes, or their intermediates, apply more widely in real-world ecological systems is an open question that needs empirical evidence, and suggests a research agenda at the interface of evolutionary biology and ecosystem ecology.
Vertical niche differentiation of ectomycorrhizal hyphae in soil as shown by T-RFLP analysis
DOI:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00535.x
PMID:33873568
[本文引用: 1]
• Niche differentiation for different soil substrates has been proposed as a mechanism contributing to ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity. This hypothesis has been largely untestable because of a lack of techniques to study the in situ distribution of ectomycorrhizal hyphae. • We developed a technique involving soil DNA extraction, PCR and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis for species identification to investigate the vertical distribution of fungal hyphae in four distinct layers of the forest floor (lower litter, F-layer, H-layer, and B-horizon) of a Pinus resinosa plantation. • Fungal communities differed markedly among the four layers. Cluster analysis suggested six different patterns of resource utilization: litter-layer specialists, litter-layer generalists, F-layer, H-layer, and B-horizon species, and multilayer generalists. Known ectomycorrhizal species were found in all six clusters. • This spatial partitioning observed among ectomycorrhizal fungi along a single, relatively simple substrate-resource gradient supports the niche differentiation hypothesis as an important mechanism contributing to ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity.
BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene
Meta-analysis reveals that seed-applied neonicotinoids and pyrethroids have similar negative effects on abundance of arthropod natural enemies
DOI:10.7717/peerj.2776 URL [本文引用: 1]
Quantitative historical change in bumblebee (Bombus spp.) assemblages of red clover fields
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0025172 URL [本文引用: 1]
Multitrophic effects of experimental changes in plant diversity on cavity-nesting bees, wasps, and their parasitoids
DOI:10.1007/s00442-011-2205-8
PMID:22120706
[本文引用: 1]
Plant diversity changes can impact the abundance, diversity, and functioning of species at higher trophic levels. We used an experimental gradient in grassland plant diversity ranging from 1 to 16 plant species to study multitrophic interactions among plants, cavity-nesting bees and wasps, and their natural enemies, and analysed brood cell density, insect diversity (species richness), and bee and wasp community similarity over two consecutive years. The bee and wasp communities were more similar among the high (16 species) diversity plots than among plots of the lower diversity levels (up to 8 species), and a more similar community of bees and wasps resulted in a more similar community of their parasitoids. Plant diversity, which was closely related to flower diversity, positively and indirectly affected bee diversity and the diversity of their parasitoids via increasing brood cell density of bees. Increasing plant diversity directly led to higher wasp diversity. Parasitism rates of bees and wasps (hosts) were not affected by plant diversity, but increased with the diversity of their respective parasitoids. Decreases in parasitism rates of bees arose from increasing brood cell density of bees (hosts), whereas decreasing parasitism rates of wasps arose from increasing wasp diversity (hosts). In conclusion, decreases in plant diversity propagated through different trophic levels: from plants to insect hosts to their parasitoids, decreasing density and diversity. The positive relationship between plant diversity and the community similarity of higher trophic levels indicates a community-stabilising effect of high plant diversity.
Insect parasitoids: An evolutionary overview
Recognizing the quiet extinction of invertebrates
DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-07916-1
PMID:30604746
[本文引用: 1]
Invertebrates are central to the functioning of ecosystems, yet they are underappreciated and understudied. Recent work has shown that they are suffering from rapid decline. Here we call for a greater focus on invertebrates and make recommendations for future investigation.
Assessing changes in arthropod predator-prey interactions through DNA-based gut content analysis-variable environment, stable diet
DOI:10.1111/mec.14872
PMID:30230073
[本文引用: 1]
Analysing the structure and dynamics of biotic interaction networks and the processes shaping them is currently one of the key fields in ecology. In this paper, we develop a novel approach to gut content analysis, thereby deriving a new perspective on community interactions and their responses to environment. For this, we use an elevational gradient in the High Arctic, asking how the environment and species traits interact in shaping predator-prey interactions involving the wolf spider Pardosa glacialis. To characterize the community of potential prey available to this predator, we used pitfall trapping and vacuum sampling. To characterize the prey actually consumed, we applied molecular gut content analysis. Using joint species distribution models, we found elevation and vegetation mass to explain the most variance in the composition of the prey community locally available. However, such environmental variables had only a small effect on the prey community found in the spider's gut. These observations indicate that Pardosa exerts selective feeding on particular taxa irrespective of environmental constraints. By directly modelling the probability of predation based on gut content data, we found that neither trait matching in terms of predator and prey body size nor phylogenetic or environmental constraints modified interaction probability. Our results indicate that taxonomic identity may be more important for predator-prey interactions than environmental constraints or prey traits. The impact of environmental change on predator-prey interactions thus appears to be indirect and mediated by its imprint on the community of available prey.© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Validation of COI metabarcoding primers for terrestrial arthropods
DOI:10.7717/peerj.7745 URL [本文引用: 1]
Estimating intraspecific genetic diversity from community DNA metabarcoding data
DOI:10.7717/peerj.4644 URL [本文引用: 1]
The honey bee crisis
DOI:10.1564/22feb10 URL [本文引用: 1]
Canopy ferns in lowland dipterocarp forest support a prolific abundance of ants, termites, and other invertebrates
DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2002.tb00576.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Tropical forests: Their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species
Tropical forest canopies: The last biotic frontier
The effect of fragment shape and species’ sensitivity to habitat edges on animal population size
DOI:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00720.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity
DOI:10.1016/0006-3207(92)91201-3 URL [本文引用: 1]
Assessing species coverage and assembly quality of rapidly accumulating sequenced genomes
DOI:10.1093/gigascience/giac006 URL [本文引用: 1]
Bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of Oklahoma: Past and present biodiversity
DOI:10.2317/0022-8567-88.4.418 URL [本文引用: 1]
Contrasting the consumptive and non- consumptive cascading effects of natural enemies on vector- borne pathogens
DOI:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2012.01258.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Improving inventory efficiency: A case study of leaf-litter ant diversity in Madagascar
DOI:10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0714:IIEACS]2.0.CO;2 URL [本文引用: 1]
Loss of functional diversity under land use intensification across multiple taxa
DOI:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01255.x
PMID:19087109
[本文引用: 1]
Land use intensification can greatly reduce species richness and ecosystem functioning. However, species richness determines ecosystem functioning through the diversity and values of traits of species present. Here, we analyze changes in species richness and functional diversity (FD) at varying agricultural land use intensity levels. We test hypotheses of FD responses to land use intensification in plant, bird, and mammal communities using trait data compiled for 1600+ species. To isolate changes in FD from changes in species richness we compare the FD of communities to the null expectations of FD values. In over one-quarter of the bird and mammal communities impacted by agriculture, declines in FD were steeper than predicted by species number. In plant communities, changes in FD were indistinguishable from changes in species richness. Land use intensification can reduce the functional diversity of animal communities beyond changes in species richness alone, potentially imperiling provisioning of ecosystem services.
Taxonomic and functional ant diversity along tropical, subtropical, and subalpine elevational transects in Southwest China
DOI:10.3390/insects10050128 URL [本文引用: 1]
Quantifying the unquantifiable: Why Hymenoptera, not Coleoptera, is the most speciose animal order
DOI:10.1186/s12898-018-0176-x
PMID:30001194
[本文引用: 2]
Background: We challenge the oft-repeated claim that the beetles (Coleoptera) are the most species-rich order of animals. Instead, we assert that another order of insects, the Hymenoptera, is more speciose, due in large part to the massively diverse but relatively poorly known parasitoid wasps. The idea that the beetles have more species than other orders is primarily based on their respective collection histories and the relative availability of taxonomic resources, which both disfavor parasitoid wasps. Though it is unreasonable to directly compare numbers of described species in each order, the ecology of parasitic wasps-specifically, their intimate interactions with their hosts-allows for estimation of relative richness.Results: We present a simple logical model that shows how the specialization of many parasitic wasps on their hosts suggests few scenarios in which there would be more beetle species than parasitic wasp species. We couple this model with an accounting of what we call the "genus-specific parasitoid-hostratio" from four well-studied genera of insect hosts, a metric by which to generate extremely conservative estimates of the average number of parasitic wasp species attacking a given beetle or other insect host species.Conclusions: Synthesis of our model with data from real host systems suggests that the Hymenoptera may have 2.5-3.2x more species than the Coleoptera. While there are more described species of beetles than all other animals, the Hymenoptera are almost certainly the larger order.
Increasing neonicotinoid use and the declining butterfly fauna of lowland California
DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0475 URL [本文引用: 1]
Effects of urbanisation and landscape heterogeneity mediated by feeding guild and body size in a community of coprophilous beetles
DOI:10.1007/s11252-020-00997-1 URL [本文引用: 1]
The decline of moths in Great Britain: A review of possible causes
DOI:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2012.00186.x URL [本文引用: 1]
The influence of terrain age and altitude on the arthropod communities found on recently deglaciated terrain
DOI:10.1093/czoolo/60.2.203 URL [本文引用: 1]
Global determinants of the distribution of insect genetic diversity
Bee diversity effects on pollination depend on functional complementarity and niche shifts
Biodiversity is important for many ecosystem processes. Global declines in pollinator diversity and abundance have been recognized, raising concerns about a pollination crisis of crops and wild plants. However, experimental evidence for effects of pollinator species diversity on plant reproduction is extremely scarce. We established communities with 1-5 bee species to test how seed production of a plant community is determined by bee diversity. Higher bee diversity resulted in higher seed production, but the strongest difference was observed for one compared to more than one bee species. Functional complementarity among bee species had a far higher explanatory power than bee diversity, suggesting that additional bee species only benefit pollination when they increase coverage of functional niches. In our experiment, complementarity was driven by differences in flower and temperature preferences. Interspecific interactions among bee species contributed to realized functional complementarity, as bees reduced interspecific overlap by shifting to alternative flowers in the presence of other species. This increased the number of plant species visited by a bee community and demonstrates a new mechanism for a biodiversity-function relationship ("interactive complementarity"). In conclusion, our results highlight both the importance of bee functional diversity for the reproduction of plant communities and the need to identify complementarity traits for accurately predicting pollination services by different bee communities.
Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores
Functional identity and diversity of animals predict ecosystem functioning better than species-based indices
The ubiquity of intraguild predation among predatory arthropods
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0028061 URL [本文引用: 1]
Conceptualizing the 3D niche and vertical space use
DOI:10.1016/j.tree.2022.06.012 URL [本文引用: 2]
Limited tolerance by insects to high temperatures across tropical elevational gradients and the implications of global warming for extinction
A survey and historical comparison of the Megachilidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Itasca State Park, Minnesota
DOI:10.1603/AN14023 URL [本文引用: 1]
Satellite detection of varying seasonal water supply restrictions on grassland productivity in the Missouri Basin, USA
DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2019.111623 URL [本文引用: 1]
Choosing benefits or partners: A review of the evidence for the evolution of myrmecochory
DOI:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14258.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Land use effects on the functional structure of aquatic insect communities in Neotropical streams
DOI:10.1080/20442041.2017.1329910 URL [本文引用: 1]
Role of litter production and its decomposition, and factors affecting the processes in a tropical forest ecosystem: A review
DOI:10.1186/s41610-019-0144-1 URL [本文引用: 1]
Variation in the species richness of parasitoid wasps (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae and Rhyssinae) across sites on different continents
DOI:10.1111/icad.12281 URL [本文引用: 1]
Biodiversity and yield trade-offs for organic farming
DOI:10.1111/ele.14017
PMID:35545523
[本文引用: 1]
Organic farming supports higher biodiversity than conventional farming, but at the cost of lower yields. We conducted a meta-analysis quantifying the trade-off between biodiversity and yield, comparing conventional and organic farming. We developed a compatibility index to assess whether biodiversity gains from organic farming exceed yield losses, and a substitution index to assess whether organic farming would increase biodiversity in an area if maintaining total production under organic farming would require cultivating more land at the expense of nature. Overall, organic farming had 23% gain in biodiversity with a similar cost of yield decline. Biodiversity gain is negatively correlated to yield loss for microbes and plants, but no correlation was found for other taxa. The biodiversity and yield trade-off varies under different contexts of organic farming. The overall compatibility index value was close to zero, with negative values for cereal crops, positive for non-cereal crops, and varies across taxa. Our results indicate that, on average, the proportion of biodiversity gain is similar to the proportion of yield loss for paired field studies. For some taxa in non-cereal crops, switching to organic farming can lead to a biodiversity gain without yield loss. We calculated the overall value of substitution index and further discussed the application of this index to evaluate when the biodiversity of less intensified farming system is advantageous.© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Biodiversity of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Canadian agricultural soils
DOI:10.4141/S01-061 URL [本文引用: 1]
Agriculturally dominated landscapes reduce bee phylogenetic diversity and pollination services
DOI:10.1126/science.aat6016
PMID:30655441
[本文引用: 1]
Land-use change threatens global biodiversity and may reshape the tree of life by favoring some lineages over others. Whether phylogenetic diversity loss compromises ecosystem service delivery remains unknown. We address this knowledge gap using extensive genomic, community, and crop datasets to examine relationships among land use, pollinator phylogenetic structure, and crop production. Pollinator communities in highly agricultural landscapes contain 230 million fewer years of evolutionary history; this loss was strongly associated with reduced crop yield and quality. Our study links landscape-mediated changes in the phylogenetic structure of natural communities to the disruption of ecosystem services. Measuring conservation success by species counts alone may fail to protect ecosystem functions and the full diversity of life from which they are derived.Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
Initial study of arthropod succession on pig carrion in a central European urban habitat
We conducted a carrion succession study within a restricted urban backyard in the city of Vienna, Austria (16 degrees 22'E, 48 degrees 12'N) from May to November 2001 to analyze sequence and composition of the local carrion visiting fauna. Two medium sized clothed domestic pig carcasses (Sus scrofa Linnaeus), were used as surrogate human models. In total, 42 arthropod species from the families Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Sepsidae, Piophilidae, Muscidae, Fanniidae, Sphaeroceridae, Phoridae, Drosophilidae, Anthomyiidae, and Lauxaniidae (Diptera), Formicidae, Braconidae, Pteromalidae, and Vespidae (Hymenoptera), Silphidae, Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Cleridae, and Dermestidae (Coleoptera), as well as species from the orders Isopoda and Acari were collected during the decomposition of these carcasses. A significant feature in this study was the high abundance of Calliphora vomitoria (L.) and Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann). In the experiment conducted May to June, larvae and adults of C. vomitoria outnumbered all other blow fly species, followed by Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy), C. vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, and Lucilia sericata (Meigen). C. vomitoria is generally considered to be rural in distribution, where it prefers shaded locations. The presence of this species in rural as well as in urban habitats in Austria precludes this species as biogeographic indicator. In the study beginning in August large numbers of female adults of the nonindigeous blow fly C. albiceps began oviposition at day 3 after placement of the cadaver. The predatory second and third instars of C. albiceps larvae subsequently almost monopolized the cadaver. C. albiceps is generally described as tropical and subtropical species. The observed northward expansion of its range beyond southern Europe obviously decreases the value of C. albiceps in estimating place of death, in that it is no longer exclusive to southern regions. Our results clearly show, that caution must be used when drawing conclusions from succession data generated in different geographic areas. Moreover, this study demonstrates, that arthropod mediated decomposition of a 44 kg exposed pig carcass in a central European urban habitat can be completed within 3 wk.
