重要农业文化遗产利用中农民权益保护: 理论证成、现实困境与实现机制

doi:10.17520/biods.2023064

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

截至2022年, 农业农村部已公布139个中国重要农业文化遗产。农民作为农业文化遗产保护的主体之一, 应认可其贡献。因此, 探讨重要农业文化遗产利用中的农民权益保护具有重要的现实意义, 可为重要农业文化遗产的保护提供参考。研究发现, 重要农业文化遗产是植根于遗产地悠久的文化传统和农民长期的实践经验, 具有丰富的生物多样性、农业技术、传统知识、生态与文化景观的农业生产系统。农民是重要农业文化遗产的创造者、保护者和传承者, 利用重要农业文化遗产不能忽视农民主体地位和权益的保护。根据现有法律制度, 重要农业文化遗产利用中涉及的农民权益主要包括参与权、惠益共享与生态补偿。目前这3种权益的实现都存在不同程度的困境。为此, 本文从激发农民参与意愿、完善农民参与机制、强化农民参与保障等方面提出农民参与权的实现途径; 从明确惠益共享内容、建立惠益共享机制、完善相关配套制度等方面提出农民惠益共享实现的举措; 从明确生态补偿主体、确定生态补偿标准、建立多元化的生态补偿资金来源和补偿方式等方面提出农民获得生态补偿的措施。以此保障重要农业文化遗产利用中的农民权益, 实现重要农业文化遗产的高质量可持续发展。

关键词: 重要农业文化遗产, 农民权益, 参与权, 惠益共享, 生态补偿

Abstract

Aim: By 2022, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) had announced 139 China National Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS). As one of the subjects of protecting agro-cultural heritage, farmers should be recognized their contribution. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to explore the farmers’ rights and interests protection in utilization of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS), and it can provide reference for protection of IAHS.

Findings The results indicated that, first, IAHS refer to the agricultural production systems, with rich biodiversity, agricultural technology, traditional knowledge, ecological and cultural landscape, which rooted long-standing cultural traditions in the heritage site and long-term practical experiences of farmers. Second, farmers are the creators, protectors and inheritors of IAHS. The utilization of IAHS cannot ignore the subject status of farmers and protection of their rights and interests. Third, according to the existing legal system, farmers’ rights and interests involved in utilization of IAHS mainly include right to participate, benefit-sharing and ecological compensation. At present, there are varying degrees of realistic dilemma about realization of these three rights and interests.

Suggestions Based on our results, in order to protect farmers’ rights and interests in utilization of IAHS, and realize high-quality sustainable development of IAHS, we propose the following suggestions: (1) realization of farmers’ right to participate, which through arousing farmers’ willingness to participate, perfecting farmers’ participation mechanism and strengthening farmers’ participation guarantee; (2) realization of benefit-sharing for farmers, which through clarifying benefit-sharing content, establishing benefit-sharing mechanism and improving relevant supporting system; (3) realization of ecological compensation to farmers, which through defining subjects of ecological compensation, determining standards of ecological compensation, and establishing diversified funding sources and compensation methods of ecological compensation.

Key words: Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS), farmers’ rights and interests, right to participate, benefit-sharing, ecological compensation

万志前, 张媛, 张文斐 (2023) 重要农业文化遗产利用中农民权益保护: 理论证成、现实困境与实现机制. 生物多样性, 31, 23064. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023064.

Zhiqian Wan, Yuan Zhang, Wenfei Zhang (2023) Theoretical proof, realistic dilemma and realization mechanism of farmers’ rights and interests protection in utilization of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems. Biodiversity Science, 31, 23064. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023064.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023064

