生物多样性, 2011, 19(2): 215-223 doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.09013

研究报告

浙江天童20 ha常绿阔叶林动态监测样地的群落特征

杨庆松1,2, 马遵平1,2, 谢玉彬1,2, 张志国1,2, 王樟华1,2, 刘何铭1,2, 李萍1,2, 张娜1,2, 王达力1,2, 杨海波1,2, 方晓峰1,2, 阎恩荣1,2, 王希华,1,2,*

1 (华东师范大学环境科学系, 上海 200062)

2 (浙江天童森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 浙江宁波 315114)

Community structure and species composition of an evergreen broad- leaved forest in Tiantong’s 20 ha dynamic plot, Zhejiang Province, eastern China

Qingsong Yang1,2, Zunping Ma1,2, Yubin Xie1,2, Zhiguo Zhang1,2, Zhanghua Wang1,2, Heming Liu1,2, Ping Li1,2, Na Zhang1,2, Dali Wang1,2, Haibo Yang1,2, Xiaofeng Fang1,2, Enrong Yan1,2, Xihua Wang,1,2,*

1 Department of Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062

2 Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315114

通讯作者: *E-mail:xhwang@des.ecnu.edu.cn

责任编辑: 闫文杰

收稿日期: 2011-01-17   接受日期: 2011-02-26   网络出版日期: 2011-03-20

Corresponding authors: *E-mail:xhwang@des.ecnu.edu.cn

Received: 2011-01-17   Accepted: 2011-02-26   Online: 2011-03-20

摘要

常绿阔叶林是我国东部低海拔地区的典型植被, 基于大型动态监测样地的群落特征分析是揭示其生物多样性维持机制的基础。作者在天童国家森林公园建立了20 ha的样地, 并完成了第一次群落学特征调查和分析。结果显示, 样地内共有胸径≥1 cm的木本植物152种94,603株, 隶属51科94属。重要值最大的前3个科依次是山茶科、樟科和壳斗科。属水平上热带区系成分占总属数的52.1%, 温带区系成分占42.6%。常绿物种在样地内占绝对优势, 占总重要值的80.3%。重要值最大的3个种依次是细枝柃(Eurya loquaiana)、黄丹木姜子(Litsea elongata)和南酸枣(Choerospondias axiliaris); 稀有种共计55种, 占总物种数的36.2%。木本植物整体径级结构呈逆“J”字型。萌枝分枝情况表明, 常绿物种的萌、分枝能力强于落叶物种。此结果表明天童常绿阔叶林物种组成丰富, 群落成熟稳定, 更新良好, 反映了亚热带东部常绿阔叶林的典型特征。

关键词: 常绿阔叶林 ; 天童 ; 物种组成 ; 径级结构 ; 动态样地

Abstract

Evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBLF) is a typical vegetation type in low elevation regions in eastern China. The permanent plot-based approach to community analysis is fundamentally important for revealing mechanisms of biodiversity maintenance. In this study, community structure and species composition were investigated and analyzed using a 20-ha permanent plot in Tiantong National Forest Park, Zhejiang Province. Our results were as follows: (1) we counted a total of 94,603 individuals, belonging to 152 species, 94 genera and 51 families. The three most dominant families were Theaceae, Lauraceae and Fagaceae. The genera present were dominated by tropical (52.1% in total) and temperate (42.6% in total) floras; (2) species in the evergreen life form were dominant with a community importance value of 80.3%. The three most dominant species were Eurya loquaiana, Litsea elongata and Choerospondias axiliaris. Fifty five species were considered rare; (3) the size distribution of all trees followed a reverse “J” shape; and (4) evergreen species showed a greater resprouting ability than deciduous species. In conclusion, with rich species composition and a mature community structure, the EBLF in Tiantong region is typical of this vegetation type.