The meaning of functional trait composition of food webs for ecosystem functioning
DOI:10.1098/rstb.2015.0268 URL [本文引用: 1]
Functional diversity positively affects prey suppression by invertebrate predators: A meta-analysis
DOI:10.1002/ecy.2378
PMID:29727489
[本文引用: 1]
The use of pesticides within agricultural ecosystems has led to wide concern regarding negative effects on the environment. One possible alternative is the use of predators of pest species that naturally occur within agricultural ecosystems. However, the mechanistic basis for how species can be manipulated in order to maximize pest control remains unclear. We carried out a meta-analysis of 51 studies that manipulated predator species richness in reference to suppression of herbivore prey to determine which components of predator diversity affect pest control. Overall, functional diversity (FD) based on predator's habitat domain, diet breadth and hunting strategy was ranked as the most important variable. Our analysis showed that increases in FD in polycultures led to greater prey suppression compared to both the mean of the component predator species, and the most effective predator species, in monocultures. Further analysis of individual traits indicated these effects are likely to be driven by broad niche differentiation and greater resource exploitation in functionally diverse predator communities. A decoupled measure of phylogenetic diversity, whereby the overlap in variation with FD was removed, was not found to be an important driver of prey suppression. Our results suggest that increasing FD in predatory invertebrates will help maximize pest control ecosystem services in agricultural ecosystems, with the potential to increase suppression above that of the most effective predator species.© 2018 The Authors. Ecology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Ecological Society of America.
Ant species richness and evenness increase along a metal pollution gradient in the Bolesław zinc smelter area
DOI:10.1016/j.pedobi.2009.03.002 URL [本文引用: 1]
If dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) arose in association with dinosaurs, did they also suffer a mass co-extinction at the K-Pg boundary?
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0153570 URL [本文引用: 1]
Effects of regulatory evolution on morphological diversity
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13247
[本文引用: 1]
An important task in evolutionary biology is to understand the reason for and mechanisms of morphological diversification. Studies in evolutionary developmental biology have revealed that, rather than being invented repeatedly from scratch, many complex morphological structures have evolved by modification of ancient regulatory networks. In other words, morphological diversity is not always produced by changes in the protein-coding region of regulatory genes; rather, it largely depends on the evolution of gene regulation. As the main components of the regulatory regions of a gene, cis regulatory elements bind to specific trans factors and determine the precise expression of the gene in time, place and amount. As a result, gain, loss, change or modification of cis regulatory elements may lead to shifts in gene expression, which, in turn, generate morphological diversity. Here, by reviewing recent progress in this and related fields, we summarize the basic features of gene regulation in eukaryotes, elucidating its fundamental evolutionary pattern and revealing its importance in generating morphological diversity.
调控进化与形态多样性
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13247
[本文引用: 1]
揭示导致生物体形态和结构多样性产生的原因和机制, 是进化生物学研究的重要内容。进化发育生物学的研究表明, 许多复杂的形态结构及其多样性, 都是通过对古老调控网络的修饰或改造来完成的。也就是说, 生物体形态和结构的多样化并不是像以前认为的是由基因编码区的变化造成的, 而更多的是取决于基因的调控进化。作为控制基因表达的关键组分, 基因调控区的顺式调控元件通过与特定反式作用因子结合, 精细调控基因表达的时、空和量。因此, 调控元件的获得、丢失、修饰或者改变都能引起基因表达模式的变化, 是形态和结构多样性产生的主要原因。本文结合近年来国际上在基因的调控进化方面所取得的进展, 总结了真核生物中基因调控的方式和特点, 阐述了调控进化的基本式样, 揭示了调控进化在生物进化(特别是形态和结构多样化)中的作用。
Tree diversity promotes predatory wasps and parasitoids but not pollinator bees in a subtropical experimental forest
DOI:10.1016/j.baae.2021.03.007 URL [本文引用: 2]
Insect diversity across an afro-tropical forest biodiversity hotspot
DOI:10.1007/s10841-021-00293-z URL [本文引用: 1]
Plant species loss decreases arthropod diversity and shifts trophic structure
DOI:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01356.x
PMID:19702636
[本文引用: 1]
Plant diversity is predicted to be positively linked to the diversity of herbivores and predators in a foodweb. Yet, the relationship between plant and animal diversity is explained by a variety of competing hypotheses, with mixed empirical results for each hypothesis. We sampled arthropods for over a decade in an experiment that manipulated the number of grassland plant species. We found that herbivore and predator species richness were strongly, positively related to plant species richness, and that these relationships were caused by different mechanisms at herbivore and predator trophic levels. Even more dramatic was the threefold increase, from low- to high-plant species richness, in abundances of predatory and parasitoid arthropods relative to their herbivorous prey. Our results demonstrate that, over the long term, the loss of plant species propagates through food webs, greatly decreasing arthropod species richness, shifting a predator-dominated trophic structure to being herbivore dominated, and likely impacting ecosystem functioning and services.
Taxonomic revision of the Hydroporus bodemeyeri species complex (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) with a geometric morphometric analysis of body shape within the group
DOI:10.1080/00222931003760053 URL [本文引用: 1]
More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0185809 URL [本文引用: 1]
Quantifying uncertainty in estimation of tropical arthropod species richness
DOI:10.1086/652998
PMID:20455708
[本文引用: 1]
There is a bewildering range of estimates for the number of arthropods on Earth. Several measures are based on extrapolation from species specialized to tropical rain forest, each using specific assumptions and justifications. These approaches have not provided any sound measure of uncertainty associated with richness estimates. We present two models that account for parameter uncertainty by replacing point estimates with probability distributions. The models predict medians of 3.7 million and 2.5 million tropical arthropod species globally, with 90% confidence intervals of [2.0, 7.4] million and [1.1, 5.4] million, respectively. Estimates of 30 million or greater are predicted to have <0.00001 probability. Sensitivity analyses identified uncertainty in the proportion of canopy arthropod species that are beetles as the most influential parameter, although uncertainties associated with three other parameters were also important. Using the median estimates suggests that in spite of 250 years of taxonomy and around 855,000 species of arthropods already described, approximately 70% await description.
Regional assemblages shaped by historical and contemporary factors: Evidence from a species-rich insect group
DOI:10.1111/mec.15412 URL [本文引用: 1]
Using full-length metabarcoding and DNA barcoding to infer community assembly for speciose taxonomic groups: A case study
DOI:10.1007/s10682-020-10072-y URL
Urban drivers of plant-pollinator interactions
DOI:10.1111/1365-2435.12486 URL [本文引用: 1]
Rapid assessments of tropical dung beetle and butterfly assemblages: Contrasting trends along a forest disturbance gradient
DOI:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2009.00058.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity: Why is there a discrepancy in the relationship between experimental and natural ecosystems?
生物多样性与生态系统生产力: 为什么野外观测和受控实验结果不一致?
DOI:10.17521/cjpe.2003.0120
[本文引用: 1]
人们担心生物多样性的空前丧失会危及到生态系统的服务功能，因此有关生物多样性-生态系统生产力这一古老命题的讨论成为当今生态学的热点议题之一。20世纪90年代以David Tilman和Shahid Naeem为代表的生态学家利用大规模的受控实验，对物种多样性与生态系统功能的诸多方面进行
A common pesticide decreases foraging success and survival in honey bees
DOI:10.1126/science.1215039
PMID:22461498
[本文引用: 1]
Nonlethal exposure of honey bees to thiamethoxam (neonicotinoid systemic pesticide) causes high mortality due to homing failure at levels that could put a colony at risk of collapse. Simulated exposure events on free-ranging foragers labeled with a radio-frequency identification tag suggest that homing is impaired by thiamethoxam intoxication. These experiments offer new insights into the consequences of common neonicotinoid pesticides used worldwide.
Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life
Electronic traps for automated monitoring of insect populations
Positioning taxonomic research for the future
Automatic pest counting from pheromone trap images using Deep Learning object detectors for Matsucoccus thunbergianae monitoring
DOI:10.3390/insects12040342 URL [本文引用: 1]
The importance of coprophagous macrodetritivores for the maintenance of vegetation heterogeneity in an African savannah
DOI:10.1007/s10021-016-9960-7 URL [本文引用: 1]
Deep Learning and computer vision will transform entomology
Spatial patterns and conservation of genetic and phylogenetic diversity of wildlife in China
DOI:10.1126/sciadv.abd5725 URL [本文引用: 1]
Testing the adaptive significance of acclimation: A strong inference approach
DOI:10.1093/icb/39.2.323 URL [本文引用: 1]
Post-dispersal seed predation: Consequences for plant demography and evolution
DOI:10.1078/1433-8319-00050 URL [本文引用: 1]
A protocol for large-scale rRNA sequence analysis: Towards a detailed phylogeny of Coleoptera
DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.029
PMID:18191591
[本文引用: 2]
Large-scale phylogenetic analyses involving thousands of rRNA sequences are complicated due to length variability which compounds the already complex problem of large tree searches. Here, we generated a large data matrix and test phylogenetic procedures for large-scale analysis in the Coleoptera (beetles), as a resource for evolutionary biology and identification of this hugely diverse group. The analysis included nearly 1200 species, including representatives of 126 (75%) families, all 18 superfamilies of Polyphaga, and the four suborders. Alignments were obtained by a fragment-extension method derived from the BLAST algorithm using the BlastAlign script [Belshaw, R., Katzourakis, A., 2005. BlastAlign: a program that uses blast to align problematic nucleotide sequences. Bioinformatics 21, 122-123], followed by fast parsimony and maximum likelihood searches. Trees were assessed against the existing classification, using a formal procedure for coding the hierarchical position of taxa and establishing taxonomic congruence. We found that the BlastAlign procedure greatly exceeded the performance of standard progressive alignment methods such as Clustal. The resulting trees, when used as guide tree, also greatly improved the Clustal-based alignments. Long-branch attraction potentially affecting the quality of the tree was reduced by the systematic removal of all branches longer than a 95% interval of the distribution of branch lengths. We applied this protocol to the test for monophyly of major proposed lineages of Coleoptera, including Crowson's 18 superfamilies in the hyperdiverse suborder Polyphaga. While searches for very large trees remained challenging and details of the tree topology were not always satisfactory, the strategy for alignment and tree searches used here makes large-scale phylogenetics of super-diverse groups such as Coleoptera amenable to desktop computing.
