生物多样性 >

2022 , Vol. 30 >Issue 9: 22421

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17520/biods.2022421

中国猫科动物研究与保护专题

亚洲虎种群恢复的机遇与挑战

  • 朱逸晓 ,
  • 王大伟 ,
  • 李治霖 ,
  • 冯佳伟 ,
  • 王天明
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  • 1.东北虎豹国家公园保护生态学国家林草局重点实验室, 北京 100875
    2.生物多样性与生态工程教育部重点实验室, 北京 100875
    3.北京师范大学生命科学学院, 北京 100875
    4.天津师范大学生命科学学院天津市动物多样性保护与利用重点实验室, 天津 300387
* E-mail: wangtianming@bnu.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2022-07-22

  录用日期: 2022-09-21

  网络出版日期: 2022-09-28

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(31971539);国家科技基础资源调查专项(2019FY101700);国家科技基础资源调查专项(2021FY100702)

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Restoring tiger population in Asia: Challenges, opportunities, and future prospects

  • Yixiao Zhu ,
  • Dawei Wang ,
  • Zhilin Li ,
  • Jiawei Feng ,
  • Tianming Wang
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  • 1. National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard, Beijing 100875
    2. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, Beijing 100875
    3. College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875
    4. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387

Received date: 2022-07-22

  Accepted date: 2022-09-21

  Online published: 2022-09-28

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摘要

虎(Panthera tigris)作为顶级捕食者, 对维持森林生态系统服务和结构完整性有着重要作用, 是研究和保护工作的旗舰物种。历史上, 虎曾广泛分布于亚洲大部分地区, 如今仅分布于南亚、东南亚和东北亚的破碎化栖息地, 各区域种群处于濒危或极度濒危状态。准确了解野生虎的种群状态和生态需求信息对于科学开展保护和恢复工作至关重要。本文通过综述近几十年的研究文献, 总结了野生虎种群现状和主要威胁因素, 评价了已有研究的重点与不足, 为未来亚洲虎种群的研究和保护提出了建议。目前与虎相关的研究主要集中在分布范围最广的孟加拉虎(P. t. tigris)和东北虎(P. t. altaica) 2个亚种, 而最急需关注的其他亚种仍研究不足。经过近十几年的努力和保护投入, 目前野生虎种群数量已从2010年的大约3,200只恢复到现在约4,500只, 但在越南、柬埔寨和老挝3个国家已经灭绝。虎面临的主要威胁包括持续的栖息地破坏和隔离、猎物缺乏、近交衰退、人虎冲突、贸易与盗猎和疾病威胁等。未来的研究和保护工作需要加强种群和栖息地连通性恢复、个体重引入、疾病管控以及加强跨境合作和反盗猎等。

关键词： 虎; 分布; 威胁因素; 食肉动物; 保护

本文引用格式

朱逸晓 , 王大伟 , 李治霖 , 冯佳伟 , 王天明 . 亚洲虎种群恢复的机遇与挑战[J]. 生物多样性, 2022 , 30(9) : 22421 . DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022421

Abstract

Background & Aim: The tiger (Panthera tigris) may be the most charismatic and well-recognized flagship species in the world. As an ecological umbrella species and apex predator, the species symbolizes the well-being of the forest ecosystem. Tigers have lost 93% of their historical range and are experiencing rapid population declines. To enact effective conservation, it is important to understand the ecology and natural history of this globally endangered species. In this paper, we review previous articles related to tiger ecology and conservation research, summarizing the population dynamics and major conservation challenges in Asia in order to outline the actions required to conserve tigers and their ecosystems.
Review Results: We found that, while overall research about tigers was increasing, efforts focused primarily on the subspecies with the most remaining range (e.g., P. t. tigris and P. t. altaica) and neglected subspecies requiring urgent attention. Tiger population has increased over the past decade, with estimates increasing from 3,200 to 4,500 during 2010-2021. However, stressors such as habitat fragmentation and loss, hunting of tigers and their prey, illegal trade, and human-tiger conflicts have isolated wild tigers in small populations across their ancestral range. Isolation, small territories, and disease further threaten the extant subspecies.
Perspectives: We suggest that establishing a long-term monitoring network is critical for the conservation of tigers. To achieve the goal of a large tiger meta-population across Asia we recommend extensive land use planning, restoring native ungulates, reducing anthropogenic disturbances, improving connectivity of tiger habitats, controlling disease, and extensive cooperation across territories. In landscapes lacking breeding females, we also recommend reintroduction of tigers as a means of increasing recovery speeds.

Key words： tiger; distribution; threats; carnivores; conservation

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