Keywords: evergreen broad-leaved forest ; Tiantong ; species composition ; size-class ; dynamic plot

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本文引用格式

杨庆松, 马遵平, 谢玉彬, 张志国, 王樟华, 刘何铭, 李萍, 张娜, 王达力, 杨海波, 方晓峰, 阎恩荣, 王希华. 浙江天童20 ha常绿阔叶林动态监测样地的群落特征. 生物多样性[J], 2011, 19(2): 215-223 doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.09013

Qingsong Yang, Zunping Ma, Yubin Xie, Zhiguo Zhang, Zhanghua Wang, Heming Liu, Ping Li, Na Zhang, Dali Wang, Haibo Yang, Xiaofeng Fang, Enrong Yan, Xihua Wang. Community structure and species composition of an evergreen broad- leaved forest in Tiantong’s 20 ha dynamic plot, Zhejiang Province, eastern China. Biodiversity Science[J], 2011, 19(2): 215-223 doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.09013

CTFS (the Centre for Tropical Forest Science)生物多样性监测网络(http://www.ctfs.si.edu)中的样地监测面积大、监测周期长、建设标准统一, 为解答诸多生态学理论难题提供了有效途径(Condit, 1995), 也为世界范围的生态学综合研究建立了交流平台。依托该网络, 物种多样性维持机制和群落动态等理论取得了重要发展或突破(Condit et al., 2000, 2006; Hubbell, 2001; Wright, 2002)。例如: 开创性地提出了物种共存的中性理论(Neutral theory), 较好地解释了热带森林物种多样性的形成与维持机制(Hubbell, 2001)。中国森林生物多样性监测网络于2004年开始组建, 并根据热带森林动态样地的建设标准, 建立了多个面积在20-25 ha的大型动态监测样地(郝占庆等, 2008; 祝燕等, 2008; 叶万辉等, 2008; 兰国玉等, 2008), 至2010年, 中国森林生物多样性监测网络中监测站点已达11个(http://www. cfbiodiv.org/), 不但很好地弥补了全球范围内热带森林大型样地网络中植被类型的不足, 也在物种分布格局、密度制约理论等方面取得了重要研究进展(Li et al., 2009; Shen et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2010; Bin et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2010)。

天童山位于我国中亚热带最东端的低山丘陵地区, 地带性常绿阔叶林保存良好(宋永昌和王祥荣, 1995)。以往在天童地区的研究较好地揭示了常绿阔叶林的群落结构特征、演替动态以及种群特征等(丁圣彦和宋永昌, 1999; 张光富, 2000; 达良俊等, 2004; 杨同辉等, 2005; 杨永川等, 2006)。由于距海较近, 又长期受东亚季风影响, 海洋性气候特征显著, 台风等自然因素干扰比较频繁, 该地的常绿阔叶林反映了中亚热带东部近海低海拔森林生态系统的典型特征。在这里开展大型群落动态研究, 既可较好地研究台风等自然因素干扰对森林动态的影响, 也可与距离较近的已建成的古田山样地和台湾样地进行植物物种区系和群落结构的比较。天童样地不仅可填补我国大型群落动态网络中低海拔常绿阔叶林生态系统类型的不足, 也对揭示亚热带东部常绿阔叶林群落结构、功能和动态理论, 促进区域退化植被恢复与重建具有重要意义。天童常绿阔叶林20 ha样地(以下简称天童样地)于2010年完成了样地本底调查, 本文依据第1次调查结果, 主要报道区系特征、物种组成、群落结构等总体特征。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区域及样地概况

天童20 ha样地位于浙江省宁波市天童国家森林公园的核心保护区(29°48.696′-29°48.938′ N, 121°46.953′-121°47.278′ E)。样地为长方形, 东西长500 m, 南北宽400 m(图1)。最高海拔602.89 m, 最低海拔304.26 m, 平均海拔447.25 m。样地总体上北高南低, 以东南坡向为主; 样地内包含两条较大的山脊, 南北向纵贯样地, 地形复杂。由于毗邻天童寺, 该地常绿阔叶林一直以来作为风水林保存, 长期未受较大的人为干扰, 群落发育成熟, 结构完整, 地带性物种成分占绝对优势。仅在沟谷等不稳定微地形上, 由于台风导致的滑坡等影响, 间或有林窗分布, 多分布有落叶植物。

图1

图1   天童动态监测样地等高线图(等高线间距为10 m)

Fig. 1   The topographic map of the 20 ha Tiantong dynamic plot (with 10 m contour intervals)


1.2 样地设置及调查方法

用全站仪将整个样地划分成500个20 m × 20 m的样方。以样地西南角为原点, 东西向为横轴(x), 南北向为纵轴(y), 每20 m节点埋设石桩, 石桩上刻有编号, 范围为0000-2520, 编号前两位为横轴坐标, 后两位为纵轴坐标; 两个石桩的中点用PVC管标记。再将每个20 m×20 m样方分隔为16个5 m×5 m的样格, 根据样地环境依“N”字或“Z”字形顺序调查。悬挂铝制标牌进行个体标记。