Exploring the relationships among canopy structure, stand productivity, and biodiversity of temperate forest ecosystems
Revisiting global trends in freshwater insect biodiversity
Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests
DOI:10.1086/282687 URL [本文引用: 1]
Seed predation by animals
DOI:10.1146/annurev.es.02.110171.002341 URL [本文引用: 2]
A comparison, by sweep sampling, of the arthropod fauna of secondary vegetation in Michigan, England and Costa Rica
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1975.tb00551.x URL [本文引用: 1]
The results of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments are realistic
Ecological mechanisms underlying arthropod species diversity in grasslands
DOI:10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153540 URL [本文引用: 1]
Evolutionary interactions between plant reproduction and defense against herbivores
DOI:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054215
[本文引用: 1]
Coevolution is among the most important evolutionary processes that generate biological diversity. Plant pollinator interactions play a prominent role in the evolution of reproductive traits in flowering plants. Likewise, plant herbivore interactions select for myriad defenses that protect plants from damage. These mutualistic and antagonistic interactions, respectively, have traditionally been considered in isolation from one another. Here, we consider whether reproductive traits and antiherbivore defenses are interdependent as a result of pollinator- and herbivore-mediated selection. The evolution of floral traits, self-fertilization, and separate sexes frequently affects the expression and evolution of plant defenses. In turn, the evolution of defense can affect allocation to reproductive traits, and herbivores often impose strong selection directly on floral traits. Theory and empirical evidence suggest that herbivores can intluence the evolution of selling from outcrossing and potentially the evolution of separate sexes from combined sexes. We identify several areas in which future research is needed to increase our understanding of the evolutionary interplay between reproduction and defense in plants.
An insect ecosystem engineer alleviates drought stress in plants without increasing plant susceptibility to an aboveground herbivore
DOI:10.1111/1365-2435.12582 URL [本文引用: 1]
The ‘Mother Knows Best’ principle: Should soil insects be included in the preference-performance debate?
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2006.00776.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Latitudinal gradients in taxonomic overdescription rate affect macroecological inferences using species list data
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.06956.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Diel behavior in moths and butterflies: A synthesis of data illuminates the evolution of temporal activity
Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology
DOI:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq166
PMID:20395285
[本文引用: 1]
Picante is a software package that provides a comprehensive set of tools for analyzing the phylogenetic and trait diversity of ecological communities. The package calculates phylogenetic diversity metrics, performs trait comparative analyses, manipulates phenotypic and phylogenetic data, and performs tests for phylogenetic signal in trait distributions, community structure and species interactions.Picante is a package for the R statistical language and environment written in R and C, released under a GPL v2 open-source license, and freely available on the web (http://picante.r-forge.r-project.org) and from CRAN (http://cran.r-project.org).
DNA barcoding and community assembly—A simple solution to a complex problem
DOI:10.1111/mec.15519
PMID:32564405
[本文引用: 1]
Identifying the current and past processes driving community assembly is critical in the effort to understand the Earth's biodiversity and its response to future environmental change. But while studies on community assembly often emphasize the role of contemporary ecological drivers, it has been particularly challenging to account for the effects of past processes in shaping present-day communities. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Hao et al. (2020) provide a holistic analysis of factors driving the assembly of diverse communities of Lepidoptera in two mountain ranges in northeastern China. The authors use an impressively large data set and exceptionally comprehensive analyses to test how processes of range expansion and gene flow, speciation and extinction, dispersal limitation, environmental filtering and competition have led to present-day diversity patterns. A key novelty of this work is the exhaustive use of DNA barcodes, relatively simple yet powerful molecular markers, to tackle complex biological questions. The authors elegantly show the utility of DNA barcoding data for research beyond simple taxonomic assignment. Their approach is remarkable as it manages to integrate population genetics, phylogenetic history, species diversity and ecology into a well-rounded picture of community assembly. With this work, Hao et al. demonstrate the great promise of DNA barcoding for exhaustive community analysis of even highly diverse and complex systems, raising the bar for future research.© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Insects as flower visitors and pollinators
DOI:10.1146/annurev.en.28.010183.002203 URL [本文引用: 1]
The global decline of pollination services
Evaluation of sampling methods and species richness estimators for ants in upland ecosystems in Florida
DOI:10.1603/0046-225X-34.6.1566 URL [本文引用: 1]
Structure of forest canopies as related to their primary productivity
Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops
Habitat fragmentation, species loss, and biological control
Fragmentation of habitats in the agricultural landscape is a major threat to biological diversity, which is greatly determined by insects. Isolation of habitat fragments resulted in decreased numbers of species as well as reduced effects of natural enemies. Manually established islands of red clover were colonized by most available herbivore species but few parasitoid species. Thus, herbivores were greatly released from parasitism, experiencing only 19 to 60 percent of the parasitism of nonisolated populations. Species failing to successfully colonize isolated islands were characterized by small and highly variable populations. Accordingly, lack of habitat connectivity released insects from predator control.
Predator-prey interactions of terrestrial invertebrates are determined by predator body size and species identity
Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture
Many agroecosystems are unfavorable environments for natural enemies due to high levels of disturbance. Habitat management, a form of conservation biological control, is an ecologically based approach aimed at favoring natural enemies and enhancing biological control in agricultural systems. The goal of habitat management is to create a suitable ecological infrastructure within the agricultural landscape to provide resources such as food for adult natural enemies, alternative prey or hosts, and shelter from adverse conditions. These resources must be integrated into the landscape in a way that is spatially and temporally favorable to natural enemies and practical for producers to implement. The rapidly expanding literature on habitat management is reviewed with attention to practices for favoring predators and parasitoids, implementation of habitat management, and the contributions of modeling and ecological theory to this developing area of conservation biological control. The potential to integrate the goals of habitat management for natural enemies and nature conservation is discussed.
Incorporating the effects of generalist seed predators into plant community theory
DOI:10.1111/1365-2435.12905 URL [本文引用: 1]
Identifying and characterizing pesticide use on 9,000 fields of organic agriculture
DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-25502-w
PMID:34526492
[本文引用: 1]
Notwithstanding popular perception, the environmental impacts of organic agriculture, particularly with respect to pesticide use, are not well established. Fueling the impasse is the general lack of data on comparable organic and conventional agricultural fields. We identify the location of ~9,000 organic fields from 2013 to 2019 using field-level crop and pesticide use data, along with state certification data, for Kern County, CA, one of the US' most valuable crop producing counties. We parse apart how being organic relative to conventional affects decisions to spray pesticides and, if spraying, how much to spray using both raw and yield gap-adjusted pesticide application rates, based on a global meta-analysis. We show the expected probability of spraying any pesticides is reduced by about 30 percentage points for organic relative to conventional fields, across different metrics of pesticide use including overall weight applied and coarse ecotoxicity metrics. We report little difference, on average, in pesticide use for organic and conventional fields that do spray, though observe substantial crop-specific heterogeneity.© 2021. The Author(s).
Arboreality drives heat tolerance while elevation drives cold tolerance in tropical rainforest ants
The sudden collapse of pollinator communities
DOI:10.1111/ele.12236
PMID:24386999
[本文引用: 1]
Declines in pollinator populations may harm biodiversity and agricultural productivity. Little attention has, however, been paid to the systemic response of mutualistic communities to global environmental change. Using a modelling approach and merging network theory with theory on critical transitions, we show that the scale and nature of critical transitions is likely to be influenced by the architecture of mutualistic networks. Specifically, we show that pollinator populations may collapse suddenly once drivers of pollinator decline reach a critical point. A high connectance and/or nestedness of the mutualistic network increases the capacity of pollinator populations to persist under harsh conditions. However, once a tipping point is reached, pollinator populations collapse simultaneously. Recovering from this single community-wide collapse requires a relatively large improvement of conditions. These findings may have large implications for our view on the sustainability of pollinator communities and the services they provide. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS.
Earth BioGenome Project: Sequencing life for the future of life
Insect seed predators and environmental change
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01575.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Gap analysis for DNA-based biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems in China
DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108732 URL [本文引用: 1]
A photographic dataset of the beetle specimens from a SITE100 standardized sampling area in Huaping, Guangxi
DOI:10.17520/biods.2021212 URL [本文引用: 1]
广西花坪SITE100样地甲虫标本照片数据集
DOI:10.17520/biods.2021212
[本文引用: 1]
通过在全球定点布设长期样地, 定量评估昆虫多样性与环境之间的关系具有重要意义。“SITE100”国际大科学计划在全球选定100个大样地, 每个样地统一选用罐诱法、马氏网法和飞行阻隔法三类采集装备, 从物种、形态和遗传多样性三个维度探究全球昆虫多样性格局。花坪被选为全球100个大样地之一。本文的数据集为花坪样地2020年生长季期间的鞘翅目收样结果, 历时7个月(2020.05.09–2020.11.23), 涵盖10个样点, 每个样点包括1套飞行阻隔器、1套马氏网和10个埋罐, 平均每周访问全部样点1次。研究期间共采集甲虫8,914头, 被划分为563个形态种, 涵盖57个科。数据集包括四部分, 第一部分为各样点每个采集装备每次收样所获得甲虫标本的集体照原图, 共计644张, 压缩后为照片1.zip; 第二部分为标注了形态种编号的甲虫标本的集体照, 共计644张, 压缩后为照片2.zip; 第三部分为甲虫标本数量统计数据, 涵盖2020年5月2日至2020年11月23日期间3种采集方式各日期采集甲虫的数量、采集样点的经纬度以及海拔信息, 共2个文件, 压缩后为数据1.zip; 第四部分为甲虫标本高级阶元(科级或亚科级)鉴定信息, 共计2个文件, 压缩后为数据2.zip。该数据集除了可以用于与其他SITE100样地结果进行联合分析之外, 还可用来比较不同栖境中甲虫的类群分布和形态差异, 部分类群的背面观图片为后续的几何形态学或者形态学研究提供数据支持。该数据集还是对花坪甲虫多样性的首次定量评估, 对于丰富我国生物多样性本底数据和了解我国南方昆虫区系的来源具有重要意义。 数据库(集)基本信息简介 数据库(集)名称 广西花坪SITE100样地甲虫标本照片数据集 作者 李盼盼, 佟一杰, 曹浩宇, 容国森, 覃诗晴, 杨星科, 王国全, 白明 通迅作者 王国全(wangguoquan0@163.com), 白明(baim@ioz.ac.cn) 时间范围 2020年5月9日至11月23日 地理区域 花坪, 109°47'07″–109°58'10″ E, 25°28'55″–25°39'15″ N 文件大小 6.32 GB 数据格式 *.zip 数据链接 https://www.scidb.cn/s/VVveuq http://doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.00061 https://www.biodiversity-science.net/fileup/1005-0094/DATA/2021212.zip 数据库(集)组成 数据集包括1个压缩包, 共分为4个部分: (1)照片1.zip, 各样点每个装备每次收样所获得甲虫标本的集体照原图; (2)照片2.zip, 标注了形态种编号的甲虫标本的集体照; (3)数据1.zip, 甲虫标本数量统计数据, 涵盖2020年5月2日至11月23日3种采集方式各日期采集甲虫的数量、采集样点的经纬度以及海拔信息; (4)数据2.zip, 甲虫标本高级阶元(科级或亚科级)鉴定信息。
Automatic localization and count of agricultural crop pests based on an improved Deep Learning pipeline
DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-43171-0
PMID:31065055
[本文引用: 1]
Insect pests are known to be a major cause of damage to agricultural crops. This paper proposed a deep learning-based pipeline for localization and counting of agricultural pests in images by self-learning saliency feature maps. Our method integrates a convolutional neural network (CNN) of ZF (Zeiler and Fergus model) and a region proposal network (RPN) with Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) to remove overlapping detections. First, the convolutional layers in ZF Net, without average pooling layer and fc layers, were used to compute feature maps of images, which can better retain the original pixel information through smaller convolution kernels. Then, several critical parameters of the method were optimized, including the output size, score threshold, NMS threshold, and so on. To demonstrate the practical applications of our method, different feature extraction networks were explored, including AlexNet, ResNet and ZF Net. Finally, the model trained on smaller multi-scale images was tested on original large images. Experimental results showed that our method achieved a precision of 0.93 with a miss rate of 0.10. Moreover, our model achieved a mean Accuracy Precision (mAP) of 0.885.
The first comprehensive DNA barcode reference library of Chinese Tanytarsus (Diptera: Chironomidae) for environmental DNA metabarcoding
DOI:10.1111/ddi.13209 URL [本文引用: 1]
Soil insect diversity and abundance following different fertilizer treatments on the Loess Plateau of China
DOI:10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60562-6 URL [本文引用: 1]
Secondary crops and non-crop habitats within landscapes enhance the abundance and diversity of generalist predators
DOI:10.1016/j.agee.2018.02.007 URL [本文引用: 1]
Effects of habitats change on EPT aquatic insects in streams
生境变化对溪流EPT水生昆虫的影响
Regional and local influence of grazing activity on the diversity of a semi-arid dung beetle community
DOI:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00194.x URL [本文引用: 2]
Sampling dung beetles in the French Mediterranean area: Effects of abiotic factors and farm practices
Temperature- dependent phenology and predation in arthropod systems
DOI:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.02.034 URL [本文引用: 1]
What’s up? An experimental comparison of predation levels between canopy and understory in a tropical wet forest
DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2002.tb00545.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges
DOI:10.1126/science.1064088
PMID:11679658
[本文引用: 1]
The ecological consequences of biodiversity loss have aroused considerable interest and controversy during the past decade. Major advances have been made in describing the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem processes, in identifying functionally important species, and in revealing underlying mechanisms. There is, however, uncertainty as to how results obtained in recent experiments scale up to landscape and regional levels and generalize across ecosystem types and processes. Larger numbers of species are probably needed to reduce temporal variability in ecosystem processes in changing environments. A major future challenge is to determine how biodiversity dynamics, ecosystem processes, and abiotic factors interact.