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I9/23064

参考文献 29

[1]	Balbi S, del Prado A, Gallejones P, Geevan CP, Pardo G, Pérez-Miñana E, Manrique R, Hernandez-Santiago C, Villa F (2015) Modeling trade-offs among ecosystem services in agricultural production systems. Environmental Modelling & Software, 72, 314-326.
[2]	Berweck S, Koohafkan P, Dela Cruz MJR, Min QW, Jiao WJ, Sun YH, Liu MC (2013) Conceptual framework for economic evaluation of globally important agricultural heritage systems (GIAHS): Case of rice-fish co-culture in China. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 4, 202-211. DOI URL
[3]	Bi X, Yang ZH, Wang C, Su HJ, Zhang MM (2020) Coupling and co-evolution of biological and cultural diversity in the karst area of southwest China: A case study of Pogang Nature Reserve in Guizhou. Biodiversity Science, 28, 1036-1044. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	[毕兴, 杨朝辉, 王丞, 粟海军, 张明明 (2020) 西南喀斯特地区生物文化多样性的演化与耦合: 以贵州兴义坡岗自然保护区为例. 生物多样性, 28, 1036-1044.]
[4]	Daugstad K, Rønningen K, Skar B (2006) Agriculture as an upholder of cultural heritage? Conceptualizations and value judgements—A Norwegian perspective in international context. Journal of Rural Studies, 22, 67-81. DOI URL
[5]	Halewood M (2016) Farmers’ Crop Varieties and Farmers’ Rights. Routledge, New York.
[6]	Han NY, Zhang Z, Wang SM (2019) The incorporation of economy, technology, and media to the protection and inheritance of agricultural heritage. Southeast Culture, (6), 6-10. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[韩凝玉, 张哲, 王思明 (2019) 农业文化遗产保护与传承的融合路径研究. 东南文化, (6), 6-10.]
[7]	He Y (2010) Benefit sharing: The inevitable requirement of harmonious society. Truth Seeking, (5), 39-43. (in Chinese)
	[何影 (2010) 利益共享: 和谐社会的必然要求. 求实, (5), 39-43.]
[8]	Jia HK, Lu Y (2021) Agricultural cultural heritage and rural revitalization: Explanation and analysis based on the theory of new structural economics. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition), 21(2), 53-61. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[伽红凯, 卢勇 (2021) 农业文化遗产与乡村振兴: 基于新结构经济学理论的解释与分析. 南京农业大学学报(社会科学版), 21(2), 53-61.]
[9]	Koohafkan P, Altieri MA (2011) Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems: A Legacy for the Future. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
[10]	Liu GH, Wen YH, Wang JT, Zhu YY, Xie J, Ma Y (2017) Review on Chinese ecological compensation practical development. Environment and Sustainable Development, 42(5), 14-19. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[刘桂环, 文一惠, 王冀韬, 朱媛媛, 谢婧, 马娅 (2017) 我国生态保护补偿实践进展评述. 环境与可持续发展, 42(5), 14-19.]
[11]	Liu HP (2018) Interaction and collaboration of the inheritance of farming culture and protection of farmers’ rights: An analysis in the perspective of rural vitalization strategy. Theory and Reform, (3), 81-91. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[刘慧萍 (2018) 农耕文化传承与农民权利保障的互动及协同——以乡村振兴战略为背景. 理论与改革, (3), 81-91.]
[12]	Liu MC, Lun F, Zhang CQ, Li WH (2012) Standards of payments for paddy ecosystem services: Using Hani Terrace as case study. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 20, 703-709. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	[刘某承, 伦飞, 张灿强, 李文华 (2012) 传统地区稻田生态补偿标准的确定——以云南哈尼梯田为例. 中国生态农业学报, 20, 703-709.]
[13]	Liu XL (2019) Research on the legislation of China’s market- based eco-compensation mechanism. Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition, 59(1), 47-53, 220. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[刘晓莉 (2019) 我国市场化生态补偿机制的立法问题研究. 吉林大学社会科学学报, 59(1), 47-53, 220.]
[14]	Min QW, Sun YH (2009) The concept, characteristics and conservation requirements of agro-cultural heritage. Resources Science, 31, 914-918. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[闵庆文, 孙业红 (2009) 农业文化遗产的概念、特点与保护要求. 资源科学, 31, 914-918.]
[15]	Peng Y (2022) Agricultural Heritage Systems: Millennial wisdom enlightens the future. Farmers’ Daily, 07-28, (008). (in Chinese)