调查对象为样方内所有胸径(DBH) ≥1 cm 的木本植物, DBH ≥ 5 cm的个体用胸径尺测量其胸径, 1 cm ≤ DBH <5 cm的个体则用数显游标卡尺测量, 测量时随机选择相互垂直的两个方向测量两次, 取平均值。调查内容包括每株植物的种类、胸径、样格内坐标、样方编号、样格编号、植物生长状况等, DBH≥1 cm的萌枝、分枝按照同样方法挂牌测量, 并记录萌枝、分枝的母株编号。详见巴拿马BCI样地建设规范(Condit, 1998)。

1.3 数据分析方法

本文重要值(important value, IV)的计算方法为:重要值= (相对多度+相对胸高断面积)/2, 其中, 相对多度仅计算独立个体的数量, 相对胸高断面积包括萌枝和分枝的断面积。

萌枝率=萌枝数/独立个体数, 分枝率=分枝数/独立个体数。

采用组合样方法(唐志尧等, 2009)绘制种-面积曲线, 分别用对数模型和幂函数模型拟合种-面积曲线。

2 结果

2.1 物种组成和区系成分

2.1.1 种类组成

样地内共有DBH ≥ 1 cm的木本植物152种, 隶属于51科94属。其中, 常绿种73种, 分别占总多度、总胸高断面积和总重要值的91.3%、69.4%和80.3%; 落叶种80种, 分别占总多度、总胸高断面积和总重要值的8.7%、30.6%和19.7%。个体数大于500的常绿种有27种, 落叶种仅为3种, 分别为南酸枣(Choerospondias axiliaris)、雷公鹅耳枥(Carpinus viminea)和拟赤杨(Alniphyllum fortunei)。物种数最多的前10个科中(表1), 热带分布科最多(6科), 温带分布科仅壳斗科1科。樟科、壳斗科和山茶科为物种数最多的优势科, 重要值也位居前三位, 其中山茶科个体数最多, 樟科次之。

表1   天童动态监测样地物种数最多的10个科

Table 1  The top 10 families with the maximum-species number in the 20 ha Tiantong dynamic plot


Family
分布区类型
Areal types
物种数
No. of species
属数
No. of genera
个体数
No. of stems
重要值
IV
樟科 Lauraceae泛热带分布 Pantropic13720,01718.50
壳斗科 Fagaceae北温带分布 North Temperate1137,84918.17
山茶科 Theaceae泛热带分布 Pantropic9536,10825.24
蔷薇科 Rosaceae世界广布 Cosmopolitan941,5881.40
山矾科 Symplocaceae泛热带分布 Pantropic818,1545.84
榆科 Ulmaceae世界广布 Cosmopolitan754180.77
冬青科 Aquifoliaceae热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布
Tropical Asia and Tropical America disjuncted
711,0581.48
茜草科 Rubiaceae世界广布 Cosmopolitan66620.04
马鞭草科 Verbenaceae热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布
Tropical Asia and Tropical America disjuncted
635110.29
大戟科 Euphorbiaceae泛热带分布 Pantropic545050.70

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2.1.2 科、属地理成分分析

参照吴征镒(1991)吴征镒等(2003)对我国科、属地理成分的划分, 天童样地中热带区系和温带区系的科分别占总科数的51.0%和29.4%, 其中, 热带区系科以泛热带区系为主, 占总科数的31.4%; 温带区系科中北温带分布科最多, 共13科, 占总科数的25.5%(表2)。样地内热带区系和温带区系的属分别占总属数的52.1%和42.6%。热带区系属中泛热带分布的属比例最高, 占总属数的22.3%。温带区系属中以北温带分布的属数最多, 占总属数的17.0%。世界广布科有9科, 世界广布属有1属。总体而言, 热带区系科和属均多于温带区系科和属。

表2   天童动态监测样地木本植物地理成分统计

Table 2  The phytogeographical elements of woody plants in the 20 ha Tiantong dynamic plot