Widespread adoption of Bt cotton and insecticide decrease promotes biocontrol services
DOI:10.1038/nature11153 URL [本文引用: 1]
Spillover of insects from rain forest into adjacent oil palm plantations
DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00824.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Design of insect intelligent habitat monitoring system in Erhai Wetland
洱海湿地昆虫智能生境监测系统设计
Studies on biodiversity and ecosystem function via manipulation experiments
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.02132 URL [本文引用: 1]
生物多样性与生态系统功能的实验研究
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.02132 [本文引用: 1]
Neonicotinoid insecticides negatively affect performance measures of non-target terrestrial arthropods: A meta-analysis
Effect of seed predation on seed bank size and seedling recruitment of bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus)
DOI:10.1007/s004420050210
PMID:28307508
[本文引用: 1]
Whether seed consumers affect plant establishment is an important unresolved question in plant population biology. Seed consumption is ubiquitous; at issue is whether seedling recruitment is limited by safe-sites or seeds. If most seeds inhabit sites unsuitable for germination, post-dispersal seed consumption primarily removes seeds that would otherwise never contribute to the population and granivory has minimal impacts on plant abundance. Alternatively, if most seeds ultimately germinate before they lose viability, there is greater potential for seed consumption to affect plant recruitment. Of the many studies on seed consumption, few ask how seed loss affects seedling recruitment for species with long-lived seed banks. We examined post-dispersal seed predation and seedling emergence in bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus), a woody leguminous shrub of coastal grasslands and dunes in California. We followed the fate of seeds in paired experimental seed plots that were either protected or exposed to rodent granivores in grassland and dune habitats. Significantly more seeds were removed by rodents in dunes than grasslands. In dunes, where rodent granivory was greatest (65% and 86% of seeds removed from plots by rodents in two successive years), there is a sparse seed bank (6.6 seeds m), and granivory significantly reduced seedling emergence (in the same two years, 18% and 19.4% fewer seedlings emerged from exposed versus protected plots), suggesting seed rather than safe-site limited seedling recruitment. In contrast, rodents removed an average of 6% and 56% of seeds from grassland plots during the same two years, and the grassland seed bank is 43-fold that of the dunes (288 seeds m). Even high seed consumption in the second year of the study only marginally influenced recruitment because seeds that escaped predation remained dormant. Burial of seeds in both habitats significantly reduced the percentage of seeds removed by rodents. Results suggest that granivores exert strong but habitat-dependent effects on lupine seed survival and seedling emergence.
Natural enemy interactions constrain pest control in complex agricultural landscapes
Functional richness, functional evenness and functional divergence: The primary components of functional diversity
DOI:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13886.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Florivory: The intersection of pollination and herbivory
Plants interact with many visitors who consume a variety of plant tissues. While the consequences of herbivory to leaves and shoots are well known, the implications of florivory, the consumption of flowers prior to seed coat formation, have received less attention. Herbivory and florivory can yield different plant, population and community outcomes; thus, it is critical to distinguish between these two types of consumption. Here, we consider the ecological and evolutionary consequences of florivory. A growing number of studies recognize that florivory is common in natural systems and in some cases surpasses leaf herbivory in magnitude and impact. Florivores can affect male and female plant fitness via direct trophic effects and through altered pathways of species interactions. In particular, florivory can affect pollination and have consequences for plant mating and floral sexual system evolution. Plants are not defenceless against florivore damage. Concepts of resistance and tolerance can be applied to plant-florivore interactions. Moreover, extant theories of plant chemical defence, including optimal defence theory, growth rate hypothesis and growth differentiation-balance hypothesis, can be used to make testable predictions about when and how plants should defend flowers against florivores. The majority of the predictions remain untested, but they provide a theoretical foundation on which to base future experiments. The approaches to studying florivory that we outline may yield novel insights into floral and defence traits not illuminated by studies of pollination or herbivory alone.
The diversity-stability debate
DOI:10.1038/35012234 URL [本文引用: 1]
Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits
DOI:10.1016/j.tree.2006.02.002 URL [本文引用: 1]
A consistent positive association between landscape simplification and insecticide use across the Midwestern US from 1997 through 2012
Global warming and the disruption of plant-pollinator interactions
Anthropogenic climate change is widely expected to drive species extinct by hampering individual survival and reproduction, by reducing the amount and accessibility of suitable habitat, or by eliminating other organisms that are essential to the species in question. Less well appreciated is the likelihood that climate change will directly disrupt or eliminate mutually beneficial (mutualistic) ecological interactions between species even before extinctions occur. We explored the potential disruption of a ubiquitous mutualistic interaction of terrestrial habitats, that between plants and their animal pollinators, via climate change. We used a highly resolved empirical network of interactions between 1420 pollinator and 429 plant species to simulate consequences of the phenological shifts that can be expected with a doubling of atmospheric CO(2). Depending on model assumptions, phenological shifts reduced the floral resources available to 17-50% of all pollinator species, causing as much as half of the ancestral activity period of the animals to fall at times when no food plants were available. Reduced overlap between plants and pollinators also decreased diet breadth of the pollinators. The predicted result of these disruptions is the extinction of pollinators, plants and their crucial interactions.
Diversity begets diversity: Low resource heterogeneity reduces the diversity of nut-nesting ants in rubber plantations
DOI:10.1111/1744-7917.12964 URL [本文引用: 1]
Global effects of land-use intensity on local pollinator biodiversity
DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-23228-3
PMID:34006837
[本文引用: 1]
Pollinating species are in decline globally, with land use an important driver. However, most of the evidence on which these claims are made is patchy, based on studies with low taxonomic and geographic representativeness. Here, we model the effect of land-use type and intensity on global pollinator biodiversity, using a local-scale database covering 303 studies, 12,170 sites, and 4502 pollinating species. Relative to a primary vegetation baseline, we show that low levels of intensity can have beneficial effects on pollinator biodiversity. Within most anthropogenic land-use types however, increasing intensity is associated with significant reductions, particularly in urban (43% richness and 62% abundance reduction compared to the least intensive urban sites), and pasture (75% abundance reduction) areas. We further show that on cropland, the strongly negative response to intensity is restricted to tropical areas, and that the direction and magnitude of response differs among taxonomic groups. Our findings confirm widespread effects of land-use intensity on pollinators, most significantly in the tropics, where land use is predicted to change rapidly.
A dearth of data: Fitting parasitoids into ecological networks
DOI:10.1016/j.pt.2021.04.012 URL [本文引用: 1]
Faunal communities of deep soil layers in suburban Beijing
DOI:10.17520/biods.2018027
[本文引用: 1]
In order to reveal composition of faunal communities in deep soil, we investigated soil at 30 and 55 cm at the Olympic Campus of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in a suburb of Beijing using trap collectors. A total of 10,163 individuals representing 20 orders belonging to ten classes and three phyla were captured in eight surveys carried out over five years. The dominant groups were Hymenoptera (61.0%), Acarina (12.1%) and Collembola (11.2%). The individuals and groups in the 30 cm soil layer were greater than at 55 cm. The dominant group of the 30 cm soil layer was Hymenoptera (69.4%) while at 55 cm, Hymenoptera (45.7%), Acarina (21.8%) and Collembola (16.4%) were all dominant. The number of individuals and groups recorded from April to October was greater than October to April of the next year. Annelida appeared only between October to April of the next year, while Thysanoptera, Psocoptera, Dermaptera appeared only between April to October. The lowest Jaccard value of soil faunal communities in different vegetation forms was 0.75. None of Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson dominance index and Pielou evenness index showed significant differences between different vegetation types (P > 0.05). The results showed that there were abundant soil faunal communities in deep soil. The number of individuals and groups decreased with increasing soil depth. Soil faunal community structure was different in different seasons and the composition was highly similar between different vegetation types.
北京近郊深土层动物群落结构特征
DOI:10.17520/biods.2018027
[本文引用: 1]
为了解城市近郊深层土壤中动物群落结构组成, 2012年在北京市北四环和北五环之间的中国科学院奥运村科技园区埋设陷阱收集器, 对地下30 cm和55 cm土层活动的动物进行采样。2013-2017年8次调查共捕获动物3门10纲20目10,163头, 优势类群分别是膜翅目(61.0%)、蜱螨目(12.1%)和弹尾目(11.2%)。30 cm土层动物类群数和个体数均高于55 cm, 30 cm土层优势类群为膜翅目(69.4%), 55 cm土层优势类群除膜翅目(45.7%)外还有蜱螨目(21.8%)和弹尾目(16.4%)。夏秋季动物个体数和类群数高于冬春季, 环节动物门仅出现于冬春季, 而缨翅目、啮虫目和革翅目仅出现于夏秋季。不同绿化带类型间动物群落Jaccard相似性指数均高于0.75, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均不存在显著性差异(P > 0.05)。结果表明: 深层土壤中存在着大量的动物类群, 动物个体数和类群数均随土层加深而减少。不同季节人工绿地土壤中动物结构存在差异, 而不同植被类型下动物群落组成高度相似。
Is the insect apocalypse upon us? How to find out
DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108327 URL [本文引用: 1]
Forest diversity effects on insect herbivores: Do leaf traits matter?
DOI:10.1111/nph.15558
PMID:30347456
[本文引用: 2]
Insect herbivore damage and abundance are often reduced in diverse plant stands. However, few studies have explored whether this phenomenon is a result of plant diversity effects on host plant traits. We explored indirect effects of tree species diversity on herbivory via changes in leaf traits in a long-term forest diversity experiment in Finland. We measured 16 leaf traits and leaf damage by four insect guilds (chewers, gall formers, leaf miners and rollers) on silver birch (Betula pendula) trees growing in one-, two-, three- and five-species mixtures. A decline in the frequency of birch in mixed stands resulted in reduced leaf area. This, in turn, mediated the reduction in chewing damage in mixed stands. In contrast, associational resistance of birch to leaf miners was not trait-mediated but driven directly by concurrent declines in birch frequency as tree species richness increased. Our results show that leaf trait variation across the diversity gradient might promote associational resistance, but these patterns are driven by an increase in the relative abundance of heterospecifics rather than by tree species richness per se. Therefore, accounting for concurrent changes in stand structure and key foliar traits is important for the interpretation of plant diversity effects and predictions of associational patterns.© 2018 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2018 New Phytologist Trust.
Evidence that organic farming promotes pest control
DOI:10.1038/s41893-018-0102-4 URL [本文引用: 1]
Understanding patterns and mechanisms of forest canopy diversity and ecosystem functions in a changing world
DOI:10.3389/ffgc.2022.944981 URL [本文引用: 3]
Forests and their canopies: Achievements and horizons in canopy science
Patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity of termites along a tropical elevational gradient
DOI:10.1111/btp.12365 URL [本文引用: 1]
Insect herbivores and leaf damage along successional and vertical gradients in a tropical dry forest
DOI:10.1111/btp.12068 URL [本文引用: 1]
Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeinae dung beetles
DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.011 URL [本文引用: 2]
Lianas as a food resource for herbivorous insects: A comparison with trees
Pollinator diversity: Distribution, ecological function, and conservation
DOI:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022919 URL [本文引用: 1]
Extinctions of aculeate pollinators in Britain and the role of large-scale agricultural changes
DOI:10.1126/science.1257259
PMID:25504719
[本文引用: 2]
Pollinators are fundamental to maintaining both biodiversity and agricultural productivity, but habitat destruction, loss of flower resources, and increased use of pesticides are causing declines in their abundance and diversity. Using historical records, we assessed the rate of extinction of bee and flower-visiting wasp species in Britain from the mid-19th century to the present. The most rapid phase of extinction appears to be related to changes in agricultural policy and practice beginning in the 1920s, before the agricultural intensification prompted by the Second World War, often cited as the most important driver of biodiversity loss in Britain. Slowing of the extinction rate from the 1960s onward may be due to prior loss of the most sensitive species and/or effective conservation programs. Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals?
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18644.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Agriculture and climate change are reshaping insect biodiversity worldwide
DOI:10.1038/s41586-022-04644-x URL [本文引用: 3]
Species diversity in temperate and tropical Ichneumonidae
DOI:10.1038/249583a0 URL [本文引用: 1]
Light pollution is a driver of insect declines
DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108259 URL [本文引用: 1]
Wild bee and floral diversity co-vary in response to the direct and indirect impacts of land use
DOI:10.1002/ecs2.2008 URL [本文引用: 1]
A summer carrion study of the baby pig Sus scrofa Linnaeus
DOI:10.2307/1934999 URL [本文引用: 1]
Turnover of plant lineages shapes herbivore phylogenetic beta diversity along ecological gradients
DOI:10.1111/ele.12083
PMID:23448096
[本文引用: 1]
Understanding drivers of biodiversity patterns is of prime importance in this era of severe environmental crisis. More diverse plant communities have been postulated to represent a larger functional trait-space, more likely to sustain a diverse assembly of herbivore species. Here, we expand this hypothesis to integrate environmental, functional and phylogenetic variation of plant communities as factors explaining the diversity of lepidopteran assemblages along elevation gradients in the Swiss Western Alps. According to expectations, we found that the association between butterflies and their host plants is highly phylogenetically structured. Multiple regression analyses showed the combined effect of climate, functional traits and phylogenetic diversity in structuring butterfly communities. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence that plant phylogenetic beta diversity is the major driver explaining butterfly phylogenetic beta diversity. Along ecological gradients, the bottom up control of herbivore diversity is thus driven by phylogenetically structured turnover of plant traits as well as environmental variables.© 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS.