	[彭瑶 (2022) 农业文化遗产: 千年智慧启迪未来. 农民日报, 07-28, (008).]
[16]	Qin TB (2005) Selected Documents of International and Foreign Genetic Resources Law. Law Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[秦天宝 (2005) 国际与外国遗传资源法选编. 法律出版社, 北京.]
[17]	Research Group on Ecological Compensation Mechanism and Policy in China (2007) Eco-compensation Mechanisms and Polices in China. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[中国生态补偿机制与政策研究课题组 (2007) 中国生态补偿机制与政策研究. 科学出版社, 北京.]
[18]	Salazar P, Louwaars NP, Visser B (2007) Protecting farmers’ new varieties: New approaches to rights on collective innovations in plant genetic resources. World Development, 35, 1515-1528. DOI URL
[19]	Shi YY, Min QW, He L, Fuller Anthony M (2016) Agricultural heritage systems: A bridge between urban and rural development. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 7, 187-196. DOI
[20]	Tao XP (2016) Introduction to Cultural Industry Law. China Renmin University Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[陶信平 (2016) 文化产业法概论. 中国人民大学出版社, 北京.]
[21]	Wan ZQ, Zhang WF (2021) Normative structure of protection of farmers’ varieties from the perspective of intellectual property. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition), (2), 148- 155, 182-183. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[万志前, 张文斐 (2021) 知识产权视角下农民品种保护的规范构造. 华中农业大学学报(社会科学版), (2), 148- 155, 182-183.]
[22]	Wang SM (2016) The connotation of agricultural heritage and the eight relations for better conservation. Journal of China Agricultural University (Social Sciences), 33(2), 102-110. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[王思明 (2016) 农业文化遗产的内涵及保护中应注意把握的八组关系. 中国农业大学学报(社会科学版), 33(2), 102-110.]
[23]	Xu SL (2020) “Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System” cannot be considered as “Cultural Heritage of Agriculture”. China Terminology, 22(3), 54-59. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[徐嵩龄 (2020) Agricultural Heritage System应是“农业遗产系统”而不是“农业文化遗产”. 中国科技术语, 22(3), 54-59.] DOI
[24]	Xue J (2021) Attribution analysis of the effectiveness of ecological compensation PPP mode. Enterprise Economy, 40(9), 99-104. (in Chinese)
	[薛菁 (2021) 生态补偿PPP模式有效性的归因分析. 企业经济, 40(9), 99-104.]
[25]	Yu M, Liu S (2022) Progress, problems and suggestions of ecological protection compensation mechanism. Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Social Science), 36(1), 1-9. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[俞敏, 刘帅 (2022) 我国生态保护补偿机制的实践进展、问题及建议. 重庆理工大学学报(社会科学), 36(1), 1-9.]
[26]	Zhang CQ, Lin Y (2022) The value of agricultural landscape and the interests of farmers in tourism development. Journal of China Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition), 39(3), 131-140. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[张灿强, 林煜 (2022) 农业景观价值及其旅游开发的农户利益关切. 中国农业大学学报(社会科学版), 39(3), 131-140.]
[27]	Zhang CQ, Wu L (2021) Important agricultural heritage system in China: Connotation recognition, progress protection and difficulty breakthrough. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition), (1), 148-155, 181. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[张灿强, 吴良 (2021) 中国重要农业文化遗产: 内涵再识、保护进展与难点突破. 华中农业大学学报(社会科学版), (1), 148-155, 181.]
[28]	Zhang YL (2022) Protecting farmers’ right and interests by law: Needs identification, accurate expression and strategy selection. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology (Social Sciences Edition), 24(5), 44-51. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[张艳丽 (2022) 依法保护农民权益: 需求识别、精准表达与策略选择. 哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版), 24(5), 44-51.]
[29]	Zheng ZW (2012) The essence of collective rights of folk performing arts actors. Modern Law Science, 34(1), 79-86. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[郑智武 (2012) 论民间表演艺术表演者集体权主体. 现代法学, 34(1), 79-86.]