分布区类型
Areal types
属数
No. of genera
科数
No. of families
1 世界广布 Cosmopolitan19
2 泛热带分布 Pantropic2116
3 热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布 Tropical Asia and Tropical America disjuncted55
4 旧世界热带分布 Old World Tropic92
5 热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布 Tropical Asia and Tropical Australasia22
6 热带亚洲至热带非洲分布 Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa2-
7 热带亚洲分布 Tropical Asia101
热带合计 Total of Tropic (2-7)4926
8 北温带分布 North Temperate1613
9 东亚至北美洲间断分布 East Asia and North America disjuncted111
10 旧世界温带分布 Old World Temperate2-
11 温带亚洲分布 Temperate Asia--
12 地中海、西亚至中亚分布 Mediterranean, West Asia to Central Asia--
13 中亚分布 Central Asia--
14 东亚分布 East Asia111
温带合计 Total of Temperate (8-14)4015
15 中国特有分布 Endemic to China41
合计 Total9451

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2.1.3 物种重要值

重要值≥1的物种共有26种(表3), 这些物种的个体数和胸高断面积分别占样地总个体数和总胸高断面积的85.8%和84.0%。重要值前3位的物种分别是灌木层的细枝柃(Eurya loquaiana), 亚乔木层的黄丹木姜子(Litsea elongata)和乔木层的南酸枣。南酸枣所有个体的胸高断面积为76.04 m2, 最大, 其次是云山青冈(Cyclobalanopsis nubium, 55.11 m2)和长叶石栎(Lithocarpus henryi, 53.91 m2)。重要值前10位的物种中, 细枝柃、黄丹木姜子、毛花连蕊茶(Camellia fraterna)的个体数最多, 三者合计占样地总个体数的42.4%; 栲树、南酸枣、木荷的平均胸径最大, 分别为22.73 cm、20.84 cm和17.25 cm。这26种植物中共有落叶植物5种, 仅占总个体数的3.3%。

表3   天童动态监测样地重要值≥1的优势物种组成

Table 3  Species composition with important value≥1 in the 20 ha Tiantong dynamic plot

种名
Species
个体数
No. of stems
平均胸径
Mean of DBH (cm)
胸高断面积
Basal area (m2)
萌枝
Sprouts
分枝
Ramifications
重要值
IV
细枝柃 Eurya loquaiana20,4142.6416.462,5525,32412.05
黄丹木姜子 Litsea elongata10,3954.8034.951,2234618.16
南酸枣 Choerospondias axiliaris1,35220.8476.0466726.52
杨梅叶蚊母树 Distylium myricoides6,2986.3140.111,9791,1186.39
长叶石栎 Lithocarpus henryi2,68812.1653.912,1908485.54
云山青冈 Cyclobalanopsis nubium2,48412.3855.114643405.52
毛花连蕊茶 Camellia fraterna9,2792.426.451,5891,1925.40
木荷 Schima superba1,23717.2540.6732533.76
栲树 Castanopsis fargesii75022.7342.811471243.66
红楠 Machilus thunbergii2,8075.7618.814182552.92
浙江新木姜子 Neolitsea aurata var. chekiangensis3,2154.649.055461782.39
杨桐 Cleyera japonica2,3286.5314.493863512.34
薄叶山矾 Symplocos anomala3,3073.084.601,7898032.10
马银花 Rhododendron ovatum2,7374.027.102,0931,4011.99
雷公鹅耳枥 Carpinus viminea87512.1018.9434641.91
米槠 Castanopsis carlesii53116.5518.931751761.73
华东楠 Machilus leptophylla1,1788.5714.25155921.71
枫香 Liquidambar formosana18728.3617.39621.43
四川山矾 Symplocos setchuensis1,6694.835.023345581.27
毛脉槭 Acer pubinerve46913.8112.9213241.23
檫木 Sassafras tzumu26722.2914.31351.23
细叶香桂 Cinnamomum subavenium1,1806.007.63277551.21
小叶青冈 Cyclobalanopsis gracilis1,0677.417.994131251.17
窄基红褐柃 Eurya rubiginosa var. attenuata1,9802.021.087234261.13
披针叶茴香 Illicium lanceolatum1,4304.364.511593741.10
黄牛奶树 Symplocos laurina1,0296.616.361072221.03
合计 Total94,6035.66654.8620,93316,995100.00

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按照Hubbell和Foster(1986)的定义, 稀有种是指平均每公顷个体数少于1的种, 天童样地内共有稀有种55个, 占总物种数的36.2%。稀有种的多度仅占总多度的0.3%, 占总重要值的0.6%。稀有种中落叶种类较多, 共有37种, 占稀有种总数的67.3%。个体数为1的稀有种多为林缘植物, 共有13种, 分别为白檀(Symplocos paniculata)、吴茱萸(Euodia rutaecarpa)、长叶冻绿(Rhamnus crenata)、笔罗子(Meliosma rigida)、狗骨柴(Tricalysia dubia)、栀子(Gardenia jasminoides)、湖北算盘子(Glochidion wilsonii)、柘(Cudrania tricuspidata)、湖北山楂(Crataegus hupehensis)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、棕榈(Trachycarpus fortunei)、褐叶青冈(Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana)和中华石楠(Photinia beauverdiana)。