Yuccas, yucca moths, and coevolution: A review
DOI:10.2307/3298524 URL [本文引用: 1]
Towards the global monitoring of biodiversity change
DOI:10.1016/j.tree.2005.10.015 URL [本文引用: 1]
Functional diversity (FD), species richness and community composition
DOI:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00339.x URL [本文引用: 1]
The taming of an impossible child: A standardized all-in approach to the phylogeny of Hymenoptera using public database sequences
Meta-analysis of multidecadal biodiversity trends in Europe
DOI:10.1038/s41467-020-17171-y
PMID:32661354
[本文引用: 1]
Local biodiversity trends over time are likely to be decoupled from global trends, as local processes may compensate or counteract global change. We analyze 161 long-term biological time series (15-91 years) collected across Europe, using a comprehensive dataset comprising ~6,200 marine, freshwater and terrestrial taxa. We test whether (i) local long-term biodiversity trends are consistent among biogeoregions, realms and taxonomic groups, and (ii) changes in biodiversity correlate with regional climate and local conditions. Our results reveal that local trends of abundance, richness and diversity differ among biogeoregions, realms and taxonomic groups, demonstrating that biodiversity changes at local scale are often complex and cannot be easily generalized. However, we find increases in richness and abundance with increasing temperature and naturalness as well as a clear spatial pattern in changes in community composition (i.e. temporal taxonomic turnover) in most biogeoregions of Northern and Eastern Europe.
Who is eating what: Diet assessment using next generation sequencing
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05403.x
PMID:22171763
[本文引用: 1]
The analysis of food webs and their dynamics facilitates understanding of the mechanistic processes behind community ecology and ecosystem functions. Having accurate techniques for determining dietary ranges and components is critical for this endeavour. While visual analyses and early molecular approaches are highly labour intensive and often lack resolution, recent DNA-based approaches potentially provide more accurate methods for dietary studies. A suite of approaches have been used based on the identification of consumed species by characterization of DNA present in gut or faecal samples. In one approach, a standardized DNA region (DNA barcode) is PCR amplified, amplicons are sequenced and then compared to a reference database for identification. Initially, this involved sequencing clones from PCR products, and studies were limited in scale because of the costs and effort required. The recent development of next generation sequencing (NGS) has made this approach much more powerful, by allowing the direct characterization of dozens of samples with several thousand sequences per PCR product, and has the potential to reveal many consumed species simultaneously (DNA metabarcoding). Continual improvement of NGS technologies, on-going decreases in costs and current massive expansion of reference databases make this approach promising. Here we review the power and pitfalls of NGS diet methods. We present the critical factors to take into account when choosing or designing a suitable barcode. Then, we consider both technical and analytical aspects of NGS diet studies. Finally, we discuss the validation of data accuracy including the viability of producing quantitative data.© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Gall-forming and free-feeding herbivory along vertical gradients in a lowland tropical rainforest: The importance of leaf sclerophylly
DOI:10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05083.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Automated remote insect surveillance at a global scale and the internet of things
DOI:10.3390/robotics6030019 URL [本文引用: 2]
Global pollinator declines: Trends, impacts and drivers
DOI:10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007
PMID:20188434
[本文引用: 1]
Pollinators are a key component of global biodiversity, providing vital ecosystem services to crops and wild plants. There is clear evidence of recent declines in both wild and domesticated pollinators, and parallel declines in the plants that rely upon them. Here we describe the nature and extent of reported declines, and review the potential drivers of pollinator loss, including habitat loss and fragmentation, agrochemicals, pathogens, alien species, climate change and the interactions between them. Pollinator declines can result in loss of pollination services which have important negative ecological and economic impacts that could significantly affect the maintenance of wild plant diversity, wider ecosystem stability, crop production, food security and human welfare.Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Widespread losses of pollinating insects in Britain
DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-07882-8 URL [本文引用: 1]
Ant diversity as a direct and indirect driver of pselaphine rove beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) functional diversity in tropical rainforests, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
DOI:10.1002/jmor.20828
PMID:29676002
[本文引用: 1]
Pselaphinae is a species-rich beetle subfamily found globally, with many exhibiting myrmecophily-a symbiotic association with ants. Pselaphine-ant associations vary from facultative to obligate, but direct behavioral observations still remain scarce. Pselaphines are speciose and ecologically abundant within tropical leaf litter invertebrate communities where ants dominate, implying a potentially important ecological role that may be affected by habitat disturbances that impact ants. In this study, we measured and analyzed putative functional traits of leaf litter pselaphines associated with myrmecophily through morphometric analysis. We calculated "myrmecophile functional diversity" of pselaphines at different sites and examined this measure's relationship with ant abundance, in both old growth and logged rainforest sites in Sabah, Borneo. We show that myrmecophile functional diversity of pselaphine beetles increases as ant abundance increases. Old growth rainforest sites support a high abundance of ants, which is associated with a high abundance of probable myrmecophilous pselaphines. These results suggest a potential link between adult morphological characters and the functional role these beetles play in rainforest litter as ecological interaction partners with ants.© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Forest insects and climate change
DOI:10.1007/s40725-018-0075-6 URL [本文引用: 1]
Ecologo-faunistic review of lamellicorn beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) of urbocenosis of Kharkov City (Ukraine)
We know too little about parasitoid wasp distributions to draw any conclusions about latitudinal trends in species richness, body size and biology
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0032101 URL [本文引用: 2]
Breaking down complex saproxylic communities: Understanding sub- networks structure and implications to network robustness
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0045062 URL [本文引用: 2]
Soil moisture shapes diversity and network structure of insect communities associated with Cylindropuntia imbricata (Cactaceae)
DOI:10.1007/s11829-021-09866-w URL [本文引用: 3]
Optimizing field margins for biocontrol services: The relative role of aphid abundance, annual floral resources, and overwinter habitat in enhancing aphid natural enemies
DOI:10.1016/j.agee.2014.08.024 URL [本文引用: 1]
Measuring evolutionary isolation for conservation
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0113490 URL [本文引用: 1]
A large-scale, higher-level, molecular phylogenetic study of the insect order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies)
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0058568 URL [本文引用: 1]
Phytochemical diversity drives plant-insect community diversity
Biological Control by Augmentation of Natural Enemies: Insect and Mite Control with Parasites and Predators
A revolution in morphometrics
DOI:10.1016/0169-5347(93)90024-J URL [本文引用: 1]
Deep Learning for automated detection of Drosophila suzukii: Potential for UAV-based monitoring
DOI:10.1002/ps.5845 URL [本文引用: 1]
Organization of a plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: The fauna of Collards (Brassica Oleracea)
DOI:10.2307/1942161 URL [本文引用: 1]
Positive and negative impacts of non-native bee species around the world
DOI:10.3390/insects7040069 URL [本文引用: 1]
High local species richness of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Pimplinae and Rhyssinae) from the lowland rainforests of Peruvian Amazonia
DOI:10.1111/j.0307-6946.2004.00656.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers
DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020 URL [本文引用: 3]
Climate change alters temperate forest canopies and indirectly reshapes arthropod communities
Local more than landscape parameters structure natural enemy communities during their overwintering in semi-natural habitats
DOI:10.1016/j.agee.2014.04.018 URL [本文引用: 1]
Effects of carrion decomposition on litter arthropod assemblages
DOI:10.1111/een.12910 URL [本文引用: 2]
Microhabitats in the tropics buffer temperature in a globally coherent manner
DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0819 URL [本文引用: 1]
Increasing arboreality with altitude:A novel biogeographic dimension
Predator and prey functional traits: Understanding the adaptive machinery driving predator- prey interactions
DOI:10.12688/f1000research.11813.1
PMID:29043073
[本文引用: 1]
Predator-prey relationships are a central component of community dynamics. Classic approaches have tried to understand and predict these relationships in terms of consumptive interactions between predator and prey species, but characterizing the interaction this way is insufficient to predict the complexity and context dependency inherent in predator-prey relationships. Recent approaches have begun to explore predator-prey relationships in terms of an evolutionary-ecological game in which predator and prey adapt to each other through reciprocal interactions involving context-dependent expression of functional traits that influence their biomechanics. Functional traits are defined as any morphological, behavioral, or physiological trait of an organism associated with a biotic interaction. Such traits include predator and prey body size, predator and prey personality, predator hunting mode, prey mobility, prey anti-predator behavior, and prey physiological stress. Here, I discuss recent advances in this functional trait approach. Evidence shows that the nature and strength of many interactions are dependent upon the relative magnitude of predator and prey functional traits. Moreover, trait responses can be triggered by non-consumptive predator-prey interactions elicited by responses of prey to risk of predation. These interactions in turn can have dynamic feedbacks that can change the context of the predator-prey interaction, causing predator and prey to adapt their traits-through phenotypically plastic or rapid evolutionary responses-and the nature of their interaction. Research shows that examining predator-prey interactions through the lens of an adaptive evolutionary-ecological game offers a foundation to explain variety in the nature and strength of predator-prey interactions observed in different ecological contexts.
Effects of predator hunting mode on grassland ecosystem function
DOI:10.1126/science.1152355
PMID:18276890
[本文引用: 2]
The way predators control their prey populations is determined by the interplay between predator hunting mode and prey antipredator behavior. It is uncertain, however, how the effects of such interplay control ecosystem function. A 3-year experiment in grassland mesocosms revealed that actively hunting spiders reduced plant species diversity and enhanced aboveground net primary production and nitrogen mineralization rate, whereas sit-and-wait ambush spiders had opposite effects. These effects arise from the different responses to the two different predators by their grasshopper prey-the dominant herbivore species that controls plant species composition and accordingly ecosystem functioning. Predator hunting mode is thus a key functional trait that can help to explain variation in the nature of top-down control of ecosystems.
Predator diversity and abundance provide little support for the enemies hypothesis in forests of high tree diversity
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0022905 URL [本文引用: 2]
Early positive effects of tree species richness on herbivory in a large-scale forest biodiversity experiment influence tree growth
Despite the importance of herbivory for the structure and functioning of species-rich forests, little is known about how herbivory is affected by tree species richness, and more specifically by random vs. non-random species loss. We assessed herbivore damage and its effects on tree growth in the early stage of a large-scale forest biodiversity experiment in subtropical China that features random and non-random extinction scenarios of tree mixtures numbering between one and 24 species. In contrast to random species loss, the non-random extinction scenarios were based on the tree species' local rarity and specific leaf area - traits that may strongly influence the way herbivory is affected by plant species richness. Herbivory increased with tree species richness across all scenarios and was unaffected by the different species compositions in the random and non-random extinction scenarios. Whereas tree growth rates were positively related to herbivory on plots with smaller trees, growth rates significantly declined with increasing herbivory on plots with larger trees. Our results suggest that the effects of herbivory on growth rates increase from monocultures to the most species-rich plant communities and that negative effects with increasing tree species richness become more pronounced with time as trees grow larger.. Our results indicate that key trophic interactions can be quick to become established in forest plantations (i.e. already 2.5 years after tree planting). Stronger herbivory effects on tree growth with increasing tree species richness suggest a potentially important role of herbivory in regulating ecosystem functions and the structural development of species-rich forests from the very start of secondary forest succession. The lack of significant differences between the extinction scenarios, however, contrasts with findings from natural forests of higher successional age, where rarity had negative effects on herbivory. This indicates that the effects of non-random species loss could change with forest succession.
Multiple plant diversity components drive consumer communities across ecosystems
DOI:10.1038/s41467-019-09448-8
PMID:30926809
[本文引用: 2]
Humans modify ecosystems and biodiversity worldwide, with negative consequences for ecosystem functioning. Promoting plant diversity is increasingly suggested as a mitigation strategy. However, our mechanistic understanding of how plant diversity affects the diversity of heterotrophic consumer communities remains limited. Here, we disentangle the relative importance of key components of plant diversity as drivers of herbivore, predator, and parasitoid species richness in experimental forests and grasslands. We find that plant species richness effects on consumer species richness are consistently positive and mediated by elevated structural and functional diversity of the plant communities. The importance of these diversity components differs across trophic levels and ecosystems, cautioning against ignoring the fundamental ecological complexity of biodiversity effects. Importantly, plant diversity effects on higher trophic-level species richness are in many cases mediated by modifications of consumer abundances. In light of recently reported drastic declines in insect abundances, our study identifies important pathways connecting plant diversity and consumer diversity across ecosystems.
Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers
DOI:10.1038/s41586-019-1684-3 URL [本文引用: 2]
Side-effects of pesticides on non-target insects in agriculture: A mini-review
DOI:10.1007/s00114-021-01773-7 URL [本文引用: 1]
Species richness of the Campopleginae and Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) along a latitudinal gradient in eastern North American old-growth forests
DOI:10.1603/0046-225X-29.3.460 URL [本文引用: 1]
Canopy vs. understory: Does tree diversity affect bee and wasp communities and their natural enemies across forest strata?
DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.04.026 URL [本文引用: 2]
How pervasive is biotic homogenization in human-modified tropical forest landscapes?
DOI:10.1111/ele.12494
PMID:26299405
[本文引用: 1]
Land-cover change and ecosystem degradation may lead to biotic homogenization, yet our understanding of this phenomenon over large spatial scales and different biotic groups remains weak. We used a multi-taxa dataset from 335 sites and 36 heterogeneous landscapes in the Brazilian Amazon to examine the potential for landscape-scale processes to modulate the cumulative effects of local disturbances. Biotic homogenization was high in production areas but much less in disturbed and regenerating forests, where high levels of among-site and among-landscape β-diversity appeared to attenuate species loss at larger scales. We found consistently high levels of β-diversity among landscapes for all land cover classes, providing support for landscape-scale divergence in species composition. Our findings support concerns that β-diversity has been underestimated as a driver of biodiversity change and underscore the importance of maintaining a distributed network of reserves, including remaining areas of undisturbed primary forest, but also disturbed and regenerating forests, to conserve regional biota. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS.
Tree species richness and density affect parasitoid diversity in cacao agroforestry
DOI:10.1016/j.baae.2004.04.001 URL [本文引用: 1]
Tree phylogenetic diversity promotes host-parasitoid interactions
Tree diversity promotes predator but not omnivore ants in a subtropical Chinese forest
DOI:10.1111/een.12143 URL [本文引用: 1]
Tree diversity alters the structure of a tri-trophic network in a biodiversity experiment
DOI:10.1111/oik.01723 URL [本文引用: 1]
The influence of tree diversity on natural enemies—A review of the “enemies” hypothesis in forests
DOI:10.1007/s40725-020-00123-6 URL [本文引用: 1]
Predator personality structures prey communities and trophic cascades
DOI:10.1111/ele.12735
PMID:28120366
[本文引用: 1]
Intraspecific variation is central to our understanding of evolution and population ecology, yet its consequences for community ecology are poorly understood. Animal personality - consistent individual differences in suites of behaviours - may be particularly important for trophic dynamics, where predator personality can determine activity rates and patterns of attack. We used mesocosms with aquatic food webs in which the top predator (dragonfly nymphs) varied in activity and subsequent attack rates on zooplankton, and tested the effects of predator personality. We found support for four hypotheses: (1) active predators disproportionately reduce the abundance of prey, (2) active predators select for predator-resistant prey species, (3) active predators strengthen trophic cascades (increase phytoplankton abundance) and (4) active predators are more likely to cannibalise one another, weakening all other trends when at high densities. These results suggest that intraspecific variation in predator personality is an important determinant of prey abundance, community composition and trophic cascades.© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS.
Extraordinary diversification of the “bristle flies” (Diptera: Tachinidae) and its underlying causes
DOI:10.1093/biolinnean/blab010 URL [本文引用: 1]
How many species of insects and other terrestrial arthropods are there on earth?
DOI:10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348
PMID:28938083
[本文引用: 1]
In the last decade, new methods of estimating global species richness have been developed and existing ones improved through the use of more appropriate statistical tools and new data. Taking the mean of most of these new estimates indicates that globally there are approximately 1.5 million, 5.5 million, and 7 million species of beetles, insects, and terrestrial arthropods, respectively. Previous estimates of 30 million species or more based on the host specificity of insects to plants now seem extremely unlikely. With 1 million insect species named, this suggests that 80% remain to be discovered and that a greater focus should be placed on less-studied taxa such as many families of Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera and on poorly sampled parts of the world. DNA tools have revealed many new species in taxonomically intractable groups, but unbiased studies of previously well-researched insect faunas indicate that 1-2% of species may be truly cryptic.
Beetle assemblages from an Australian tropical rainforest show that the canopy and the ground strata contribute equally to biodiversity
Can biodiversity hotspots protect more than tropical forest plants and vertebrates?
DOI:10.1111/jbi.12223 URL [本文引用: 2]
Urban brownfields as temporary habitats: Driving forces for the diversity of phytophagous insects
Automatic in-trap pest detection using Deep Learning for pheromone-based Dendroctonus valens monitoring
DOI:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2018.10.012 URL [本文引用: 1]
The relative importance of host-plant genetic diversity in structuring the associated herbivore community
Recent studies suggest that intraspecific genetic diversity in one species may leave a substantial imprint on the surrounding community and ecosystem. Here, we test the hypothesis that genetic diversity within host-plant patches translates into consistent and ecologically important changes in the associated herbivore community. More specifically, we use potted, grafted oak saplings to construct 41 patches of four saplings each, with one, two, or four tree genotypes represented among the host plants. These patches were divided among two common gardens. Focusing first at the level of individual trees, we assess how tree-specific genotypic identity, patch-level genetic diversity, garden-level environmental variation, and their interactions affect the structure of the herbivore community. At the level of host-plant patches, we analyze whether the joint responses of herbivore species to environmental variation and genetic diversity result in differences in species diversity among tree quartets. Strikingly, both species-specific abundances and species diversity varied substantially among host-tree genotypes, among common gardens, and among specific locations within individual gardens. In contrast, the genetic diversity of the patch left a detectable imprint on local abundances of only two herbivore taxa. In both cases, the effect of genetic diversity was inconsistent among gardens and among host-plant genotypes. While the insect community differed significantly among individual host-plant genotypes, there were no interactive effects of the number of different genotypes within the patch. Overall, additive effects of intraspecific genetic diversity of the host plant explained a similar or lower proportion (7-10%) of variation in herbivore species diversity than did variation among common gardens. Combined with the few previous studies published to date, our study suggests that the impact of host-plant genetic diversity on the herbivore community can range from none to nonadditive, is generally low, and reaches its most pronounced impact at small spatial scales. Overall, our findings strengthen the emerging view that the impacts of genetic diversity are system, scale, and context dependent. As the next step in community genetics, we should then start asking not only whether genetic diversity matters, but under what circumstances its imprint is accentuated.
A comparative study on the collection effectiveness of beetles by three passive acquisition methods in Shing Mun (Hong Kong)
DOI:10.17520/biods.2021050
[本文引用: 1]
<p id="p00010"><strong>Aims:</strong> The standardization of acquisition methods to collect insect specimens is a major component of insect diversity research. In light of the high species diversity, complex behavior, and wide distribution of insects, numerous active and passive acquisition methods have been developed to achieve different research goals. However, the use of active search acquisition methods is constrained by the presence of many interfering factors and poor reproducibility. Passive acquisition methods, such as flight interception trap (FIT), Malaise trap (MT) and pitfall trap (PT), have been widely adopted in different scenarios and have gradually become the most common methods for conducting insect diversity research due to their unique advantages. Despite their popularity, however, there is a lack of systematic research on the features and collecting effectiveness of these passive acquisition methods. <br><strong> Methods:</strong> In this study, 13 sampling points in Shing Mun from Hong Kong, China were monitored in a one-month field survey (sampling frequency of about 2-3 days) using the three passive acquisition methods above (156 sets of equipment in total). These surveys were evaluated to determine each method's effectiveness for the beetle collection. <br><strong> Results:</strong> A total of 6,380 beetle specimens of 197 species from 40 families were collected. The results of the study showed that: (1) There is a difference in the effectiveness of beetle collection by each acquisition method. Overall, FIT (36 families, 149 species) was more effective than MT (24 families, 79 species) and PT (17 families, 60 species). Ten families were collected by all the three methods. (2) The analysis of biodiversity indices and species-abundance distribution indicate the following: The richness index was the highest for FIT, followed by MT and PT. The dominance index was the highest for FIT, followed by PT and MT. The diversity index was the highest for MT, followed by FIT and PT. The evenness index was the highest for MT, followed by PT and FIT. The number of species with at least one individual collected by the three acquisition methods was very high. The species with more than one individual collected were widely distributed in time and space. There were fewer species from dominant families, though the total of individuals from these species accounted for a high proportion of all the collected beetles. (3) In terms of feeding habits, both FIT and PT enabled the collection of beetles from six dietary types. Among these, the algae-feeding family Ptiliidae was only collected by these two methods. (4) The plotted species accumulation curve demonstrated increased species discovery in a step-wise manner with gradually deceleration, which reflects the effectiveness of the three methods. <br><strong> Conclusions:</strong> Each of the three acquisition methods have unique characteristics, but the comprehensive collection efficiency of FIT was markedly higher than MT and PT. Compared with PT, one of the most used acquisition methods, FIT and MT could enhance the coverage of species-richness, feeding habit, and body size of the beetles collected. This combination of collection methods would be conducive to better understand baseline beetle diversity and to conduct in-depth studies on the ecological functions and interactions of different groups. Furthermore, the beetles collected by each of the three methods were different to some extent, and thus a study's acquisition method should be selected according to the research goal and scientific problem to be addressed.</p>
三种被动式采集方法对甲虫收集效果的比较研究: 以香港城门样地为例
DOI:10.17520/biods.2021050
[本文引用: 1]
标本标准化采集是昆虫多样性研究的根本。昆虫种类繁多、习性复杂、分布广泛, 基于不同的研究目标, 昆虫学家会选用不同的采集方法。由于主动式采集方法存在较多干扰因素和重现性差等问题, 以飞行阻隔器(flight interception trap, FIT)、马氏网(Malaise trap, MT)和罐诱(pitfall trap, PT)为代表的被动式采集方法被广泛应用, 并在昆虫多样性研究中展现独特的优势。然而关于这些被动式采集方法的收集特点和采集效果等还缺乏系统性研究。本研究选取香港城门13个样点, 利用上述3种被动式采集方法共156个采集装备开展为期24天的鞘翅目昆虫采集工作, 并通过多样性指数分析、多度分析、体型与食性相关分析、相似性分析以及物种累积曲线分析评估了不同采集方法对甲虫的收集效果。本研究共采集甲虫6,380头, 涉及40科197种, 分析结果显示: (1)采用不同采集方法获得的物种数量和组成存在差异。从科级和种级的数量来看, FIT (36科, 149种) > MT (24科, 79种) > PT (17科, 60种); 在物种组成方面, FIT与PT之间、MT与PT之间区别较大, FIT与MT对应的物种相似度稍高于前两组。(2)多样性指数和物种多度分布分析显示: 丰富度指数为FIT > MT > PT, 优势度指数为FIT > PT > MT, 多样性指数为MT > FIT > PT, 均匀度指数为MT > PT > FIT。3种方法采集到的甲虫个体数为1头的种较多, 个体数超过1头的种在时间和空间方面的分布较广, 优势科的种类较少, 但其个体数占总个体数的比例较高。(3) FIT和PT均采集到了6类食性的甲虫, 其中藻食性的缨甲科甲虫仅见于FIT和PT采集方法。(4)物种累积曲线的结果表明3种采集方法效果均较好。3种采集方法各有特点, 但FIT采集的综合效果最优。FIT和MT两种方法的结合提升了采集甲虫的种类、食性和体型等方面的覆盖度, 更利于对甲虫多样性及类群与生态环境功能互作的研究。3种方法所收集到的甲虫存在一定差异, 因此可以针对不同研究目的选取适宜的采集方式。
Warming magnifies predation and reduces prey coexistence in a model litter arthropod system
Flowering plants under global pollinator decline
DOI:10.1016/j.tplants.2013.04.002
PMID:23688727
[本文引用: 1]
There is now compelling evidence of a reduction of pollinator richness and density at a global scale. In this opinion article, we argue that such pollinator decline intensifies pollen limitation and reduces plant reproductive success, threatening natural populations of extinction. We use genetic architecture and selection experiments on floral traits and evaluate the potential for plant reproductive strategies to adapt rapidly to new pollination environments. We propose that plant reproductive strategies could adapt to the current pollinator decline by decreasing or increasing their reliance to pollinators, for example, increasing autonomous selfing or reinforcing interactions with pollinators. We further discuss if and how adaptation of plant reproductive strategies can buffer the demographic consequences of pollinator decline, and possibly rescue plant populations from extinction. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Herbivory patterns in mature sugar maple: Variation with vertical canopy strata and tree ontogeny
Resolving Darwin’s naturalization conundrum: A quest for evidence
DOI:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00645.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Ants as indicators of environmental change and ecosystem processes
DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.01.029 URL [本文引用: 1]
Extending understanding of latitudinal patterns in parasitoid wasp diversity
DOI:10.1111/icad.12144 URL [本文引用: 1]
High cover of forest increases the abundance of most grassland butterflies in boreal farmland
DOI:10.1111/icad.12226 URL [本文引用: 1]
DNA metabarcoding of spiders, insects, and springtails for exploring potential linkage between above- and below-ground food webs
DOI:10.1186/s40851-018-0088-9
PMID:29468086
[本文引用: 1]
Background: Understanding feedback between above-and below-ground processes of biological communities is a key to the effective management of natural and agricultural ecosystems. However, as above-and below-ground food webs are often studied separately, our knowledge of material flow and community dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems remains limited.Results: We developed a high-throughput sequencing method for examining how spiders link above-and below-ground food webs as generalist predators. To overcome problems related to DNA-barcoding-based analyses of arthropod-arthropod interactions, we designed spider-specific blocking primers and Hexapoda-specific primers for the selective PCR amplification of Hexapoda prey sequences from spider samples. By applying the new DNA metabarcoding framework to spider samples collected in a temperate secondary forest in Japan, we explored the structure of a food web involving 15 spider species and various taxonomic groups of Hexapoda prey. These results support the hypothesis that multiple spider species in a community can prey on both above-and below-ground prey species, potentially coupling above-and below-ground food-web dynamics.Conclusions: The PCR primers and metabarcoding pipeline described in this study are expected to accelerate nuclear marker-based analyses of food webs, illuminating poorly understood trophic interactions in ecosystems.
