本文结合中国林草部门职能, 从生态系统保护、物种保护、遗传资源保护和生物安全、保障措施、公平要求等五方面, 逐条梳理了林草部门落实《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》23个行动目标的法律基础和实施机制, 指出中国林草部门承担着我国生物多样性保护的主体工作, 其职能与2030行动目标高度相关, 制定实施了多部全国性的规划、计划和方案, 并出台了生态保护补偿、林长制等措施以落实上述目标。论文分析了林草部门与其他部门如何协同工作以履行《生物多样性公约》的典型路径, 深入讨论了总体目标设立→分目标设立→具体事项落实→执法监督与评估4个阶段。论文总结了林草部门在生物多样保护方面取得的良好成效, 即建立了包括国家公园、自然保护区和重要栖息地在内的就地保护体系, 包括国家植物园、濒危物种保护研究中心在内的迁地保护体系, 执法力度不断加强, 许多濒危物种受到良好保护, 开展大量双多边国际合作, 广泛宣传提升了公众保护意识等, 生态系统质量和野生种群数量不断提升。本文还深入分析了我国生物多样性保护存在的深层次问题, 提出了通过推动自然保护地整合优化、加快国家公园体系建设、解决物种就地保护空缺问题来完善就地保护网络, 完善以国家植物园为引领的迁地保护网络建设、完善生物多样性监督执法体系、促进生物多样性主流化4个方面的具体建议。

Aims: There are 23 targets of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) from the period up to 2030. China is among the mega biodiversity countries with largest human population and faces a lot of challenges on biodiversity conservation. It is very important to understand current biodiversity conservation status and gaps in order to achieve 2030 mission and 2050 vision. In addition, although forestry and grassland administrations in China (FGAC) are considered as the main body of China biodiversity conservation, especially on in situ conservation, ex situ conservation and trade control, there is no detail analysis about the lawful basis and implementation mechanisms of FGAC for the 23 targets. At the same time, there are many national strategic actions or plans on biodiversity conservation, it is very urgent to propose comments and suggestions on these actions or plans in order to make best usage of limited conservation resources. Here we aim to illustrate current biodiversity conservation status and gaps, lawful basis of FGAC’s duties, and propose our suggestions on Chinese biodiversity conservation on 2030 targets.
Methods: We analyzed the lawful basis and implementation mechanisms of FGAC for the 23 targets of KMGBF, from the aspects of ecosystem conservation, species conservation, genetic resources conservation and biosafety, support measures, and fairness requirements. We analyzed the typical route of implementing framework conventions through synergy among governmental sectors, and discussed four stages, i.e. to determine the whole goals, to identify detail targets, to implement relevant actions or plans, enforcement/supervision/evaluation. We also summarized the biodiversity conservation achievements and shortcomings of FGAC, and provided suggestions for future work.
Results: Our analyses indicated that Chinese government attached high importance on biodiversity conservation. The mandate duties of FGAC well consist with 2030 mission. Many national strategic actions or plans on biodiversity were compiled and implemented by FGAC. Many special conservation measures of FGAC, such as ecological conservation compensation and Forestry-Leader Mechanism, had been established and received huge amount support. The conservation networks have been well established and improving across China. The system of in situ conservation, such as national parks, nature reserves, key habitats of wildlife, has been established and improving across all kinds ecosystem and received strong support from governments, local communities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The system of ex situ conservation, such as national botanical gardens, endangered species conservation and research centers, had been well designed and received strong support from national/provincial/municipal governments and scientists. Bilateral and multilateral international co-operations had launched many achievements and contributed to global biodiversity conservation. Public awareness is improved through wide spread communication. Many endangered species have been well protected and the quality of ecosystems is improved onwards. Inner problems related to biodiversity conservation are analyzed. Suggestions are provided regarding in situ conservation, ex situ conservation, enforcement/supervision/ evaluation, and mainstreaming of biodiversity.
Conclusion: Biodiversity conservation has achieved great outcome and is becoming important part of Chinese government. However, there is high pressure for FGAC to implement relevant conservation actions or plans. We propose to improve biodiversity conservation networks, establish biodiversity monitoring system, enhance enforcement, supervision and evaluation, and mainstream biodiversity concept into Chinese culture.