2.1.4 种-面积曲线

在取样面积较小的初始阶段物种数增加迅速(图2), 当取样面积为3.2 ha时, 包含了天童样地中80%的物种(122种)。分别用对数模型和幂函数模型拟合种-面积曲线发现, 对数方程拟合得更好, 拟合方程为: S = 18.37lnA + 99.014 (R2=0.9907, P<0.001), 其中, S为物种数, A为取样面积。

图2

图2   天童动态监测样地木本植物的种-面积曲线

Fig. 2   Species-area curve for woody plants in the 20 ha Tiantong dynamic plot


2.2 径级格局

样地内共有DBH≥1 cm的独立个体94,603株(包括分枝、萌枝在内达到132,531), 平均胸径5.66 cm, 胸径最大的个体是南酸枣(87.5 cm)。全部个体的径级分布呈现明显的逆“J”字型, 表明群落较为稳定(图3)。胸径5 cm以下的个体占总个体数的70.3%, 表明更新良好。DBH>10 cm的个体有14,080株, DBH>30 cm的个体有1,899株, 后者占总个体数的2.0%。根据群落自然分层, 选择重要值较大的各林层代表物种分析其径级结构, 结果表明: 多数乔木上层优势种径级结构表现为单峰型, 中等径级与小径级个体较多, 但两者之间有明显的断层, 如南酸枣(图4A)的DBH在1-5 cm和20-40 cm的个体数分别占总个体数的30.6%和44.0%, 而DBH在5-20 cm的个体仅占个体总数的15.3%。其他乔木上层代表物种如栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)、木荷(Schima superba)、米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)、毛脉槭(Acer pubinerve)、檫木(Sassafras tzumu)等也表现出与南酸枣类似的径级特征(本文只给出了栲树和木荷的径级分布图(图4B、C)。亚乔木层优势种的径级分布也表现为逆“J”字型, 较小径级个体数多于较大径级个体数, 如黄丹木姜子、杨梅叶蚊母树(Distylium myricoides)和红楠(Machilus thunbergii)的DBH在1-10 cm范围的个体分别有88.4%、77.1%和83.5%(图4D-F)。灌木层优势种个体多集中在较小径级内, 大径级个体极少或无, 表现为“L”型, 代表物种有细枝柃、毛花连蕊茶、窄基红褐柃(Eurya rubiginosa var. attenuata)(图4G-I)。云山青冈和雷公鹅耳枥的径级分布虽然总体上表现为逆“J”字型分布, 小径级个体较多, 但两物种个体数在DBH为15-35 cm范围内无明显增减趋势(图4J-K)。

图3

图3   天童动态监测样地木本植物总体径级分布

Fig. 3   Size-class distribution for overall plant species in the 20 ha Tiantong dynamic plot


图4

图4   天童动态监测样地主要木本植物径级分布

Fig. 4   Size-class distribution for dominant species in the 20 ha Tiantong dynamic plot


2.3 萌枝和分枝格局

样地内共有112种植物有萌枝现象。重要值≥1的物种中长叶石栎的萌枝率最高, 为0.81, 其次是马银花(Rhododendron ovatum)和薄叶山矾(Symp- locos anomala), 分别为0.76和0.54。乔木物种中长叶石栎和杨梅叶蚊母树的萌枝个体较多, 分别有2,190株和1,979株。在重要值≥1的26种植物中, 落叶植物萌枝率平均值仅为0.03; 而23种常绿植物萌枝率均值达0.27。

重要值≥1的物种中, 分枝数最多的是细枝柃、马银花、毛花连蕊茶, 其中马银花分枝率最高, 达0.51。5种落叶植物分枝率均小于0.1, 而常绿植物平均分枝率为0.19。