Geometric morphometrics evaluation and adaptive evolution study of scarabaeine metendosternites
蜣螂后胸叉骨的几何形态学分析及其适应进化研究
Application of Quantitative Analysis of Continuous Traits in Beetles’ Classification and Evolution
连续性特征的定量分析在鞘翅目分类和进化的应用
The relationship between genus/species richness and morphological diversity among subfamilies of jewel beetles
DOI:10.3390/insects12010024 URL
Newer characters, same story: Neonicotinoid insecticides disrupt food webs through direct and indirect effects
DOI:10.1016/j.cois.2021.02.013
PMID:33667691
[本文引用: 1]
During the Green Revolution, older classes of insecticides contributed to biodiversity loss by decreasing insect populations and bioaccumulating across food webs. Introduction of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) improved stewardship of insecticides and promised fewer non-target effects. IPM adoption has waned in recent decades, and popularity of newer classes of insecticides, like the neonicotinoids, has surged, posing new and unique threats to insect populations. In this review, we first address how older classes of insecticides can affect trophic interactions, and then consider the influence of neonicotinoids on food webs and the role they may be playing in insect declines. We conclude by discussing challenges posed by current use patterns of neonicotinoids and how their risk can be addressed.Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Beyond organic farming-harnessing biodiversity- friendly landscapes
DOI:10.1016/j.tree.2021.06.010 URL [本文引用: 1]
Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity-ecosystem service management
DOI:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00782.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes—Eight hypotheses
DOI:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00216.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Tailored flower strips promote natural enemy biodiversity and pest control in potato crops
DOI:10.1111/1365-2664.12653 URL [本文引用: 1]
Land-use intensity and the effects of organic farming on biodiversity: A hierarchical meta- analysis
DOI:10.1111/1365-2664.12219 URL [本文引用: 1]
On the vertical distribution of bees in a temperate deciduous forest
Birds defend trees from herbivores in a Neotropical forest canopy
Insect decline, an emerging global environmental risk
DOI:10.1016/j.cosust.2020.08.012 URL [本文引用: 1]
Declines in common, widespread butterflies in a landscape under intense human use
Meta-analysis reveals declines in terrestrial but increases in freshwater insect abundances
DOI:10.1126/science.aax9931
PMID:32327596
[本文引用: 2]
Recent case studies showing substantial declines of insect abundances have raised alarm, but how widespread such patterns are remains unclear. We compiled data from 166 long-term surveys of insect assemblages across 1676 sites to investigate trends in insect abundances over time. Overall, we found considerable variation in trends even among adjacent sites but an average decline of terrestrial insect abundance by ~9% per decade and an increase of freshwater insect abundance by ~11% per decade. Both patterns were largely driven by strong trends in North America and some European regions. We found some associations with potential drivers (e.g., land-use drivers), and trends in protected areas tended to be weaker. Our findings provide a more nuanced view of spatiotemporal patterns of insect abundance trends than previously suggested.Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
Effects of climate change on grassland biodiversity and productivity: The need for a diversity of models
DOI:10.3390/agronomy8020014 URL [本文引用: 1]
European Red List of Butterflies
The cropping systems mosaic: How does the hidden heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes drive arthropod populations?
DOI:10.1016/j.agee.2012.08.013 URL [本文引用: 1]
A mechanistic approach for modeling temperature-dependent consumer-resource dynamics
Paramount to our ability to manage and protect biological communities from impending changes in the environment is an understanding of how communities will respond. General mathematical models of community dynamics are often too simplistic to accurately describe this response, partly to retain mathematical tractability and partly for the lack of biologically pleasing functions representing the model/environment interface. We address these problems of tractability and plausibility in community/environment models by incorporating the Boltzmann factor (temperature dependence) in a bioenergetic consumer-resource framework. Our analysis leads to three predictions for the response of consumer-resource systems to increasing mean temperature (warming). First, mathematical extinctions do not occur with warming; however, stable systems may transition into an unstable (cycling) state. Second, there is a decrease in the biomass density of resources with warming. The biomass density of consumers may increase or decrease depending on their proximity to the feasibility (extinction) boundary. Third, consumer biomass density is more sensitive to warming than resource biomass density (with some exceptions). These predictions are in line with many current observations and experiments. The model presented and analyzed here provides an advancement in the testing framework for global change scenarios and hypotheses of latitudinal and elevational species distributions.
Uniting pattern and process in plant-animal mutualistic networks: A review
DOI:10.1093/aob/mcp057
PMID:19304996
[本文引用: 1]
Ecologists and evolutionary biologists are becoming increasingly interested in networks as a framework to study plant-animal mutualisms within their ecological context. Although such focus on networks has brought about important insights into the structure of these interactions, relatively little is still known about the mechanisms behind these patterns.The aim in this paper is to offer an overview of the mechanisms influencing the structure of plant-animal mutualistic networks. A brief summary is presented of the salient network patterns, the potential mechanisms are discussed and the studies that have evaluated them are reviewed. This review shows that researchers of plant-animal mutualisms have made substantial progress in the understanding of the processes behind the patterns observed in mutualistic networks. At the same time, we are still far from a thorough, integrative mechanistic understanding. We close with specific suggestions for directions of future research, which include developing methods to evaluate the relative importance of mechanisms influencing network patterns and focusing research efforts on selected representative study systems throughout the world.
Unprecedented ichneumonid parasitoid wasp diversity in tropical forests
Grazing promotes dung beetle diversity in the xeric landscape of a Mexican Biosphere Reserve
DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.08.015 URL [本文引用: 1]
Discrimination of Eubazus (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) sibling species using geometric morphometrics analysis of wing venation
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00389.x URL [本文引用: 1]
Trophic levels are differentially sensitive to climate
DOI:10.1890/02-0266 URL [本文引用: 1]
Quantitative assessment of plant- arthropod interactions in forest canopies: A plot-based approach
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0222119 URL [本文引用: 1]
Changes in diversity of soil macrofauna in industrial pollution gradient
DOI:10.15298/rusentj.21.2.15 URL [本文引用: 1]
Insect decline in the Anthropocene: Death by a thousand cuts
Alpine grassland plants grow earlier and faster but biomass remains unchanged over 35 years of climate change
DOI:10.1111/ele.13474
PMID:32052555
[本文引用: 1]
Satellite data indicate significant advancement in alpine spring phenology over decades of climate warming, but corresponding field evidence is scarce. It is also unknown whether this advancement results from an earlier shift of phenological events, or enhancement of plant growth under unchanged phenological pattern. By analyzing a 35-year dataset of seasonal biomass dynamics of a Tibetan alpine grassland, we show that climate change promoted both earlier phenology and faster growth, without changing annual biomass production. Biomass production increased in spring due to a warming-induced earlier onset of plant growth, but decreased in autumn due mainly to increased water stress. Plants grew faster but the fast-growing period shortened during the mid-growing season. These findings provide the first in situ evidence of long-term changes in growth patterns in alpine grassland plant communities, and suggest that earlier phenology and faster growth will jointly contribute to plant growth in a warming climate.© 2020 The Authors. Ecology Letters published by CNRS and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Diversifying livestock promotes multidiversity and multifunctionality in managed grasslands
Host functional and phylogenetic composition rather than host diversity structure plant-herbivore networks
DOI:10.1111/mec.15518 URL [本文引用: 4]
Multiple components of plant diversity loss determine herbivore phylogenetic diversity in a subtropical forest experiment
DOI:10.1111/1365-2745.13273 URL [本文引用: 4]
Phylogenetic relatedness, functional traits, and spatial scale determine herbivore co-occurrence in a subtropical forest
Feeding habits of Scarabaedidea
金龟甲总科昆虫食性的调查研究
Pollinators contribute to the maintenance of flowering plant diversity
DOI:10.1038/s41586-021-03890-9 URL [本文引用: 1]
DNA barcode reference libraries for the monitoring of aquatic biota in Europe: Gap-analysis and recommendations for future work
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.247
[本文引用: 1]
Effective identification of species using short DNA fragments (DNA barcoding and DNA metabarcoding) requires reliable sequence reference libraries of known taxa. Both taxonomically comprehensive coverage and content quality are important for sufficient accuracy. For aquatic ecosystems in Europe, reliable barcode reference libraries are particularly important if molecular identification tools are to be implemented in biomonitoring and reports in the context of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). We analysed gaps in the two most important reference databases, Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) and NCBI GenBank, with a focus on the taxa most frequently used in WFD and MSFD. Our analyses show that coverage varies strongly among taxonomic groups, and among geographic regions. In general, groups that were actively targeted in barcode projects (e.g. fish, true bugs, caddisflies and vascular plants) are well represented in the barcode libraries, while others have fewer records (e.g. marine molluscs, ascidians, and freshwater diatoms). We also found that species monitored in several countries often are represented by barcodes in reference libraries, while species monitored in a single country frequently lack sequence records. A large proportion of species (up to 50%) in several taxonomic groups are only represented by private data in BOLD. Our results have implications for the future strategy to fill existing gaps in barcode libraries, especially if DNA metabarcoding is to be used in the monitoring of European aquatic biota under the WFD and MSFD. For example, missing species relevant to monitoring in multiple countries should be prioritized for future collaborative programs. We also discuss why a strategy for quality control and quality assurance of barcode reference libraries is needed and recommend future steps to ensure full utilisation of metabarcoding in aquatic biomonitoring. (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
Rote Liste Tagfalter und Widderchen
Ecological divergence of burying beetles into the forest canopy
DOI:10.7717/peerj.5829 URL [本文引用: 1]
Neonicotinoid pesticide reduces bumble bee colony growth and queen production
DOI:10.1126/science.1215025
PMID:22461500
[本文引用: 1]
Growing evidence for declines in bee populations has caused great concern because of the valuable ecosystem services they provide. Neonicotinoid insecticides have been implicated in these declines because they occur at trace levels in the nectar and pollen of crop plants. We exposed colonies of the bumble bee Bombus terrestris in the laboratory to field-realistic levels of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid, then allowed them to develop naturally under field conditions. Treated colonies had a significantly reduced growth rate and suffered an 85% reduction in production of new queens compared with control colonies. Given the scale of use of neonicotinoids, we suggest that they may be having a considerable negative impact on wild bumble bee populations across the developed world.
Herbivory increases diversification across insect clades
DOI:10.1038/ncomms9370
PMID:26399434
[本文引用: 1]
Wiens, John J.; Lapoint, Richard T.; Whiteman, Noah K. Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
Native pollinators in anthropogenic habitats
DOI:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145042 URL [本文引用: 1]
Organic and conservation agriculture promote ecosystem multifunctionality
DOI:10.1126/sciadv.abg6995 URL [本文引用: 1]
Trait-based ecology of terrestrial arthropods
DOI:10.1111/brv.12488
PMID:30548743
[本文引用: 1]
In focusing on how organisms' generalizable functional properties (traits) interact mechanistically with environments across spatial scales and levels of biological organization, trait-based approaches provide a powerful framework for attaining synthesis, generality and prediction. Trait-based research has considerably improved understanding of the assembly, structure and functioning of plant communities. Further advances in ecology may be achieved by exploring the trait-environment relationships of non-sessile, heterotrophic organisms such as terrestrial arthropods, which are geographically ubiquitous, ecologically diverse, and often important functional components of ecosystems. Trait-based studies and trait databases have recently been compiled for groups such as ants, bees, beetles, butterflies, spiders and many others; however, the explicit justification, conceptual framework, and primary-evidence base for the burgeoning field of 'terrestrial arthropod trait-based ecology' have not been well established. Consequently, there is some confusion over the scope and relevance of this field, as well as a tendency for studies to overlook important assumptions of the trait-based approach. Here we aim to provide a broad and accessible overview of the trait-based ecology of terrestrial arthropods. We first define and illustrate foundational concepts in trait-based ecology with respect to terrestrial arthropods, and justify the application of trait-based approaches to the study of their ecology. Next, we review studies in community ecology where trait-based approaches have been used to elucidate how assembly processes for terrestrial arthropod communities are influenced by niche filtering along environmental gradients (e.g. climatic, structural, and land-use gradients) and by abiotic and biotic disturbances (e.g. fire, floods, and biological invasions). We also review studies in ecosystem ecology where trait-based approaches have been used to investigate biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships: how the functional diversity of arthropod communities relates to a host of ecosystem functions and services that they mediate, such as decomposition, pollination and predation. We then suggest how future work can address fundamental assumptions and limitations by investigating trait functionality and the effects of intraspecific variation, assessing the potential for sampling methods to bias the traits and trait values observed, and enhancing the quality and consolidation of trait information in databases. A roadmap to guide observational trait-based studies is also presented. Lastly, we highlight new areas where trait-based studies on terrestrial arthropods are well positioned to advance ecological understanding and application. These include examining the roles of competitive, non-competitive and (multi-)trophic interactions in shaping coexistence, and macro-scaling trait-environment relationships to explain and predict patterns in biodiversity and ecosystem functions across space and time. We hope this review will spur and guide future applications of the trait-based framework to advance ecological insights from the most diverse eukaryotic organisms on Earth.© 2018 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.