3 讨论

天童样地与古田山样地同属中亚热带常绿阔叶林, 地理位置和植被类型较为接近, 对比两样地的研究结果能更全面地反映中亚热带常绿阔叶林的共性, 同时也能较好反映两地各自的群落学特征。比较发现, 其共同性主要表现在两方面, 一是两地科和属水平上热带区系成分均高于温带区系成分, 常绿物种占绝对优势, 分别占两个样地总重要值的80.3%和85.6%; 二是两样地又都含有较多的落叶树种, 分别为79种(52.0%)和68种(42.8%), 说明中亚热带常绿阔叶林虽然常绿树种在个体数量上占绝对优势, 但也含有相当数量的落叶种成分, 说明了该类植被具有从热带植被向温带植被过渡的特征。

由于受海洋性气候的影响, 天童样地在物种组成上与古田山样地(祝燕等, 2008)相比也有着明显的变化。(1)古田山样地落叶物种个体所占比例(14.1%)高于天童样地(8.8%), 但总重要值却小于天童样地(古田山14.4%, 天童19.7%), 这是因为天童样地部分落叶种在局部区域占据着最高的林木层, 平均胸径较大。(2)甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)是中国东部分布最广的栲属树种, 该种在古田山样地也是重要值最大、个体数最多的优势种, 而天童样地却无此物种, 不仅如此, 整个天童地区无该种分布, 这可能是海拔高度的影响, 具体原因有待未来深入研究。(3)马尾松(Pinus massoniana)是古田山样地的主要优势种之一, 但其在天童主要出现在演替前期, 而在成熟常绿阔叶林中会消退(丁圣彦和宋永昌, 1998), 因此, 未出现在天童20 ha样地中。

天童样地内稀有种丰富, 稀有种占总物种数的比例与古田山样地(37.1%)相近, 低于鼎湖山样地(52.4%)(叶万辉等, 2008)和西双版纳样地(49.1%)(兰国玉等, 2008)。天童样地内个体数仅为1的稀有种中, 白檀、湖北算盘子、长叶冻绿和湖北山楂为演替前期的常见种或林缘种; 吴茱萸、柘和中华石楠在天童地区较少见; 笔罗子、狗骨柴、栀子和褐叶青冈在天童其他地段的较成熟森林中常见; 香樟和棕榈在样地内的分布接近林缘、靠近林道, 基本属于林场作业活动造成的偶然事件。这说明天童样地中的稀有种更多的是群落间的偶然迁入造成的, 而真正意义的稀有种并不多, 这一现象与鼎湖山样地的结果基本相同, 即稀有种主要是由于区系交汇和人为干扰形成的(叶万辉等, 2008)。

天童样地内全部个体径级结构呈逆“J”字型, 说明群落总体上更新情况良好, 不同林层物种的径级结构又具有各自的特点。本次大样地的调查结果与以往较小面积(0.24 ha)的研究结果(达良俊等, 2004)在有些方面存在偏差。例如: 杨梅叶蚊母树和毛花连蕊茶在小样地的研究中分别为“L”型和单柱型, 而本研究发现杨梅叶蚊母树是典型的逆“J”字型, 毛花连蕊茶则是“L”型。可见, 由于大型样地包含了更多的生境类型, 涵盖了更多种群结构, 更好地反映了种群的总体特征。在未来对种群结构的研究中, 尤其要注意调查面积的影响。

相比其他样地, 天童样地最靠近海洋, 较易受台风等自然因素的干扰, 因而是研究台风干扰对森林动态影响的理想场所。萌枝是植物适应干扰的有效更新策略, 也是植物的重要生活史与功能特征(Bellingham & Sparrow, 2000; Bond & Midgley, 2001), 一个地区植被的植物萌枝格局往往能反映植被与干扰之间的关系(Vesk & Westoby, 2004)。在本研究中, 就萌枝率来看, 重要值前10位的常绿乔木物种中, 长叶石栎和杨梅叶蚊母树萌枝率最高, 而这些物种往往分布在山脊等不稳定地形上, 以及台风迎风面, 受台风干扰影响最大, 由于其具有较强的萌枝能力, 经过长期适应, 这些物种则在此类生境中具有较好的适应能力, 因此也可能具有竞争优势。对于其生态学机制, 尤其是关于台风干扰与植物萌枝格局关系的研究值得在未来的研究中 深化。

致谢:

感谢Alberta大学何芳良教授、东海大学孙义方教授、中科院植物所米湘成老师、任海保老师和浙江师范大学陈建华老师在样地选址、野外调查与物种鉴别等方面给予帮助; 也感谢天童站的郑泽梅和王波老师, 华东师范大学研究生张伟军、陈超和熊伸展, 以及陈亮等众多本科生在样地调查时的努力。

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