The cryptic impacts of invasion: Functional homogenization of tropical ant communities by invasive fire ants
DOI:10.1111/oik.06870 URL [本文引用: 1]
Meta-analysis reveals that pollinator functional diversity and abundance enhance crop pollination and yield
DOI:10.1038/s41467-019-09393-6
PMID:30931943
[本文引用: 1]
How insects promote crop pollination remains poorly understood in terms of the contribution of functional trait differences between species. We used meta-analyses to test for correlations between community abundance, species richness and functional trait metrics with oilseed rape yield, a globally important crop. While overall abundance is consistently important in predicting yield, functional divergence between species traits also showed a positive correlation. This result supports the complementarity hypothesis that pollination function is maintained by non-overlapping trait distributions. In artificially constructed communities (mesocosms), species richness is positively correlated with yield, although this effect is not seen under field conditions. As traits of the dominant species do not predict yield above that attributed to the effect of abundance alone, we find no evidence in support of the mass ratio hypothesis. Management practices increasing not just pollinator abundance, but also functional divergence, could benefit oilseed rape agriculture.
Species and succession of necrophagous insect community in spring and summer seasons in Guangzhou
广州市春夏季尸食性昆虫群落种类组成与演替
Morphological variability and taxonomy of Coraebus hastanus Gory & Laporte de Castelnau, 1839 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae: Coraebini: Coraebina)
DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.9 URL [本文引用: 1]
Species diversity and food web structure jointly shape natural biological control in agricultural landscapes
DOI:10.1038/s42003-021-02509-z
PMID:34408250
[本文引用: 1]
Land-use change and agricultural intensification concurrently impact natural enemy (e.g., parasitoid) communities and their associated ecosystem services (ESs), i.e., biological pest control. However, the extent to which (on-farm) parasitoid diversity and food webs mediate landscape-level influences on biological control remains poorly understood. Here, drawing upon a 3-year study of quantitative parasitoid-hyperparasitoid trophic networks from 25 different agro-landscapes, we assess the cascading effects of landscape composition, species diversity and trophic network structure on ecosystem functionality (i.e., parasitism, hyperparasitism). Path analysis further reveals cascaded effects leading to biological control of a resident crop pest, i.e., Aphis gossypii. Functionality is dictated by (hyper)parasitoid diversity, with its effects modulated by food web generality and vulnerability. Non-crop habitat cover directly benefits biological control, whereas secondary crop cover indirectly lowers hyperparasitism. Our work underscores a need to simultaneously account for on-farm biodiversity and trophic interactions when investigating ESs within dynamic agro-landscapes.© 2021. The Author(s).
Non-crop habitats promote the abundance of predatory ladybeetles in maize fields in the agricultural landscape of Northern China
DOI:10.1016/j.agee.2019.03.008 URL [本文引用: 1]
Diversity of butterfly communities in Gaoligong region of Yunnan
DOI:10.17520/biods.2020486
[本文引用: 1]
<p id="C3"><strong>Aims:</strong> Gaoligong is located in northwest Yunnan, a mountainous biodiversity hotspot in Southwest China. In this region, insect diversity has not been systematically investigated or summarized. <br> <strong>Methods:</strong> We focused on investigating butterfly diversity using a 1-km transect method at different altitudes, habitats and seasons in Gaoligong region. <br> <strong>Results:</strong> A total of 2,055 butterflies were recorded, belonging to 5 families, 85 genera, and 151 species. Of these, 27 species were recorded for the first time, increasing the total number of recorded butterfly species in Gaoligong to 488 species. Among the five families, the Nymphalidae had the highest species diversity, followed by Lycaenidae, while Hesperiidae had the lowest. The species diversity of butterflies showed the greatest abundance and highest richness at the 1,000-2,000 m altitude. At low elevations species were concentrated, and there was little overlap of species with those at higher elevations. The species and individuals of butterflies in different habitats were also different, the diversity was higher in the nature reserve, followed by the ecotone, and was lowest in the farm area. Additionally, diversity and abundance varied seasonally, with the lowest abundance observed in spring and the lowest diversity in summer, both diversity and abundance were the highest in autumns of two years, but exhibited intra-seasonal variation. Overall, the community composition of butterflies had distinct characteristics at different altitudes, habitats and seasons, only a few species were shared between communities and the community similarity of butterflies was found to be low. The butterflies were comprehensively evaluated in Gaoligong region, including 17 vulnerable species, 50 near-threatened species, and 3 species that were listed as second class protection animals in China. <br> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study systematically identified the species of butterflies in Gaoligong region, and obtained the diversity pattern of butterfly communities within different altitudes, habitats and seasons. The results will provide the scientific basis for strengthening regional species monitoring and biodiversity conservation.</p>
云南高黎贡山地区蝴蝶群落多样性
DOI:10.17520/biods.2020486
[本文引用: 1]
位于滇西北的高黎贡山是全球生物多样性研究和保护的热点地区之一, 然而该地区昆虫多样性缺乏系统调查和总结。本研究聚焦蝴蝶类群, 考虑该区域高山峡谷特点, 结合海拔梯度、生境类型和季节变化, 采用样线法调查、分析蝴蝶物种多样性及群落结构变化。结果显示: 共观测记录到蝴蝶2,055只, 隶属于5科85属151种, 在历史记录上新增27种, 使该地区已知蝴蝶种类达488种; 其中蛱蝶科物种多样性最高, 灰蝶科次之, 凤蝶科最低。蝴蝶群落多样性分析结果表明: 中海拔1,000-2,000 m区域种类丰富、多样性指数最高; 低海拔区蝴蝶分布明显聚集, 并且与高海拔地区空间上分离, 少有重叠。该地区不同生境中蝴蝶的种类及数量差异也较大, 物种数及多样性指数在自然保护区最高、边缘交错带居中及农业种植区最低。此外, 蝴蝶的种类和数量也存在季节差异, 春季调查到的个体数少, 夏季观察到的物种数少, 两年秋季调查到的物种丰富度、多样性均高, 但存在季节内变化。总之, 高黎贡山地区不同海拔、生境、季节间和季节内蝴蝶群落组成有自身特点, 共存物种有限, 蝴蝶群落相似性低。综合评估分布于该地区的蝴蝶保护种类, 包括易危种17种、近危种50种, 有国家二级保护蝴蝶3种。本研究弄清了高黎贡山地区蝴蝶的物种本底, 并调查获得其多样性随海拔、生境和季节变化的模式, 为加强区域物种多样性监测、保护生物多样性提供了科学依据。
Global impacts of future cropland expansion and intensification on agricultural markets and biodiversity
DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-07882-8 URL [本文引用: 1]
A network approach reveals parasitoid wasps to be generalized nectar foragers
DOI:10.1007/s11829-018-9642-9
[本文引用: 1]
Despite many efforts to sustain parasitoid populations in agroecosystems to help control pests, relatively little is known about parasitoid-flower interactions and how dependent each partner is on the other. There are few comprehensive, species-specific, community-level observations of parasitoid-flower interactions. Observing flower visitation by parasitoid species is challenging because most parasitoids are small and visit flowers infrequently. Further, the extreme diversity of parasitoids poses challenges for identification, and only a few experts can identify parasitoids to species. To explore the potential for a flower-visitor network approach to improve our understanding of parasitoid foraging ecology, we utilized published and publicly available flower-visitor datasets from the Interaction Web Database. Parasitoid species were present in almost half of the flower-visitor datasets in the Interaction Web Database but constituted a very small proportion of all flower visiting species. We analyzed the only parasitoid-flower subnetwork that was both speciose and documented heterogeneity in the number of flowering plant species visited by parasitoids. On average, parasitoids were more generalized in flower visitation than predicted under null expectations, given their prevalence in the network. Further, many individual flower and parasitoid species might be more generalized than they appeared as evidenced by a specialization metric less biased by sampling effects. These plant and parasitoid species might therefore be more useful for conservation biological control efforts than initially expected. Finally, the nested structure of the network indicates the potential for a subset of the flower community to support generalized, and any potential specialized, parasitoid nectar foragers in the field.
Tree diversity promotes generalist herbivore community patterns in a young subtropical forest experiment
DOI:10.1007/s00442-016-3769-0
PMID:27844148
[本文引用: 1]
Stand diversification is considered a promising management approach to increasing the multifunctionality and ecological stability of forests. However, how tree diversity affects higher trophic levels and their role in regulating forest functioning is not well explored particularly for (sub)tropical regions. We analyzed the effects of tree species richness, community composition, and functional diversity on the abundance, species richness, and beta diversity of important functional groups of herbivores and predators in a large-scale forest biodiversity experiment in south-east China. Tree species richness promoted the abundance, but not the species richness, of the dominant, generalist herbivores (especially, adult leaf chewers), probably through diet mixing effects. In contrast, tree richness did not affect the abundance of more specialized herbivores (larval leaf chewers, sap suckers) or predators (web and hunting spiders), and only increased the species richness of larval chewers. Leaf chemical diversity was unrelated to the arthropod data, and leaf morphological diversity only positively affected oligophagous herbivore and hunting spider abundance. However, richness and abundance of all arthropods showed relationships with community-weighted leaf trait means (CWM). The effects of trait diversity and CWMs probably reflect specific nutritional or habitat requirements. This is supported by the strong effects of tree species composition and CWMs on herbivore and spider beta diversity. Although specialized herbivores are generally assumed to determine herbivore effects in species-rich forests, our study suggests that generalist herbivores can be crucial for trophic interactions. Our results indicate that promoting pest control through stand diversification might require a stronger focus on identifying the best-performing tree species mixtures.
Responses of functional diversity of aquatic insect community to land use change in middle reach of Qiantang River, East China
钱塘江中游水生昆虫群落功能多样性对土地利用变化的响应
基于11个反映水生昆虫生活史、对外界抵抗力和生理特征的生物学性状，应用目前国际上通用的fourth-corner统计方法，系统研究了浙江省钱塘江中游流域水生昆虫功能多样性对土地利用变化的响应.结果表明： 部分生物学性状对土地利用变化敏感，且其随人类干扰强度的变化所发生的改变与预期吻合，其最大个体长度逐渐下降，呼吸方式从以鳃呼吸为主转变为以表皮呼吸为主，掘穴者数量显著增加.参照点的功能多样性指数(Rao值)显著高于干扰点(P<0.001).说明人类活动引起的土地利用变化导致溪流水质和栖境质量下降，引起群落的变异和对生物性状组成的筛选，最终导致水生昆虫群落功能多样性改变.生物性状及功能多样性是未来评价生态健康的潜在指标.
The current situation and trends in research on beetle morphology
甲虫形态学研究现状及态势分析
A species diversity dataset of beetles by three passive acquisition methods in Tei Tong Tsai (Hong Kong)
DOI:10.1038/s41597-022-01310-9
PMID:35577803
[本文引用: 1]
We based the dataset in this paper on the beetle collection from the sample site of Tei Tong Tsai (Hong Kong) from 1 May to 28 May 2019, a period of high insect diversity. A total of 16,270 beetles (photographed in 318 images) from 478 species belonging to 39 families were collected. The dataset consists of the following components: The original photo of the whole sample obtained at each site with each collection method, the morphological species identification chart, a statistical table describing the species and numbers of beetles collected on different dates at different sites using three passive acquisition methods, and a statistical table describing the longitude, latitude, and altitude information of each sampling point. We aimed to provide a database for the evaluation of beetle species diversity in Hong Kong and a paradigm for the effectiveness of passive acquisition in the beetle collection through the three representative methods, thus laying a foundation for biodiversity research.© 2022. The Author(s).
Next-generation sequencing analysis of Pardosa pseudoannulata’s diet composition in different habitats
DOI:10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.08.004 URL [本文引用: 1]
The Trichoptera barcode initiative: A strategy for generating a species-level Tree of Life
DOI:10.1098/rstb.2016.0025 URL [本文引用: 1]
A joint call for actions to advance taxonomy in China
Landscape effects on pollinator communities and pollination services in small-holder agroecosystems
DOI:10.1016/j.agee.2017.05.035 URL [本文引用: 1]
The overrated use of the morphological cryptic species concept: An example with Nyctelia darkbeetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) using geometric morphometrics
DOI:10.1016/j.jcz.2015.01.004 URL [本文引用: 1]
